strformat: detect format string errors at compile-time (#23356)

This also prevents unwanted `raises: [ValueError]` effects from bubbling
up from correct format strings which makes `fmt` broadly unusable with
`raises`.

The old runtime-based `formatValue` overloads are kept for
backwards-compatibility, should anyone be using runtime format strings.

---------

Co-authored-by: Andreas Rumpf <rumpf_a@web.de>
(cherry picked from commit a1e41930f8)

tests/stdlib/tstrformat.nim

@@ -562,7 +562,7 @@ proc main() =
     doAssert &"""{(if true: "'" & "'" & ')' else: "")}""" == "'')"
     doAssert &"{(if true: \"\'\" & \"'\" & ')' else: \"\")}" == "'')"
     doAssert fmt"""{(if true: "'" & ')' else: "")}""" == "')"
-  
+
   block: # issue #20381
     var ss: seq[string]
     template myTemplate(s: string) =
@@ -573,5 +573,18 @@ proc main() =
     foo()
     doAssert ss == @["hello", "hello"]
 
+  block:
+    proc noraises() {.raises: [].} =
+      const
+        flt = 0.0
+        str = "str"
+
+      doAssert fmt"{flt} {str}" == "0.0 str"
+
+    noraises()
+
+  block:
+    doAssert not compiles(fmt"{formatting errors detected at compile time")
+
 static: main()
 main()