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#
#
# Nim's Runtime Library
# (c) Copyright 2015 Andreas Rumpf
#
# See the file "copying.txt", included in this
# distribution, for details about the copyright.
#
## The compiler depends on the System module to work properly and the System
## module depends on the compiler. Most of the routines listed here use
## special compiler magic.
## Each module implicitly imports the System module; it must not be listed
## explicitly. Because of this there cannot be a user-defined module named
## ``system``.
##
## Module system
## =============
##
# That lonesome header above is to prevent :idx: entries from being mentioned
# in the global index as part of the previous header (Exception hierarchy).
type
int* {.magic: Int.} ## default integer type; bitwidth depends on
## architecture, but is always the same as a pointer
int8* {.magic: Int8.} ## signed 8 bit integer type
int16* {.magic: Int16.} ## signed 16 bit integer type
int32* {.magic: Int32.} ## signed 32 bit integer type
int64* {.magic: Int64.} ## signed 64 bit integer type
uint* {.magic: UInt.} ## unsigned default integer type
uint8* {.magic: UInt8.} ## unsigned 8 bit integer type
uint16* {.magic: UInt16.} ## unsigned 16 bit integer type
uint32* {.magic: UInt32.} ## unsigned 32 bit integer type
uint64* {.magic: UInt64.} ## unsigned 64 bit integer type
float* {.magic: Float.} ## default floating point type
float32* {.magic: Float32.} ## 32 bit floating point type
float64* {.magic: Float.} ## 64 bit floating point type
# 'float64' is now an alias to 'float'; this solves many problems
type # we need to start a new type section here, so that ``0`` can have a type
bool* {.magic: Bool.} = enum ## built-in boolean type
false = 0, true = 1
type
char* {.magic: Char.} ## built-in 8 bit character type (unsigned)
string* {.magic: String.} ## built-in string type
cstring* {.magic: Cstring.} ## built-in cstring (*compatible string*) type
pointer* {.magic: Pointer.} ## built-in pointer type, use the ``addr``
## operator to get a pointer to a variable
typedesc* {.magic: TypeDesc.} ## meta type to denote a type description
const
on* = true ## alias for ``true``
off* = false ## alias for ``false``
{.push warning[GcMem]: off, warning[Uninit]: off.}
{.push hints: off.}
proc `or`*(a, b: typedesc): typedesc {.magic: "TypeTrait", noSideEffect.}
## Constructs an `or` meta class
proc `and`*(a, b: typedesc): typedesc {.magic: "TypeTrait", noSideEffect.}
## Constructs an `and` meta class
proc `not`*(a: typedesc): typedesc {.magic: "TypeTrait", noSideEffect.}
## Constructs an `not` meta class
type
Ordinal* {.magic: Ordinal.}[T] ## Generic ordinal type. Includes integer,
## bool, character, and enumeration types
## as well as their subtypes. Note `uint`
## and `uint64` are not ordinal types for
## implementation reasons
`ptr`* {.magic: Pointer.}[T] ## built-in generic untraced pointer type
`ref`* {.magic: Pointer.}[T] ## built-in generic traced pointer type
`nil` {.magic: "Nil".}
void* {.magic: "VoidType".} ## meta type to denote the absence of any type
auto* {.magic: Expr.} ## meta type for automatic type determination
any* = distinct auto ## meta type for any supported type
untyped* {.magic: Expr.} ## meta type to denote an expression that
## is not resolved (for templates)
typed* {.magic: Stmt.} ## meta type to denote an expression that
## is resolved (for templates)
SomeSignedInt* = int|int8|int16|int32|int64
## type class matching all signed integer types
SomeUnsignedInt* = uint|uint8|uint16|uint32|uint64
## type class matching all unsigned integer types
SomeInteger* = SomeSignedInt|SomeUnsignedInt
## type class matching all integer types
SomeOrdinal* = int|int8|int16|int32|int64|bool|enum|uint8|uint16|uint32
## type class matching all ordinal types; however this includes enums with
## holes.
SomeFloat* = float|float32|float64
## type class matching all floating point number types
SomeNumber* = SomeInteger|SomeFloat
## type class matching all number types
proc defined*(x: untyped): bool {.magic: "Defined", noSideEffect, compileTime.}
## Special compile-time procedure that checks whether `x` is
## defined.
## `x` is an external symbol introduced through the compiler's
## `-d:x switch <nimc.html#compile-time-symbols>`_ to enable build time
## conditionals:
##
## .. code-block:: Nim
## when not defined(release):
## # Do here programmer friendly expensive sanity checks.
## # Put here the normal code
proc declared*(x: untyped): bool {.magic: "Defined", noSideEffect, compileTime.}
## Special compile-time procedure that checks whether `x` is
## declared. `x` has to be an identifier or a qualified identifier.
## This can be used to check whether a library provides a certain
## feature or not:
##
## .. code-block:: Nim
## when not declared(strutils.toUpper):
## # provide our own toUpper proc here, because strutils is
## # missing it.
when defined(useNimRtl):
{.deadCodeElim: on.} # dce option deprecated
proc declaredInScope*(x: untyped): bool {.
magic: "DefinedInScope", noSideEffect, compileTime.}
## Special compile-time procedure that checks whether `x` is
## declared in the current scope. `x` has to be an identifier.
proc `addr`*[T](x: var T): ptr T {.magic: "Addr", noSideEffect.} =
## Builtin 'addr' operator for taking the address of a memory location.
## Cannot be overloaded.
##
## .. code-block:: nim
## var
## buf: seq[char] = @['a','b','c']
## p: pointer = buf[1].addr
## echo cast[ptr char](p)[] # b
discard
proc unsafeAddr*[T](x: T): ptr T {.magic: "Addr", noSideEffect.} =
## Builtin 'addr' operator for taking the address of a memory
## location. This works even for ``let`` variables or parameters
## for better interop with C and so it is considered even more
## unsafe than the ordinary ``addr``. When you use it to write a
## wrapper for a C library, you should always check that the
## original library does never write to data behind the pointer that
## is returned from this procedure.
## Cannot be overloaded.
discard
when defined(nimNewTypedesc):
type
`static`* {.magic: "Static".}[T]
## meta type representing all values that can be evaluated at compile-time.
##
## The type coercion ``static(x)`` can be used to force the compile-time
## evaluation of the given expression ``x``.
`type`* {.magic: "Type".}[T]
## meta type representing the type of all type values.
##
## The coercion ``type(x)`` can be used to obtain the type of the given
## expression ``x``.
else:
proc `type`*(x: untyped): typeDesc {.magic: "TypeOf", noSideEffect, compileTime.} =
## Builtin 'type' operator for accessing the type of an expression.
## Cannot be overloaded.
discard
when defined(nimHasTypeof):
type
TypeOfMode* = enum ## Possible modes of `typeof`.
typeOfProc, ## Prefer the interpretation that means `x` is a proc call.
typeOfIter ## Prefer the interpretation that means `x` is an iterator call.
proc typeof*(x: untyped; mode = typeOfIter): typeDesc {.magic: "TypeOf", noSideEffect, compileTime.} =
## Builtin 'typeof' operation for accessing the type of an expression. Since version 0.20.0.
discard
proc `not`*(x: bool): bool {.magic: "Not", noSideEffect.}
## Boolean not; returns true iff ``x == false``.
proc `and`*(x, y: bool): bool {.magic: "And", noSideEffect.}
## Boolean ``and``; returns true iff ``x == y == true``.
## Evaluation is lazy: if ``x`` is false,
## ``y`` will not even be evaluated.
proc `or`*(x, y: bool): bool {.magic: "Or", noSideEffect.}
## Boolean ``or``; returns true iff ``not (not x and not y)``.
## Evaluation is lazy: if ``x`` is true,
## ``y`` will not even be evaluated.
proc `xor`*(x, y: bool): bool {.magic: "Xor", noSideEffect.}
## Boolean `exclusive or`; returns true iff ``x != y``.
const ThisIsSystem = true
proc internalNew*[T](a: var ref T) {.magic: "New", noSideEffect.}
## leaked implementation detail. Do not use.
proc new*[T](a: var ref T, finalizer: proc (x: ref T) {.nimcall.}) {.
magic: "NewFinalize", noSideEffect.}
## creates a new object of type ``T`` and returns a safe (traced)
## reference to it in ``a``. When the garbage collector frees the object,
## `finalizer` is called. The `finalizer` may not keep a reference to the
## object pointed to by `x`. The `finalizer` cannot prevent the GC from
## freeing the object. Note: The `finalizer` refers to the type `T`, not to
## the object! This means that for each object of type `T` the finalizer
## will be called!
proc reset*[T](obj: var T) {.magic: "Reset", noSideEffect.}
## resets an object `obj` to its initial (binary zero) value. This needs to
## be called before any possible `object branch transition`:idx:.
when defined(nimNewRuntime):
proc wasMoved*[T](obj: var T) {.magic: "WasMoved", noSideEffect.} =
## resets an object `obj` to its initial (binary zero) value to signify
## it was "moved" and to signify its destructor should do nothing and
## ideally be optimized away.
discard
proc move*[T](x: var T): T {.magic: "Move", noSideEffect.} =
result = x
wasMoved(x)
type
range*{.magic: "Range".}[T] ## Generic type to construct range types.
array*{.magic: "Array".}[I, T] ## Generic type to construct
## fixed-length arrays.
openArray*{.magic: "OpenArray".}[T] ## Generic type to construct open arrays.
## Open arrays are implemented as a
## pointer to the array data and a
## length field.
varargs*{.magic: "Varargs".}[T] ## Generic type to construct a varargs type.
seq*{.magic: "Seq".}[T] ## Generic type to construct sequences.
set*{.magic: "Set".}[T] ## Generic type to construct bit sets.
when defined(nimUncheckedArrayTyp):
type
UncheckedArray*{.magic: "UncheckedArray".}[T]
## Array with no bounds checking
else:
type
UncheckedArray*{.unchecked.}[T] = array[0,T]
## Array with no bounds checking
when defined(nimHasOpt):
type opt*{.magic: "Opt".}[T]
when defined(nimNewRuntime):
type sink*{.magic: "BuiltinType".}[T]
type lent*{.magic: "BuiltinType".}[T]
proc high*[T: Ordinal](x: T): T {.magic: "High", noSideEffect.}
## returns the highest possible value of an ordinal value `x`. As a special
## semantic rule, `x` may also be a type identifier.
##
## .. code-block:: nim
## high(2) #=> 9223372036854775807
proc high*[T: Ordinal|enum](x: typeDesc[T]): T {.magic: "High", noSideEffect.}
## returns the highest possible value of an ordinal or enum type.
## ``high(int)`` is Nim's way of writing `INT_MAX`:idx: or `MAX_INT`:idx:.
##
## .. code-block:: nim
## high(int) #=> 9223372036854775807
proc high*[T](x: openArray[T]): int {.magic: "High", noSideEffect.}
## returns the highest possible index of a sequence `x`.
##
## .. code-block:: nim
## var s = @[1,2,3,4,5,6,7]
## high(s) #=> 6
## for i in low(s)..high(s):
## echo s[i]
proc high*[I, T](x: array[I, T]): I {.magic: "High", noSideEffect.}
## returns the highest possible index of an array `x`.
##
## .. code-block:: nim
## var arr = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]
## high(arr) #=> 6
## for i in low(arr)..high(arr):
## echo arr[i]
proc high*[I, T](x: typeDesc[array[I, T]]): I {.magic: "High", noSideEffect.}
## returns the highest possible index of an array type.
##
## .. code-block:: nim
## high(array[7, int]) #=> 6
proc high*(x: cstring): int {.magic: "High", noSideEffect.}
## returns the highest possible index of a compatible string `x`.
## This is sometimes an O(n) operation.
proc high*(x: string): int {.magic: "High", noSideEffect.}
## returns the highest possible index of a string `x`.
##
## .. code-block:: nim
## var str = "Hello world!"
## high(str) #=> 11
proc low*[T: Ordinal|enum](x: typeDesc[T]): T {.magic: "Low", noSideEffect.}
## returns the lowest possible value of an ordinal or enum type.
## ``low(int)`` is Nim's way of writing `INT_MIN`:idx: or `MIN_INT`:idx:.
##
## .. code-block:: nim
## low(int) #=> -9223372036854775808
proc low*[T](x: openArray[T]): int {.magic: "Low", noSideEffect.}
## returns the lowest possible index of a sequence `x`.
##
## .. code-block:: nim
## var s = @[1,2,3,4,5,6,7]
## low(s) #=> 0
proc low*[I, T](x: array[I, T]): I {.magic: "Low", noSideEffect.}
## returns the lowest possible index of an array `x`.
##
## .. code-block:: nim
## var arr = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]
## low(arr) #=> 0
proc low*[T](x: T): T {.magic: "Low", noSideEffect.}
## returns the lowest possible value of an ordinal value `x`. As a special
## semantic rule, `x` may also be a type identifier.
##
## .. code-block:: nim
## low(2) #=> -9223372036854775808
proc low*[I, T](x: typeDesc[array[I, T]]): I {.magic: "Low", noSideEffect.}
## returns the lowest possible index of an array type.
##
## .. code-block:: nim
## low(array[7, int]) #=> 0
proc low*(x: cstring): int {.magic: "Low", noSideEffect.}
## returns the lowest possible index of a compatible string `x`.
proc low*(x: string): int {.magic: "Low", noSideEffect.}
## returns the lowest possible index of a string `x`.
##
## .. code-block:: nim
## var str = "Hello world!"
## low(str) #=> 0
proc shallowCopy*[T](x: var T, y: T) {.noSideEffect, magic: "ShallowCopy".}
## use this instead of `=` for a `shallow copy`:idx:. The shallow copy
## only changes the semantics for sequences and strings (and types which
## contain those). Be careful with the changed semantics though! There
## is a reason why the default assignment does a deep copy of sequences
## and strings.
when defined(nimArrIdx):
# :array|openarray|string|seq|cstring|tuple
proc `[]`*[I: Ordinal;T](a: T; i: I): T {.
noSideEffect, magic: "ArrGet".}
proc `[]=`*[I: Ordinal;T,S](a: T; i: I;
x: S) {.noSideEffect, magic: "ArrPut".}
proc `=`*[T](dest: var T; src: T) {.noSideEffect, magic: "Asgn".}
proc arrGet[I: Ordinal;T](a: T; i: I): T {.
noSideEffect, magic: "ArrGet".}
proc arrPut[I: Ordinal;T,S](a: T; i: I;
x: S) {.noSideEffect, magic: "ArrPut".}
when defined(nimNewRuntime):
proc `=destroy`*[T](x: var T) {.inline, magic: "Destroy".} =
## generic `destructor`:idx: implementation that can be overriden.
discard
proc `=sink`*[T](x: var T; y: T) {.inline, magic: "Asgn".} =
## generic `sink`:idx: implementation that can be overriden.
shallowCopy(x, y)
type
HSlice*[T, U] = object ## "heterogenous" slice type
a*: T ## the lower bound (inclusive)
b*: U ## the upper bound (inclusive)
Slice*[T] = HSlice[T, T] ## an alias for ``HSlice[T, T]``
proc `..`*[T, U](a: T, b: U): HSlice[T, U] {.noSideEffect, inline, magic: "DotDot".} =
## binary `slice`:idx: operator that constructs an interval ``[a, b]``, both `a`
## and `b` are inclusive. Slices can also be used in the set constructor
## and in ordinal case statements, but then they are special-cased by the
## compiler.
result.a = a
result.b = b
proc `..`*[T](b: T): HSlice[int, T] {.noSideEffect, inline, magic: "DotDot".} =
## unary `slice`:idx: operator that constructs an interval ``[default(int), b]``
result.b = b
when not defined(niminheritable):
{.pragma: inheritable.}
when not defined(nimunion):
{.pragma: unchecked.}
# comparison operators:
proc `==`*[Enum: enum](x, y: Enum): bool {.magic: "EqEnum", noSideEffect.}
## Checks whether values within the *same enum* have the same underlying value
##
## .. code-block:: nim
## type
## Enum1 = enum
## Field1 = 3, Field2
## Enum2 = enum
## Place1, Place2 = 3
## var
## e1 = Field1
## e2 = Enum1(Place2)
## echo (e1 == e2) # true
## echo (e1 == Place2) # raises error
proc `==`*(x, y: pointer): bool {.magic: "EqRef", noSideEffect.}
## .. code-block:: nim
## var # this is a wildly dangerous example
## a = cast[pointer](0)
## b = cast[pointer](nil)
## echo (a == b) # true due to the special meaning of `nil`/0 as a pointer
proc `==`*(x, y: string): bool {.magic: "EqStr", noSideEffect.}
## Checks for equality between two `string` variables
proc `==`*(x, y: char): bool {.magic: "EqCh", noSideEffect.}
## Checks for equality between two `char` variables
proc `==`*(x, y: bool): bool {.magic: "EqB", noSideEffect.}
## Checks for equality between two `bool` variables
proc `==`*[T](x, y: set[T]): bool {.magic: "EqSet", noSideEffect.}
## Checks for equality between two variables of type `set`
##
## .. code-block:: nim
## var a = {1, 2, 2, 3} # duplication in sets is ignored
## var b = {1, 2, 3}
## echo (a == b) # true
proc `==`*[T](x, y: ref T): bool {.magic: "EqRef", noSideEffect.}
## Checks that two `ref` variables refer to the same item
proc `==`*[T](x, y: ptr T): bool {.magic: "EqRef", noSideEffect.}
## Checks that two `ptr` variables refer to the same item
proc `==`*[T: proc](x, y: T): bool {.magic: "EqProc", noSideEffect.}
## Checks that two `proc` variables refer to the same procedure
proc `<=`*[Enum: enum](x, y: Enum): bool {.magic: "LeEnum", noSideEffect.}
proc `<=`*(x, y: string): bool {.magic: "LeStr", noSideEffect.}
proc `<=`*(x, y: char): bool {.magic: "LeCh", noSideEffect.}
proc `<=`*[T](x, y: set[T]): bool {.magic: "LeSet", noSideEffect.}
proc `<=`*(x, y: bool): bool {.magic: "LeB", noSideEffect.}
proc `<=`*[T](x, y: ref T): bool {.magic: "LePtr", noSideEffect.}
proc `<=`*(x, y: pointer): bool {.magic: "LePtr", noSideEffect.}
proc `<`*[Enum: enum](x, y: Enum): bool {.magic: "LtEnum", noSideEffect.}
proc `<`*(x, y: string): bool {.magic: "LtStr", noSideEffect.}
proc `<`*(x, y: char): bool {.magic: "LtCh", noSideEffect.}
proc `<`*[T](x, y: set[T]): bool {.magic: "LtSet", noSideEffect.}
proc `<`*(x, y: bool): bool {.magic: "LtB", noSideEffect.}
proc `<`*[T](x, y: ref T): bool {.magic: "LtPtr", noSideEffect.}
proc `<`*[T](x, y: ptr T): bool {.magic: "LtPtr", noSideEffect.}
proc `<`*(x, y: pointer): bool {.magic: "LtPtr", noSideEffect.}
template `!=`*(x, y: untyped): untyped =
## unequals operator. This is a shorthand for ``not (x == y)``.
not (x == y)
template `>=`*(x, y: untyped): untyped =
## "is greater or equals" operator. This is the same as ``y <= x``.
y <= x
template `>`*(x, y: untyped): untyped =
## "is greater" operator. This is the same as ``y < x``.
y < x
const
appType* {.magic: "AppType"}: string = ""
## a string that describes the application type. Possible values:
## "console", "gui", "lib".
include "system/inclrtl"
const NoFakeVars* = defined(nimscript) ## true if the backend doesn't support \
## "fake variables" like 'var EBADF {.importc.}: cint'.
when not defined(JS) and not defined(gcDestructors):
type
TGenericSeq {.compilerproc, pure, inheritable.} = object
len, reserved: int
when defined(gogc):
elemSize: int
PGenericSeq {.exportc.} = ptr TGenericSeq
# len and space without counting the terminating zero:
NimStringDesc {.compilerproc, final.} = object of TGenericSeq
data: UncheckedArray[char]
NimString = ptr NimStringDesc
when not defined(JS) and not defined(nimscript):
when not defined(gcDestructors):
template space(s: PGenericSeq): int {.dirty.} =
s.reserved and not (seqShallowFlag or strlitFlag)
include "system/hti"
type
byte* = uint8 ## this is an alias for ``uint8``, that is an unsigned
## int 8 bits wide.
Natural* = range[0..high(int)]
## is an int type ranging from zero to the maximum value
## of an int. This type is often useful for documentation and debugging.
Positive* = range[1..high(int)]
## is an int type ranging from one to the maximum value
## of an int. This type is often useful for documentation and debugging.
RootObj* {.compilerProc, inheritable.} =
object ## the root of Nim's object hierarchy. Objects should
## inherit from RootObj or one of its descendants. However,
## objects that have no ancestor are allowed.
RootRef* = ref RootObj ## reference to RootObj
RootEffect* {.compilerproc.} = object of RootObj ## \
## base effect class; each effect should
## inherit from `RootEffect` unless you know what
## you doing.
TimeEffect* = object of RootEffect ## Time effect.
IOEffect* = object of RootEffect ## IO effect.
ReadIOEffect* = object of IOEffect ## Effect describing a read IO operation.
WriteIOEffect* = object of IOEffect ## Effect describing a write IO operation.
ExecIOEffect* = object of IOEffect ## Effect describing an executing IO operation.
StackTraceEntry* = object ## In debug mode exceptions store the stack trace that led
## to them. A StackTraceEntry is a single entry of the
## stack trace.
procname*: cstring ## name of the proc that is currently executing
line*: int ## line number of the proc that is currently executing
filename*: cstring ## filename of the proc that is currently executing
Exception* {.compilerproc, magic: "Exception".} = object of RootObj ## \
## Base exception class.
##
## Each exception has to inherit from `Exception`. See the full `exception
## hierarchy <manual.html#exception-handling-exception-hierarchy>`_.
parent*: ref Exception ## parent exception (can be used as a stack)
name*: cstring ## The exception's name is its Nim identifier.
## This field is filled automatically in the
## ``raise`` statement.
msg* {.exportc: "message".}: string ## the exception's message. Not
## providing an exception message
## is bad style.
when defined(js):
trace: string
else:
trace: seq[StackTraceEntry]
raiseId: uint # set when exception is raised
up: ref Exception # used for stacking exceptions. Not exported!
Defect* = object of Exception ## \
## Abstract base class for all exceptions that Nim's runtime raises
## but that are strictly uncatchable as they can also be mapped to
## a ``quit`` / ``trap`` / ``exit`` operation.
CatchableError* = object of Exception ## \
## Abstract class for all exceptions that are catchable.
IOError* = object of CatchableError ## \
## Raised if an IO error occurred.
EOFError* = object of IOError ## \
## Raised if an IO "end of file" error occurred.
OSError* = object of CatchableError ## \
## Raised if an operating system service failed.
errorCode*: int32 ## OS-defined error code describing this error.
LibraryError* = object of OSError ## \
## Raised if a dynamic library could not be loaded.
ResourceExhaustedError* = object of CatchableError ## \
## Raised if a resource request could not be fulfilled.
ArithmeticError* = object of Defect ## \
## Raised if any kind of arithmetic error occurred.
DivByZeroError* = object of ArithmeticError ## \
## Raised for runtime integer divide-by-zero errors.
OverflowError* = object of ArithmeticError ## \
## Raised for runtime integer overflows.
##
## This happens for calculations whose results are too large to fit in the
## provided bits.
AccessViolationError* = object of Defect ## \
## Raised for invalid memory access errors
AssertionError* = object of Defect ## \
## Raised when assertion is proved wrong.
##
## Usually the result of using the `assert() template <#assert>`_.
ValueError* = object of Defect ## \
## Raised for string and object conversion errors.
KeyError* = object of ValueError ## \
## Raised if a key cannot be found in a table.
##
## Mostly used by the `tables <tables.html>`_ module, it can also be raised
## by other collection modules like `sets <sets.html>`_ or `strtabs
## <strtabs.html>`_.
OutOfMemError* = object of Defect ## \
## Raised for unsuccessful attempts to allocate memory.
IndexError* = object of Defect ## \
## Raised if an array index is out of bounds.
FieldError* = object of Defect ## \
## Raised if a record field is not accessible because its dicriminant's
## value does not fit.
RangeError* = object of Defect ## \
## Raised if a range check error occurred.
StackOverflowError* = object of Defect ## \
## Raised if the hardware stack used for subroutine calls overflowed.
ReraiseError* = object of Defect ## \
## Raised if there is no exception to reraise.
ObjectAssignmentError* = object of Defect ## \
## Raised if an object gets assigned to its parent's object.
ObjectConversionError* = object of Defect ## \
## Raised if an object is converted to an incompatible object type.
## You can use ``of`` operator to check if conversion will succeed.
FloatingPointError* = object of Defect ## \
## Base class for floating point exceptions.
FloatInvalidOpError* = object of FloatingPointError ## \
## Raised by invalid operations according to IEEE.
##
## Raised by ``0.0/0.0``, for example.
FloatDivByZeroError* = object of FloatingPointError ## \
## Raised by division by zero.
##
## Divisor is zero and dividend is a finite nonzero number.
FloatOverflowError* = object of FloatingPointError ## \
## Raised for overflows.
##
## The operation produced a result that exceeds the range of the exponent.
FloatUnderflowError* = object of FloatingPointError ## \
## Raised for underflows.
##
## The operation produced a result that is too small to be represented as a
## normal number.
FloatInexactError* = object of FloatingPointError ## \
## Raised for inexact results.
##
## The operation produced a result that cannot be represented with infinite
## precision -- for example: ``2.0 / 3.0, log(1.1)``
##
## **NOTE**: Nim currently does not detect these!
DeadThreadError* = object of Defect ## \
## Raised if it is attempted to send a message to a dead thread.
NilAccessError* = object of Defect ## \
## Raised on dereferences of ``nil`` pointers.
##
## This is only raised if the ``segfaults.nim`` module was imported!
when defined(nimNewRuntime):
type
MoveError* = object of Defect ## \
## Raised on attempts to re-sink an already consumed ``sink`` parameter.
when defined(js) or defined(nimdoc):
type
JsRoot* = ref object of RootObj
## Root type of the JavaScript object hierarchy
proc unsafeNew*[T](a: var ref T, size: Natural) {.magic: "New", noSideEffect.}
## creates a new object of type ``T`` and returns a safe (traced)
## reference to it in ``a``. This is **unsafe** as it allocates an object
## of the passed ``size``. This should only be used for optimization
## purposes when you know what you're doing!
proc sizeof*[T](x: T): int {.magic: "SizeOf", noSideEffect.}
## returns the size of ``x`` in bytes. Since this is a low-level proc,
## its usage is discouraged - using ``new`` for the most cases suffices
## that one never needs to know ``x``'s size. As a special semantic rule,
## ``x`` may also be a type identifier (``sizeof(int)`` is valid).
##
## Limitations: If used for types that are imported from C or C++,
## sizeof should fallback to the ``sizeof`` in the C compiler. The
## result isn't available for the Nim compiler and therefore can't
## be used inside of macros.
##
## .. code-block:: nim
## sizeof('A') #=> 1
## sizeof(2) #=> 8
when defined(nimHasalignOf):
proc alignof*[T](x: T): int {.magic: "AlignOf", noSideEffect.}
proc alignof*(x: typedesc): int {.magic: "AlignOf", noSideEffect.}
proc offsetOfDotExpr(typeAccess: typed): int {.magic: "OffsetOf", noSideEffect, compileTime.}
template offsetOf*[T](t: typedesc[T]; member: untyped): int =
var tmp: T
offsetOfDotExpr(tmp.member)
template offsetOf*[T](value: T; member: untyped): int =
offsetOfDotExpr(value.member)
#proc offsetOf*(memberaccess: typed): int {.magic: "OffsetOf", noSideEffect.}
when defined(nimtypedescfixed):
proc sizeof*(x: typedesc): int {.magic: "SizeOf", noSideEffect.}
proc `<`*[T](x: Ordinal[T]): T {.magic: "UnaryLt", noSideEffect, deprecated.}
## unary ``<`` that can be used for nice looking excluding ranges:
##
## .. code-block:: nim
## for i in 0 .. <10: echo i #=> 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
##
## Semantically this is the same as ``pred``.
##
## **Deprecated since version 0.18.0**. For the common excluding range
## write ``0 ..< 10`` instead of ``0 .. < 10`` (look at the spacing).
## For ``<x`` write ``pred(x)``.
proc succ*[T: Ordinal](x: T, y = 1): T {.magic: "Succ", noSideEffect.}
## returns the ``y``-th successor of the value ``x``. ``T`` has to be
## an ordinal type. If such a value does not exist, ``EOutOfRange`` is raised
## or a compile time error occurs.
proc pred*[T: Ordinal](x: T, y = 1): T {.magic: "Pred", noSideEffect.}
## returns the ``y``-th predecessor of the value ``x``. ``T`` has to be
## an ordinal type. If such a value does not exist, ``EOutOfRange`` is raised
## or a compile time error occurs.
proc inc*[T: Ordinal|uint|uint64](x: var T, y = 1) {.magic: "Inc", noSideEffect.}
## increments the ordinal ``x`` by ``y``. If such a value does not
## exist, ``EOutOfRange`` is raised or a compile time error occurs. This is a
## short notation for: ``x = succ(x, y)``.
##
## .. code-block:: nim
## var i = 2
## inc(i) #=> 3
## inc(i, 3) #=> 6
proc dec*[T: Ordinal|uint|uint64](x: var T, y = 1) {.magic: "Dec", noSideEffect.}
## decrements the ordinal ``x`` by ``y``. If such a value does not
## exist, ``EOutOfRange`` is raised or a compile time error occurs. This is a
## short notation for: ``x = pred(x, y)``.
##
## .. code-block:: nim
## var i = 2
## dec(i) #=> 1
## dec(i, 3) #=> -2
proc newSeq*[T](s: var seq[T], len: Natural) {.magic: "NewSeq", noSideEffect.}
## creates a new sequence of type ``seq[T]`` with length ``len``.
## This is equivalent to ``s = @[]; setlen(s, len)``, but more
## efficient since no reallocation is needed.
##
## Note that the sequence will be filled with zeroed entries, which can be a
## problem for sequences containing strings since their value will be
## ``nil``. After the creation of the sequence you should assign entries to
## the sequence instead of adding them. Example:
##
## .. code-block:: nim
## var inputStrings : seq[string]
## newSeq(inputStrings, 3)
## inputStrings[0] = "The fourth"
## inputStrings[1] = "assignment"
## inputStrings[2] = "would crash"
## #inputStrings[3] = "out of bounds"
proc newSeq*[T](len = 0.Natural): seq[T] =
## creates a new sequence of type ``seq[T]`` with length ``len``.
##
## Note that the sequence will be filled with zeroed entries, which can be a
## problem for sequences containing strings since their value will be
## ``nil``. After the creation of the sequence you should assign entries to
## the sequence instead of adding them. Example:
##
## .. code-block:: nim
## var inputStrings = newSeq[string](3)
## inputStrings[0] = "The fourth"
## inputStrings[1] = "assignment"
## inputStrings[2] = "would crash"
## #inputStrings[3] = "out of bounds"
newSeq(result, len)
proc newSeqOfCap*[T](cap: Natural): seq[T] {.
magic: "NewSeqOfCap", noSideEffect.} =
## creates a new sequence of type ``seq[T]`` with length 0 and capacity
## ``cap``.
discard
when not defined(JS) and not defined(gcDestructors):
# XXX enable this for --gc:destructors
proc newSeqUninitialized*[T: SomeNumber](len: Natural): seq[T] =
## creates a new sequence of type ``seq[T]`` with length ``len``.
##
## Only available for numbers types. Note that the sequence will be
## uninitialized. After the creation of the sequence you should assign
## entries to the sequence instead of adding them.
result = newSeqOfCap[T](len)
var s = cast[PGenericSeq](result)
s.len = len
proc len*[TOpenArray: openArray|varargs](x: TOpenArray): int {.
magic: "LengthOpenArray", noSideEffect.}
## returns the length of an openarray.
##
## .. code-block:: nim
## var s = [1,1,1,1,1]
## len(s) #=> 5
proc len*(x: string): int {.magic: "LengthStr", noSideEffect.}
## returns the length of a string.
##
## .. code-block:: nim
## var str = "Hello world!"
## len(str) #=> 12
proc len*(x: cstring): int {.magic: "LengthStr", noSideEffect.}
## returns the length of a compatible string. This is sometimes
## an O(n) operation.
##
## .. code-block:: nim
## var str: cstring = "Hello world!"
## len(str) #=> 12
proc len*(x: (type array)|array): int {.magic: "LengthArray", noSideEffect.}
## returns the length of an array or an array type.
## This is roughly the same as ``high(T)-low(T)+1``.
##
## .. code-block:: nim
## var arr = [1,1,1,1,1]
## len(arr) #=> 5
## len(array[3..8, int]) #=> 6
proc len*[T](x: seq[T]): int {.magic: "LengthSeq", noSideEffect.}
## returns the length of a sequence.
##
## .. code-block:: nim
## var s = @[1,1,1,1,1]
## len(s) #=> 5
# set routines:
proc incl*[T](x: var set[T], y: T) {.magic: "Incl", noSideEffect.}
## includes element ``y`` to the set ``x``. This is the same as
## ``x = x + {y}``, but it might be more efficient.
##
## .. code-block:: nim
## var a = initSet[int](4)
## a.incl(2) #=> {2}
## a.incl(3) #=> {2, 3}
template incl*[T](s: var set[T], flags: set[T]) =
## includes the set of flags to the set ``x``.
s = s + flags
proc excl*[T](x: var set[T], y: T) {.magic: "Excl", noSideEffect.}
## excludes element ``y`` to the set ``x``. This is the same as
## ``x = x - {y}``, but it might be more efficient.
##
## .. code-block:: nim
## var b = {2,3,5,6,12,545}
## b.excl(5) #=> {2,3,6,12,545}
template excl*[T](s: var set[T], flags: set[T]) =
## excludes the set of flags to ``x``.
s = s - flags
proc card*[T](x: set[T]): int {.magic: "Card", noSideEffect.}
## returns the cardinality of the set ``x``, i.e. the number of elements
## in the set.
##
## .. code-block:: nim
## var i = {1,2,3,4}
## card(i) #=> 4
proc ord*[T: Ordinal|enum](x: T): int {.magic: "Ord", noSideEffect.}
## returns the internal int value of an ordinal value ``x``.
##
## .. code-block:: nim
## ord('A') #=> 65
proc chr*(u: range[0..255]): char {.magic: "Chr", noSideEffect.}
## converts an int in the range 0..255 to a character.
##
## .. code-block:: nim
## chr(65) #=> A
# --------------------------------------------------------------------------
# built-in operators
when not defined(JS):
proc ze*(x: int8): int {.magic: "Ze8ToI", noSideEffect.}
## zero extends a smaller integer type to ``int``. This treats `x` as
## unsigned.
proc ze*(x: int16): int {.magic: "Ze16ToI", noSideEffect.}
## zero extends a smaller integer type to ``int``. This treats `x` as
## unsigned.
proc ze64*(x: int8): int64 {.magic: "Ze8ToI64", noSideEffect.}
## zero extends a smaller integer type to ``int64``. This treats `x` as
## unsigned.
proc ze64*(x: int16): int64 {.magic: "Ze16ToI64", noSideEffect.}
## zero extends a smaller integer type to ``int64``. This treats `x` as
## unsigned.
proc ze64*(x: int32): int64 {.magic: "Ze32ToI64", noSideEffect.}
## zero extends a smaller integer type to ``int64``. This treats `x` as
## unsigned.
proc ze64*(x: int): int64 {.magic: "ZeIToI64", noSideEffect.}
## zero extends a smaller integer type to ``int64``. This treats `x` as
## unsigned. Does nothing if the size of an ``int`` is the same as ``int64``.
## (This is the case on 64 bit processors.)
proc toU8*(x: int): int8 {.magic: "ToU8", noSideEffect.}
## treats `x` as unsigned and converts it to a byte by taking the last 8 bits
## from `x`.
proc toU16*(x: int): int16 {.magic: "ToU16", noSideEffect.}
## treats `x` as unsigned and converts it to an ``int16`` by taking the last
## 16 bits from `x`.
proc toU32*(x: int64): int32 {.magic: "ToU32", noSideEffect.}
## treats `x` as unsigned and converts it to an ``int32`` by taking the
## last 32 bits from `x`.
# integer calculations:
proc `+`*(x: int): int {.magic: "UnaryPlusI", noSideEffect.}
proc `+`*(x: int8): int8 {.magic: "UnaryPlusI", noSideEffect.}
proc `+`*(x: int16): int16 {.magic: "UnaryPlusI", noSideEffect.}
proc `+`*(x: int32): int32 {.magic: "UnaryPlusI", noSideEffect.}
proc `+`*(x: int64): int64 {.magic: "UnaryPlusI", noSideEffect.}
## Unary `+` operator for an integer. Has no effect.
proc `-`*(x: int): int {.magic: "UnaryMinusI", noSideEffect.}
proc `-`*(x: int8): int8 {.magic: "UnaryMinusI", noSideEffect.}
proc `-`*(x: int16): int16 {.magic: "UnaryMinusI", noSideEffect.}
proc `-`*(x: int32): int32 {.magic: "UnaryMinusI", noSideEffect.}
proc `-`*(x: int64): int64 {.magic: "UnaryMinusI64", noSideEffect.}
## Unary `-` operator for an integer. Negates `x`.
proc `not`*(x: int): int {.magic: "BitnotI", noSideEffect.}
proc `not`*(x: int8): int8 {.magic: "BitnotI", noSideEffect.}
proc `not`*(x: int16): int16 {.magic: "BitnotI", noSideEffect.}
proc `not`*(x: int32): int32 {.magic: "BitnotI", noSideEffect.}
## computes the `bitwise complement` of the integer `x`.
when defined(nimnomagic64):
proc `not`*(x: int64): int64 {.magic: "BitnotI", noSideEffect.}
else:
proc `not`*(x: int64): int64 {.magic: "BitnotI64", noSideEffect.}
proc `+`*(x, y: int): int {.magic: "AddI", noSideEffect.}
proc `+`*(x, y: int8): int8 {.magic: "AddI", noSideEffect.}
proc `+`*(x, y: int16): int16 {.magic: "AddI", noSideEffect.}
proc `+`*(x, y: int32): int32 {.magic: "AddI", noSideEffect.}
## Binary `+` operator for an integer.
when defined(nimnomagic64):
proc `+`*(x, y: int64): int64 {.magic: "AddI", noSideEffect.}
else:
proc `+`*(x, y: int64): int64 {.magic: "AddI64", noSideEffect.}
proc `-`*(x, y: int): int {.magic: "SubI", noSideEffect.}
proc `-`*(x, y: int8): int8 {.magic: "SubI", noSideEffect.}
proc `-`*(x, y: int16): int16 {.magic: "SubI", noSideEffect.}
proc `-`*(x, y: int32): int32 {.magic: "SubI", noSideEffect.}
## Binary `-` operator for an integer.
when defined(nimnomagic64):
proc `-`*(x, y: int64): int64 {.magic: "SubI", noSideEffect.}
else:
proc `-`*(x, y: int64): int64 {.magic: "SubI64", noSideEffect.}
proc `*`*(x, y: int): int {.magic: "MulI", noSideEffect.}
proc `*`*(x, y: int8): int8 {.magic: "MulI", noSideEffect.}
proc `*`*(x, y: int16): int16 {.magic: "MulI", noSideEffect.}
proc `*`*(x, y: int32): int32 {.magic: "MulI", noSideEffect.}
## Binary `*` operator for an integer.
when defined(nimnomagic64):
proc `*`*(x, y: int64): int64 {.magic: "MulI", noSideEffect.}
else:
proc `*`*(x, y: int64): int64 {.magic: "MulI64", noSideEffect.}
proc `div`*(x, y: int): int {.magic: "DivI", noSideEffect.}
proc `div`*(x, y: int8): int8 {.magic: "DivI", noSideEffect.}
proc `div`*(x, y: int16): int16 {.magic: "DivI", noSideEffect.}
proc `div`*(x, y: int32): int32 {.magic: "DivI", noSideEffect.}
## computes the integer division. This is roughly the same as
## ``trunc(x/y)``.
##
## .. code-block:: Nim
## ( 1 div 2) == 0
## ( 2 div 2) == 1
## ( 3 div 2) == 1
## ( 7 div 3) == 2
## (-7 div 3) == -2
## ( 7 div -3) == -2
## (-7 div -3) == 2
when defined(nimnomagic64):
proc `div`*(x, y: int64): int64 {.magic: "DivI", noSideEffect.}
else:
proc `div`*(x, y: int64): int64 {.magic: "DivI64", noSideEffect.}
proc `mod`*(x, y: int): int {.magic: "ModI", noSideEffect.}
proc `mod`*(x, y: int8): int8 {.magic: "ModI", noSideEffect.}
proc `mod`*(x, y: int16): int16 {.magic: "ModI", noSideEffect.}
proc `mod`*(x, y: int32): int32 {.magic: "ModI", noSideEffect.}
## computes the integer modulo operation (remainder).
## This is the same as
## ``x - (x div y) * y``.
##
## .. code-block:: Nim
## ( 7 mod 5) == 2
## (-7 mod 5) == -2
## ( 7 mod -5) == 2
## (-7 mod -5) == -2
when defined(nimnomagic64):
proc `mod`*(x, y: int64): int64 {.magic: "ModI", noSideEffect.}
else:
proc `mod`*(x, y: int64): int64 {.magic: "ModI64", noSideEffect.}
when defined(nimNewShiftOps):
proc `shr`*(x: int, y: SomeInteger): int {.magic: "ShrI", noSideEffect.}
proc `shr`*(x: int8, y: SomeInteger): int8 {.magic: "ShrI", noSideEffect.}
proc `shr`*(x: int16, y: SomeInteger): int16 {.magic: "ShrI", noSideEffect.}
proc `shr`*(x: int32, y: SomeInteger): int32 {.magic: "ShrI", noSideEffect.}
proc `shr`*(x: int64, y: SomeInteger): int64 {.magic: "ShrI", noSideEffect.}
## computes the `shift right` operation of `x` and `y`, filling
## vacant bit positions with zeros.
##
## .. code-block:: Nim
## 0b0001_0000'i8 shr 2 == 0b0000_0100'i8
## 0b1000_0000'i8 shr 8 == 0b0000_0000'i8
## 0b0000_0001'i8 shr 1 == 0b0000_0000'i8
proc `shl`*(x: int, y: SomeInteger): int {.magic: "ShlI", noSideEffect.}
proc `shl`*(x: int8, y: SomeInteger): int8 {.magic: "ShlI", noSideEffect.}
proc `shl`*(x: int16, y: SomeInteger): int16 {.magic: "ShlI", noSideEffect.}
proc `shl`*(x: int32, y: SomeInteger): int32 {.magic: "ShlI", noSideEffect.}
proc `shl`*(x: int64, y: SomeInteger): int64 {.magic: "ShlI", noSideEffect.}
## computes the `shift left` operation of `x` and `y`.
##
## .. code-block:: Nim
## 1'i32 shl 4 == 0x0000_0010
## 1'i64 shl 4 == 0x0000_0000_0000_0010
else:
proc `shr`*(x, y: int): int {.magic: "ShrI", noSideEffect.}
proc `shr`*(x, y: int8): int8 {.magic: "ShrI", noSideEffect.}
proc `shr`*(x, y: int16): int16 {.magic: "ShrI", noSideEffect.}
proc `shr`*(x, y: int32): int32 {.magic: "ShrI", noSideEffect.}
proc `shr`*(x, y: int64): int64 {.magic: "ShrI", noSideEffect.}
proc `shl`*(x, y: int): int {.magic: "ShlI", noSideEffect.}
proc `shl`*(x, y: int8): int8 {.magic: "ShlI", noSideEffect.}
proc `shl`*(x, y: int16): int16 {.magic: "ShlI", noSideEffect.}
proc `shl`*(x, y: int32): int32 {.magic: "ShlI", noSideEffect.}
proc `shl`*(x, y: int64): int64 {.magic: "ShlI", noSideEffect.}
when defined(nimAshr):
proc ashr*(x: int, y: SomeInteger): int {.magic: "AshrI", noSideEffect.}
proc ashr*(x: int8, y: SomeInteger): int8 {.magic: "AshrI", noSideEffect.}
proc ashr*(x: int16, y: SomeInteger): int16 {.magic: "AshrI", noSideEffect.}
proc ashr*(x: int32, y: SomeInteger): int32 {.magic: "AshrI", noSideEffect.}
proc ashr*(x: int64, y: SomeInteger): int64 {.magic: "AshrI", noSideEffect.}
## Shifts right by pushing copies of the leftmost bit in from the left,
## and let the rightmost bits fall off.
##
## .. code-block:: Nim
## 0b0001_0000'i8 shr 2 == 0b0000_0100'i8
## 0b1000_0000'i8 shr 8 == 0b1111_1111'i8
## 0b1000_0000'i8 shr 1 == 0b1100_0000'i8
else:
# used for bootstrapping the compiler
proc ashr*[T](x: T, y: SomeInteger): T = discard
proc `and`*(x, y: int): int {.magic: "BitandI", noSideEffect.}
proc `and`*(x, y: int8): int8 {.magic: "BitandI", noSideEffect.}
proc `and`*(x, y: int16): int16 {.magic: "BitandI", noSideEffect.}
proc `and`*(x, y: int32): int32 {.magic: "BitandI", noSideEffect.}
proc `and`*(x, y: int64): int64 {.magic: "BitandI", noSideEffect.}
## computes the `bitwise and` of numbers `x` and `y`.
##
## .. code-block:: Nim
## (0xffff'i16 and 0x0010'i16) == 0x0010
proc `or`*(x, y: int): int {.magic: "BitorI", noSideEffect.}
proc `or`*(x, y: int8): int8 {.magic: "BitorI", noSideEffect.}
proc `or`*(x, y: int16): int16 {.magic: "BitorI", noSideEffect.}
proc `or`*(x, y: int32): int32 {.magic: "BitorI", noSideEffect.}
proc `or`*(x, y: int64): int64 {.magic: "BitorI", noSideEffect.}
## computes the `bitwise or` of numbers `x` and `y`.
##
## .. code-block:: Nim
## (0x0005'i16 or 0x0010'i16) == 0x0015
proc `xor`*(x, y: int): int {.magic: "BitxorI", noSideEffect.}
proc `xor`*(x, y: int8): int8 {.magic: "BitxorI", noSideEffect.}
proc `xor`*(x, y: int16): int16 {.magic: "BitxorI", noSideEffect.}
proc `xor`*(x, y: int32): int32 {.magic: "BitxorI", noSideEffect.}
proc `xor`*(x, y: int64): int64 {.magic: "BitxorI", noSideEffect.}
## computes the `bitwise xor` of numbers `x` and `y`.
##
## .. code-block:: Nim
## (0x1011'i16 xor 0x0101'i16) == 0x1110
proc `==`*(x, y: int): bool {.magic: "EqI", noSideEffect.}
proc `==`*(x, y: int8): bool {.magic: "EqI", noSideEffect.}
proc `==`*(x, y: int16): bool {.magic: "EqI", noSideEffect.}
proc `==`*(x, y: int32): bool {.magic: "EqI", noSideEffect.}
proc `==`*(x, y: int64): bool {.magic: "EqI", noSideEffect.}
## Compares two integers for equality.
proc `<=`*(x, y: int): bool {.magic: "LeI", noSideEffect.}
proc `<=`*(x, y: int8): bool {.magic: "LeI", noSideEffect.}
proc `<=`*(x, y: int16): bool {.magic: "LeI", noSideEffect.}
proc `<=`*(x, y: int32): bool {.magic: "LeI", noSideEffect.}
proc `<=`*(x, y: int64): bool {.magic: "LeI", noSideEffect.}
## Returns true iff `x` is less than or equal to `y`.
proc `<`*(x, y: int): bool {.magic: "LtI", noSideEffect.}
proc `<`*(x, y: int8): bool {.magic: "LtI", noSideEffect.}
proc `<`*(x, y: int16): bool {.magic: "LtI", noSideEffect.}
proc `<`*(x, y: int32): bool {.magic: "LtI", noSideEffect.}
proc `<`*(x, y: int64): bool {.magic: "LtI", noSideEffect.}
## Returns true iff `x` is less than `y`.
type
IntMax32 = int|int8|int16|int32
proc `+%`*(x, y: IntMax32): IntMax32 {.magic: "AddU", noSideEffect.}
proc `+%`*(x, y: int64): int64 {.magic: "AddU", noSideEffect.}
## treats `x` and `y` as unsigned and adds them. The result is truncated to
## fit into the result. This implements modulo arithmetic. No overflow
## errors are possible.
proc `-%`*(x, y: IntMax32): IntMax32 {.magic: "SubU", noSideEffect.}
proc `-%`*(x, y: int64): int64 {.magic: "SubU", noSideEffect.}
## treats `x` and `y` as unsigned and subtracts them. The result is
## truncated to fit into the result. This implements modulo arithmetic.
## No overflow errors are possible.
proc `*%`*(x, y: IntMax32): IntMax32 {.magic: "MulU", noSideEffect.}
proc `*%`*(x, y: int64): int64 {.magic: "MulU", noSideEffect.}
## treats `x` and `y` as unsigned and multiplies them. The result is
## truncated to fit into the result. This implements modulo arithmetic.
## No overflow errors are possible.
proc `/%`*(x, y: IntMax32): IntMax32 {.magic: "DivU", noSideEffect.}
proc `/%`*(x, y: int64): int64 {.magic: "DivU", noSideEffect.}
## treats `x` and `y` as unsigned and divides them. The result is
## truncated to fit into the result. This implements modulo arithmetic.
## No overflow errors are possible.
proc `%%`*(x, y: IntMax32): IntMax32 {.magic: "ModU", noSideEffect.}
proc `%%`*(x, y: int64): int64 {.magic: "ModU", noSideEffect.}
## treats `x` and `y` as unsigned and compute the modulo of `x` and `y`.
## The result is truncated to fit into the result.
## This implements modulo arithmetic.
## No overflow errors are possible.
proc `<=%`*(x, y: IntMax32): bool {.magic: "LeU", noSideEffect.}
proc `<=%`*(x, y: int64): bool {.magic: "LeU64", noSideEffect.}
## treats `x` and `y` as unsigned and compares them.
## Returns true iff ``unsigned(x) <= unsigned(y)``.
proc `<%`*(x, y: IntMax32): bool {.magic: "LtU", noSideEffect.}
proc `<%`*(x, y: int64): bool {.magic: "LtU64", noSideEffect.}
## treats `x` and `y` as unsigned and compares them.
## Returns true iff ``unsigned(x) < unsigned(y)``.
# unsigned integer operations:
proc `not`*[T: SomeUnsignedInt](x: T): T {.magic: "BitnotI", noSideEffect.}
## computes the `bitwise complement` of the integer `x`.
when defined(nimNewShiftOps):
proc `shr`*[T: SomeUnsignedInt](x: T, y: SomeInteger): T {.magic: "ShrI", noSideEffect.}
## computes the `shift right` operation of `x` and `y`.
proc `shl`*[T: SomeUnsignedInt](x: T, y: SomeInteger): T {.magic: "ShlI", noSideEffect.}
## computes the `shift left` operation of `x` and `y`.
else:
proc `shr`*[T: SomeUnsignedInt](x, y: T): T {.magic: "ShrI", noSideEffect.}
## computes the `shift right` operation of `x` and `y`.
proc `shl`*[T: SomeUnsignedInt](x, y: T): T {.magic: "ShlI", noSideEffect.}
## computes the `shift left` operation of `x` and `y`.
proc `and`*[T: SomeUnsignedInt](x, y: T): T {.magic: "BitandI", noSideEffect.}
## computes the `bitwise and` of numbers `x` and `y`.
proc `or`*[T: SomeUnsignedInt](x, y: T): T {.magic: "BitorI", noSideEffect.}
## computes the `bitwise or` of numbers `x` and `y`.
proc `xor`*[T: SomeUnsignedInt](x, y: T): T {.magic: "BitxorI", noSideEffect.}
## computes the `bitwise xor` of numbers `x` and `y`.
proc `==`*[T: SomeUnsignedInt](x, y: T): bool {.magic: "EqI", noSideEffect.}
## Compares two unsigned integers for equality.
proc `+`*[T: SomeUnsignedInt](x, y: T): T {.magic: "AddU", noSideEffect.}
## Binary `+` operator for unsigned integers.
proc `-`*[T: SomeUnsignedInt](x, y: T): T {.magic: "SubU", noSideEffect.}
## Binary `-` operator for unsigned integers.
proc `*`*[T: SomeUnsignedInt](x, y: T): T {.magic: "MulU", noSideEffect.}
## Binary `*` operator for unsigned integers.
proc `div`*[T: SomeUnsignedInt](x, y: T): T {.magic: "DivU", noSideEffect.}
## computes the integer division. This is roughly the same as
## ``trunc(x/y)``.
##
## .. code-block:: Nim
## (7 div 5) == 1
proc `mod`*[T: SomeUnsignedInt](x, y: T): T {.magic: "ModU", noSideEffect.}
## computes the integer modulo operation (remainder).
## This is the same as
## ``x - (x div y) * y``.
##
## .. code-block:: Nim
## (7 mod 5) == 2
proc `<=`*[T: SomeUnsignedInt](x, y: T): bool {.magic: "LeU", noSideEffect.}
## Returns true iff ``x <= y``.
proc `<`*[T: SomeUnsignedInt](x, y: T): bool {.magic: "LtU", noSideEffect.}
## Returns true iff ``unsigned(x) < unsigned(y)``.
# floating point operations:
proc `+`*(x: float32): float32 {.magic: "UnaryPlusF64", noSideEffect.}
proc `-`*(x: float32): float32 {.magic: "UnaryMinusF64", noSideEffect.}
proc `+`*(x, y: float32): float32 {.magic: "AddF64", noSideEffect.}
proc `-`*(x, y: float32): float32 {.magic: "SubF64", noSideEffect.}
proc `*`*(x, y: float32): float32 {.magic: "MulF64", noSideEffect.}
proc `/`*(x, y: float32): float32 {.magic: "DivF64", noSideEffect.}
proc `+`*(x: float): float {.magic: "UnaryPlusF64", noSideEffect.}
proc `-`*(x: float): float {.magic: "UnaryMinusF64", noSideEffect.}
proc `+`*(x, y: float): float {.magic: "AddF64", noSideEffect.}
proc `-`*(x, y: float): float {.magic: "SubF64", noSideEffect.}
proc `*`*(x, y: float): float {.magic: "MulF64", noSideEffect.}
proc `/`*(x, y: float): float {.magic: "DivF64", noSideEffect.}
## computes the floating point division
proc `==`*(x, y: float32): bool {.magic: "EqF64", noSideEffect.}
proc `<=`*(x, y: float32): bool {.magic: "LeF64", noSideEffect.}
proc `<` *(x, y: float32): bool {.magic: "LtF64", noSideEffect.}
proc `==`*(x, y: float): bool {.magic: "EqF64", noSideEffect.}
proc `<=`*(x, y: float): bool {.magic: "LeF64", noSideEffect.}
proc `<`*(x, y: float): bool {.magic: "LtF64", noSideEffect.}
# set operators
proc `*`*[T](x, y: set[T]): set[T] {.magic: "MulSet", noSideEffect.}
## This operator computes the intersection of two sets.
proc `+`*[T](x, y: set[T]): set[T] {.magic: "PlusSet", noSideEffect.}
## This operator computes the union of two sets.
proc `-`*[T](x, y: set[T]): set[T] {.magic: "MinusSet", noSideEffect.}
## This operator computes the difference of two sets.
proc contains*[T](x: set[T], y: T): bool {.magic: "InSet", noSideEffect.}
## One should overload this proc if one wants to overload the ``in`` operator.
## The parameters are in reverse order! ``a in b`` is a template for
## ``contains(b, a)``.
## This is because the unification algorithm that Nim uses for overload
## resolution works from left to right.
## But for the ``in`` operator that would be the wrong direction for this
## piece of code:
##
## .. code-block:: Nim
## var s: set[range['a'..'z']] = {'a'..'c'}
## writeLine(stdout, 'b' in s)
##
## If ``in`` had been declared as ``[T](elem: T, s: set[T])`` then ``T`` would
## have been bound to ``char``. But ``s`` is not compatible to type
## ``set[char]``! The solution is to bind ``T`` to ``range['a'..'z']``. This
## is achieved by reversing the parameters for ``contains``; ``in`` then
## passes its arguments in reverse order.
proc contains*[U, V, W](s: HSlice[U, V], value: W): bool {.noSideEffect, inline.} =
## Checks if `value` is within the range of `s`; returns true iff
## `value >= s.a and value <= s.b`
##
## .. code-block:: Nim
## assert((1..3).contains(1) == true)
## assert((1..3).contains(2) == true)
## assert((1..3).contains(4) == false)
result = s.a <= value and value <= s.b
template `in`*(x, y: untyped): untyped {.dirty.} = contains(y, x)
## Sugar for contains
##
## .. code-block:: Nim
## assert(1 in (1..3) == true)
## assert(5 in (1..3) == false)
template `notin`*(x, y: untyped): untyped {.dirty.} = not contains(y, x)
## Sugar for not containing
##
## .. code-block:: Nim
## assert(1 notin (1..3) == false)
## assert(5 notin (1..3) == true)
proc `is`*[T, S](x: T, y: S): bool {.magic: "Is", noSideEffect.}
## Checks if T is of the same type as S
##
## .. code-block:: Nim
## proc test[T](a: T): int =
## when (T is int):
## return a
## else:
## return 0
##
## assert(test[int](3) == 3)
## assert(test[string]("xyz") == 0)
template `isnot`*(x, y: untyped): untyped = not (x is y)
## Negated version of `is`. Equivalent to ``not(x is y)``.
proc new*[T](a: var ref T) {.magic: "New", noSideEffect.}
## creates a new object of type ``T`` and returns a safe (traced)
## reference to it in ``a``.
proc new*(t: typedesc): auto =
## creates a new object of type ``T`` and returns a safe (traced)
## reference to it as result value.
##
## When ``T`` is a ref type then the resulting type will be ``T``,
## otherwise it will be ``ref T``.
when (t is ref):
var r: t
else:
var r: ref t
new(r)
return r
proc `of`*[T, S](x: typeDesc[T], y: typeDesc[S]): bool {.magic: "Of", noSideEffect.}
proc `of`*[T, S](x: T, y: typeDesc[S]): bool {.magic: "Of", noSideEffect.}
proc `of`*[T, S](x: T, y: S): bool {.magic: "Of", noSideEffect.}
## Checks if `x` has a type of `y`
##
## .. code-block:: Nim
## assert(FloatingPointError of Exception)
## assert(DivByZeroError of Exception)
proc cmp*[T](x, y: T): int {.procvar.} =
## Generic compare proc. Returns a value < 0 iff x < y, a value > 0 iff x > y
## and 0 iff x == y. This is useful for writing generic algorithms without
## performance loss. This generic implementation uses the `==` and `<`
## operators.
##
## .. code-block:: Nim
## import algorithm
## echo sorted(@[4,2,6,5,8,7], cmp[int])
if x == y: return 0
if x < y: return -1
return 1
proc cmp*(x, y: string): int {.noSideEffect, procvar.}
## Compare proc for strings. More efficient than the generic version.
## **Note**: The precise result values depend on the used C runtime library and
## can differ between operating systems!
proc `@`* [IDX, T](a: array[IDX, T]): seq[T] {.
magic: "ArrToSeq", nosideeffect.}
## turns an array into a sequence. This most often useful for constructing
## sequences with the array constructor: ``@[1, 2, 3]`` has the type
## ``seq[int]``, while ``[1, 2, 3]`` has the type ``array[0..2, int]``.
proc setLen*[T](s: var seq[T], newlen: Natural) {.
magic: "SetLengthSeq", noSideEffect.}
## sets the length of `s` to `newlen`.
## ``T`` may be any sequence type.
## If the current length is greater than the new length,
## ``s`` will be truncated.
proc setLen*(s: var string, newlen: Natural) {.
magic: "SetLengthStr", noSideEffect.}
## sets the length of `s` to `newlen`.
## If the current length is greater than the new length,
## ``s`` will be truncated.
##
## .. code-block:: Nim
## var myS = "Nim is great!!"
## myS.setLen(3)
## echo myS, " is fantastic!!"
proc newString*(len: Natural): string {.
magic: "NewString", importc: "mnewString", noSideEffect.}
## returns a new string of length ``len`` but with uninitialized
## content. One needs to fill the string character after character
## with the index operator ``s[i]``. This procedure exists only for
## optimization purposes; the same effect can be achieved with the
## ``&`` operator or with ``add``.
proc newStringOfCap*(cap: Natural): string {.
magic: "NewStringOfCap", importc: "rawNewString", noSideEffect.}
## returns a new string of length ``0`` but with capacity `cap`.This
## procedure exists only for optimization purposes; the same effect can
## be achieved with the ``&`` operator or with ``add``.
proc `&`*(x: string, y: char): string {.
magic: "ConStrStr", noSideEffect, merge.}
## Concatenates `x` with `y`
##
## .. code-block:: Nim
## assert("ab" & 'c' == "abc")
proc `&`*(x, y: char): string {.
magic: "ConStrStr", noSideEffect, merge.}
## Concatenates `x` and `y` into a string
##
## .. code-block:: Nim
## assert('a' & 'b' == "ab")
proc `&`*(x, y: string): string {.
magic: "ConStrStr", noSideEffect, merge.}
## Concatenates `x` and `y`
##
## .. code-block:: Nim
## assert("ab" & "cd" == "abcd")
proc `&`*(x: char, y: string): string {.
magic: "ConStrStr", noSideEffect, merge.}
## Concatenates `x` with `y`
##
## .. code-block:: Nim
## assert('a' & "bc" == "abc")
# implementation note: These must all have the same magic value "ConStrStr" so
# that the merge optimization works properly.
proc add*(x: var string, y: char) {.magic: "AppendStrCh", noSideEffect.}
## Appends `y` to `x` in place
##
## .. code-block:: Nim
## var tmp = ""
## tmp.add('a')
## tmp.add('b')
## assert(tmp == "ab")
proc add*(x: var string, y: string) {.magic: "AppendStrStr", noSideEffect.}
## Concatenates `x` and `y` in place
##
## .. code-block:: Nim
## var tmp = ""
## tmp.add("ab")
## tmp.add("cd")
## assert(tmp == "abcd")
type
Endianness* = enum ## is a type describing the endianness of a processor.
littleEndian, bigEndian
const
isMainModule* {.magic: "IsMainModule".}: bool = false
## is true only when accessed in the main module. This works thanks to
## compiler magic. It is useful to embed testing code in a module.
CompileDate* {.magic: "CompileDate"}: string = "0000-00-00"
## is the date (in UTC) of compilation as a string of the form
## ``YYYY-MM-DD``. This works thanks to compiler magic.
CompileTime* {.magic: "CompileTime"}: string = "00:00:00"
## is the time (in UTC) of compilation as a string of the form
## ``HH:MM:SS``. This works thanks to compiler magic.
cpuEndian* {.magic: "CpuEndian"}: Endianness = littleEndian
## is the endianness of the target CPU. This is a valuable piece of
## information for low-level code only. This works thanks to compiler
## magic.
hostOS* {.magic: "HostOS".}: string = ""
## a string that describes the host operating system. Possible values:
## "windows", "macosx", "linux", "netbsd", "freebsd", "openbsd", "solaris",
## "aix", "haiku", "standalone".
hostCPU* {.magic: "HostCPU".}: string = ""
## a string that describes the host CPU. Possible values:
## "i386", "alpha", "powerpc", "powerpc64", "powerpc64el", "sparc",
## "amd64", "mips", "mipsel", "arm", "arm64", "mips64", "mips64el",
## "riscv64".
seqShallowFlag = low(int)
strlitFlag = 1 shl (sizeof(int)*8 - 2) # later versions of the codegen \
# emit this flag
# for string literals, it allows for some optimizations.
{.push profiler: off.}
when defined(nimKnowsNimvm):
let nimvm* {.magic: "Nimvm".}: bool = false
## may be used only in "when" expression.
## It is true in Nim VM context and false otherwise
else:
const nimvm*: bool = false
{.pop.}
proc compileOption*(option: string): bool {.
magic: "CompileOption", noSideEffect.}
## can be used to determine an on|off compile-time option. Example:
##
## .. code-block:: nim
## when compileOption("floatchecks"):
## echo "compiled with floating point NaN and Inf checks"
proc compileOption*(option, arg: string): bool {.
magic: "CompileOptionArg", noSideEffect.}
## can be used to determine an enum compile-time option. Example:
##
## .. code-block:: nim
## when compileOption("opt", "size") and compileOption("gc", "boehm"):
## echo "compiled with optimization for size and uses Boehm's GC"
const
hasThreadSupport = compileOption("threads") and not defined(nimscript)
hasSharedHeap = defined(boehmgc) or defined(gogc) # don't share heaps; every thread has its own
taintMode = compileOption("taintmode")
nimEnableCovariance* = defined(nimEnableCovariance) # or true
when hasThreadSupport and defined(tcc) and not compileOption("tlsEmulation"):
# tcc doesn't support TLS
{.error: "``--tlsEmulation:on`` must be used when using threads with tcc backend".}
when defined(boehmgc):
when defined(windows):
const boehmLib = "boehmgc.dll"
elif defined(macosx):
const boehmLib = "libgc.dylib"
else:
const boehmLib = "libgc.so.1"
{.pragma: boehmGC, noconv, dynlib: boehmLib.}
when taintMode:
type TaintedString* = distinct string ## a distinct string type that
## is `tainted`:idx:, see `taint mode
## <manual.html#taint-mode>`_ for
## details. It is an alias for
## ``string`` if the taint mode is not
## turned on.
proc len*(s: TaintedString): int {.borrow.}
else:
type TaintedString* = string ## a distinct string type that
## is `tainted`:idx:, see `taint mode
## <manual.html#taint-mode>`_ for
## details. It is an alias for
## ``string`` if the taint mode is not
## turned on.
when defined(profiler):
proc nimProfile() {.compilerProc, noinline.}
when hasThreadSupport:
{.pragma: rtlThreadVar, threadvar.}
else:
{.pragma: rtlThreadVar.}
const
QuitSuccess* = 0
## is the value that should be passed to `quit <#quit>`_ to indicate
## success.
QuitFailure* = 1
## is the value that should be passed to `quit <#quit>`_ to indicate
## failure.
when defined(nodejs):
var programResult* {.importc: "process.exitCode".}: int
programResult = 0
else:
var programResult* {.exportc: "nim_program_result".}: int
## modify this variable to specify the exit code of the program
## under normal circumstances. When the program is terminated
## prematurely using ``quit``, this value is ignored.
when defined(nimdoc):
proc quit*(errorcode: int = QuitSuccess) {.magic: "Exit", noreturn.}
## Stops the program immediately with an exit code.
##
## Before stopping the program the "quit procedures" are called in the
## opposite order they were added with `addQuitProc <#addQuitProc>`_.
## ``quit`` never returns and ignores any exception that may have been raised
## by the quit procedures. It does *not* call the garbage collector to free
## all the memory, unless a quit procedure calls `GC_fullCollect
## <#GC_fullCollect>`_.
##
## The proc ``quit(QuitSuccess)`` is called implicitly when your nim
## program finishes without incident for platforms where this is the
## expected behavior. A raised unhandled exception is
## equivalent to calling ``quit(QuitFailure)``.
##
## Note that this is a *runtime* call and using ``quit`` inside a macro won't
## have any compile time effect. If you need to stop the compiler inside a
## macro, use the `error <manual.html#pragmas-error-pragma>`_ or `fatal
## <manual.html#pragmas-fatal-pragma>`_ pragmas.
elif defined(genode):
include genode/env
var systemEnv {.exportc: runtimeEnvSym.}: GenodeEnvPtr
type GenodeEnv* = GenodeEnvPtr
## Opaque type representing Genode environment.
proc quit*(env: GenodeEnv; errorcode: int) {.magic: "Exit", noreturn,
importcpp: "#->parent().exit(@); Genode::sleep_forever()", header: "<base/sleep.h>".}
proc quit*(errorcode: int = QuitSuccess) =
systemEnv.quit(errorCode)
elif defined(nodejs):
proc quit*(errorcode: int = QuitSuccess) {.magic: "Exit",
importc: "process.exit", noreturn.}
else:
proc quit*(errorcode: int = QuitSuccess) {.
magic: "Exit", importc: "exit", header: "<stdlib.h>", noreturn.}
template sysAssert(cond: bool, msg: string) =
when defined(useSysAssert):
if not cond:
echo "[SYSASSERT] ", msg
quit 1
const hasAlloc = (hostOS != "standalone" or not defined(nogc)) and not defined(nimscript)
when not defined(JS) and not defined(nimscript) and hostOS != "standalone":
include "system/cgprocs"
when not defined(JS) and not defined(nimscript) and hasAlloc and not defined(gcDestructors):
proc addChar(s: NimString, c: char): NimString {.compilerProc, benign.}
when defined(gcDestructors):
proc add*[T](x: var seq[T], y: sink T) {.magic: "AppendSeqElem", noSideEffect.} =
let xl = x.len
setLen(x, xl + 1)
x[xl] = y
else:
proc add*[T](x: var seq[T], y: T) {.magic: "AppendSeqElem", noSideEffect.}
proc add*[T](x: var seq[T], y: openArray[T]) {.noSideEffect.} =
## Generic proc for adding a data item `y` to a container `x`.
## For containers that have an order, `add` means *append*. New generic
## containers should also call their adding proc `add` for consistency.
## Generic code becomes much easier to write if the Nim naming scheme is
## respected.
##
## .. code-block:: nim
## var s: seq[string] = @["test2","test2"]
## s.add("test") #=> @[test2, test2, test]
let xl = x.len
setLen(x, xl + y.len)
for i in 0..high(y): x[xl+i] = y[i]
proc del*[T](x: var seq[T], i: Natural) {.noSideEffect.} =
## deletes the item at index `i` by putting ``x[high(x)]`` into position `i`.
## This is an O(1) operation.
##
## .. code-block:: nim
## var i = @[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
## i.del(2) #=> @[1, 2, 5, 4]
let xl = x.len - 1
shallowCopy(x[i], x[xl])
setLen(x, xl)
proc delete*[T](x: var seq[T], i: Natural) {.noSideEffect.} =
## deletes the item at index `i` by moving ``x[i+1..]`` by one position.
## This is an O(n) operation.
##
## .. code-block:: nim
## var i = @[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
## i.delete(2) #=> @[1, 2, 4, 5]
template defaultImpl =
let xl = x.len
for j in i.int..xl-2: shallowCopy(x[j], x[j+1])
setLen(x, xl-1)
when nimvm:
defaultImpl()
else:
when defined(js):
{.emit: "`x`.splice(`i`, 1);".}
else:
defaultImpl()
proc insert*[T](x: var seq[T], item: T, i = 0.Natural) {.noSideEffect.} =
## inserts `item` into `x` at position `i`.
##
## .. code-block:: nim
## var i = @[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
## i.insert(2, 4) #=> @[1, 2, 3, 4, 2, 5]
template defaultImpl =
let xl = x.len
setLen(x, xl+1)
var j = xl-1
while j >= i:
shallowCopy(x[j+1], x[j])
dec(j)
when nimvm:
defaultImpl()
else:
when defined(js):
var it : T
{.emit: "`x`.splice(`i`, 0, `it`);".}
else:
defaultImpl()
x[i] = item
proc repr*[T](x: T): string {.magic: "Repr", noSideEffect.}
## takes any Nim variable and returns its string representation. It
## works even for complex data graphs with cycles. This is a great
## debugging tool.
##
## .. code-block:: nim
## var s: seq[string] = @["test2", "test2"]
## var i = @[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
## repr(s) #=> 0x1055eb050[0x1055ec050"test2", 0x1055ec078"test2"]
## repr(i) #=> 0x1055ed050[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
type
ByteAddress* = int
## is the signed integer type that should be used for converting
## pointers to integer addresses for readability.
BiggestInt* = int64
## is an alias for the biggest signed integer type the Nim compiler
## supports. Currently this is ``int64``, but it is platform-dependant
## in general.
BiggestFloat* = float64
## is an alias for the biggest floating point type the Nim
## compiler supports. Currently this is ``float64``, but it is
## platform-dependant in general.
when defined(JS):
type BiggestUInt* = uint32
## is an alias for the biggest unsigned integer type the Nim compiler
## supports. Currently this is ``uint32`` for JS and ``uint64`` for other
## targets.
else:
type BiggestUInt* = uint64
## is an alias for the biggest unsigned integer type the Nim compiler
## supports. Currently this is ``uint32`` for JS and ``uint64`` for other
## targets.
when defined(windows):
type
clong* {.importc: "long", nodecl.} = int32
## This is the same as the type ``long`` in *C*.
culong* {.importc: "unsigned long", nodecl.} = uint32
## This is the same as the type ``unsigned long`` in *C*.
else:
type
clong* {.importc: "long", nodecl.} = int
## This is the same as the type ``long`` in *C*.
culong* {.importc: "unsigned long", nodecl.} = uint
## This is the same as the type ``unsigned long`` in *C*.
type # these work for most platforms:
cchar* {.importc: "char", nodecl.} = char
## This is the same as the type ``char`` in *C*.
cschar* {.importc: "signed char", nodecl.} = int8
## This is the same as the type ``signed char`` in *C*.
cshort* {.importc: "short", nodecl.} = int16
## This is the same as the type ``short`` in *C*.
cint* {.importc: "int", nodecl.} = int32
## This is the same as the type ``int`` in *C*.
csize* {.importc: "size_t", nodecl.} = int
## This is the same as the type ``size_t`` in *C*.
clonglong* {.importc: "long long", nodecl.} = int64
## This is the same as the type ``long long`` in *C*.
cfloat* {.importc: "float", nodecl.} = float32
## This is the same as the type ``float`` in *C*.
cdouble* {.importc: "double", nodecl.} = float64
## This is the same as the type ``double`` in *C*.
clongdouble* {.importc: "long double", nodecl.} = BiggestFloat
## This is the same as the type ``long double`` in *C*.
## This C type is not supported by Nim's code generator.
cuchar* {.importc: "unsigned char", nodecl.} = char
## This is the same as the type ``unsigned char`` in *C*.
cushort* {.importc: "unsigned short", nodecl.} = uint16
## This is the same as the type ``unsigned short`` in *C*.
cuint* {.importc: "unsigned int", nodecl.} = uint32
## This is the same as the type ``unsigned int`` in *C*.
culonglong* {.importc: "unsigned long long", nodecl.} = uint64
## This is the same as the type ``unsigned long long`` in *C*.
cstringArray* {.importc: "char**", nodecl.} = ptr UncheckedArray[cstring]
## This is binary compatible to the type ``char**`` in *C*. The array's
## high value is large enough to disable bounds checking in practice.
## Use `cstringArrayToSeq` to convert it into a ``seq[string]``.
PFloat32* = ptr float32 ## an alias for ``ptr float32``
PFloat64* = ptr float64 ## an alias for ``ptr float64``
PInt64* = ptr int64 ## an alias for ``ptr int64``
PInt32* = ptr int32 ## an alias for ``ptr int32``
proc toFloat*(i: int): float {.
magic: "ToFloat", noSideEffect, importc: "toFloat".}
## converts an integer `i` into a ``float``. If the conversion
## fails, `ValueError` is raised. However, on most platforms the
## conversion cannot fail.
proc toBiggestFloat*(i: BiggestInt): BiggestFloat {.
magic: "ToBiggestFloat", noSideEffect, importc: "toBiggestFloat".}
## converts an biggestint `i` into a ``biggestfloat``. If the conversion
## fails, `ValueError` is raised. However, on most platforms the
## conversion cannot fail.
proc toInt*(f: float): int {.
magic: "ToInt", noSideEffect, importc: "toInt".}
## converts a floating point number `f` into an ``int``. Conversion
## rounds `f` if it does not contain an integer value. If the conversion
## fails (because `f` is infinite for example), `ValueError` is raised.
proc toBiggestInt*(f: BiggestFloat): BiggestInt {.
magic: "ToBiggestInt", noSideEffect, importc: "toBiggestInt".}
## converts a biggestfloat `f` into a ``biggestint``. Conversion
## rounds `f` if it does not contain an integer value. If the conversion
## fails (because `f` is infinite for example), `ValueError` is raised.
proc addQuitProc*(quitProc: proc() {.noconv.}) {.
importc: "atexit", header: "<stdlib.h>".}
## Adds/registers a quit procedure.
##
## Each call to ``addQuitProc`` registers another quit procedure. Up to 30
## procedures can be registered. They are executed on a last-in, first-out
## basis (that is, the last function registered is the first to be executed).
## ``addQuitProc`` raises an EOutOfIndex exception if ``quitProc`` cannot be
## registered.
# Support for addQuitProc() is done by Ansi C's facilities here.
# In case of an unhandled exeption the exit handlers should
# not be called explicitly! The user may decide to do this manually though.
when not defined(nimscript) and not defined(JS):
proc zeroMem*(p: pointer, size: Natural) {.inline, benign.}
## overwrites the contents of the memory at ``p`` with the value 0.
## Exactly ``size`` bytes will be overwritten. Like any procedure
## dealing with raw memory this is *unsafe*.
proc copyMem*(dest, source: pointer, size: Natural) {.inline, benign,
tags: [], locks: 0.}
## copies the contents from the memory at ``source`` to the memory
## at ``dest``. Exactly ``size`` bytes will be copied. The memory
## regions may not overlap. Like any procedure dealing with raw
## memory this is *unsafe*.
proc moveMem*(dest, source: pointer, size: Natural) {.inline, benign,
tags: [], locks: 0.}
## copies the contents from the memory at ``source`` to the memory
## at ``dest``. Exactly ``size`` bytes will be copied. The memory
## regions may overlap, ``moveMem`` handles this case appropriately
## and is thus somewhat more safe than ``copyMem``. Like any procedure
## dealing with raw memory this is still *unsafe*, though.
proc equalMem*(a, b: pointer, size: Natural): bool {.inline, noSideEffect, tags: [], locks: 0.}
## compares the memory blocks ``a`` and ``b``. ``size`` bytes will
## be compared. If the blocks are equal, true is returned, false
## otherwise. Like any procedure dealing with raw memory this is
## *unsafe*.
when not defined(nimscript):
when hasAlloc:
proc alloc*(size: Natural): pointer {.noconv, rtl, tags: [], benign.}
## allocates a new memory block with at least ``size`` bytes. The
## block has to be freed with ``realloc(block, 0)`` or
## ``dealloc(block)``. The block is not initialized, so reading
## from it before writing to it is undefined behaviour!
## The allocated memory belongs to its allocating thread!
## Use `allocShared` to allocate from a shared heap.
proc createU*(T: typedesc, size = 1.Positive): ptr T {.inline, benign.} =
## allocates a new memory block with at least ``T.sizeof * size``
## bytes. The block has to be freed with ``resize(block, 0)`` or
## ``dealloc(block)``. The block is not initialized, so reading
## from it before writing to it is undefined behaviour!
## The allocated memory belongs to its allocating thread!
## Use `createSharedU` to allocate from a shared heap.
cast[ptr T](alloc(T.sizeof * size))
proc alloc0*(size: Natural): pointer {.noconv, rtl, tags: [], benign.}
## allocates a new memory block with at least ``size`` bytes. The
## block has to be freed with ``realloc(block, 0)`` or
## ``dealloc(block)``. The block is initialized with all bytes
## containing zero, so it is somewhat safer than ``alloc``.
## The allocated memory belongs to its allocating thread!
## Use `allocShared0` to allocate from a shared heap.
proc create*(T: typedesc, size = 1.Positive): ptr T {.inline, benign.} =
## allocates a new memory block with at least ``T.sizeof * size``
## bytes. The block has to be freed with ``resize(block, 0)`` or
## ``dealloc(block)``. The block is initialized with all bytes
## containing zero, so it is somewhat safer than ``createU``.
## The allocated memory belongs to its allocating thread!
## Use `createShared` to allocate from a shared heap.
cast[ptr T](alloc0(sizeof(T) * size))
proc realloc*(p: pointer, newSize: Natural): pointer {.noconv, rtl, tags: [],
benign.}
## grows or shrinks a given memory block. If p is **nil** then a new
## memory block is returned. In either way the block has at least
## ``newSize`` bytes. If ``newSize == 0`` and p is not **nil**
## ``realloc`` calls ``dealloc(p)``. In other cases the block has to
## be freed with ``dealloc``.
## The allocated memory belongs to its allocating thread!
## Use `reallocShared` to reallocate from a shared heap.
proc resize*[T](p: ptr T, newSize: Natural): ptr T {.inline, benign.} =
## grows or shrinks a given memory block. If p is **nil** then a new
## memory block is returned. In either way the block has at least
## ``T.sizeof * newSize`` bytes. If ``newSize == 0`` and p is not
## **nil** ``resize`` calls ``dealloc(p)``. In other cases the block
## has to be freed with ``free``. The allocated memory belongs to
## its allocating thread!
## Use `resizeShared` to reallocate from a shared heap.
cast[ptr T](realloc(p, T.sizeof * newSize))
proc dealloc*(p: pointer) {.noconv, rtl, tags: [], benign.}
## frees the memory allocated with ``alloc``, ``alloc0`` or
## ``realloc``. This procedure is dangerous! If one forgets to
## free the memory a leak occurs; if one tries to access freed
## memory (or just freeing it twice!) a core dump may happen
## or other memory may be corrupted.
## The freed memory must belong to its allocating thread!
## Use `deallocShared` to deallocate from a shared heap.
proc allocShared*(size: Natural): pointer {.noconv, rtl, benign.}
## allocates a new memory block on the shared heap with at
## least ``size`` bytes. The block has to be freed with
## ``reallocShared(block, 0)`` or ``deallocShared(block)``. The block
## is not initialized, so reading from it before writing to it is
## undefined behaviour!
proc createSharedU*(T: typedesc, size = 1.Positive): ptr T {.inline,
benign.} =
## allocates a new memory block on the shared heap with at
## least ``T.sizeof * size`` bytes. The block has to be freed with
## ``resizeShared(block, 0)`` or ``freeShared(block)``. The block
## is not initialized, so reading from it before writing to it is
## undefined behaviour!
cast[ptr T](allocShared(T.sizeof * size))
proc allocShared0*(size: Natural): pointer {.noconv, rtl, benign.}
## allocates a new memory block on the shared heap with at
## least ``size`` bytes. The block has to be freed with
## ``reallocShared(block, 0)`` or ``deallocShared(block)``.
## The block is initialized with all bytes
## containing zero, so it is somewhat safer than ``allocShared``.
proc createShared*(T: typedesc, size = 1.Positive): ptr T {.inline.} =
## allocates a new memory block on the shared heap with at
## least ``T.sizeof * size`` bytes. The block has to be freed with
## ``resizeShared(block, 0)`` or ``freeShared(block)``.
## The block is initialized with all bytes
## containing zero, so it is somewhat safer than ``createSharedU``.
cast[ptr T](allocShared0(T.sizeof * size))
proc reallocShared*(p: pointer, newSize: Natural): pointer {.noconv, rtl,
benign.}
## grows or shrinks a given memory block on the heap. If p is **nil**
## then a new memory block is returned. In either way the block has at
## least ``newSize`` bytes. If ``newSize == 0`` and p is not **nil**
## ``reallocShared`` calls ``deallocShared(p)``. In other cases the
## block has to be freed with ``deallocShared``.
proc resizeShared*[T](p: ptr T, newSize: Natural): ptr T {.inline.} =
## grows or shrinks a given memory block on the heap. If p is **nil**
## then a new memory block is returned. In either way the block has at
## least ``T.sizeof * newSize`` bytes. If ``newSize == 0`` and p is
## not **nil** ``resizeShared`` calls ``freeShared(p)``. In other
## cases the block has to be freed with ``freeShared``.
cast[ptr T](reallocShared(p, T.sizeof * newSize))
proc deallocShared*(p: pointer) {.noconv, rtl, benign.}
## frees the memory allocated with ``allocShared``, ``allocShared0`` or
## ``reallocShared``. This procedure is dangerous! If one forgets to
## free the memory a leak occurs; if one tries to access freed
## memory (or just freeing it twice!) a core dump may happen
## or other memory may be corrupted.
proc freeShared*[T](p: ptr T) {.inline, benign.} =
## frees the memory allocated with ``createShared``, ``createSharedU`` or
## ``resizeShared``. This procedure is dangerous! If one forgets to
## free the memory a leak occurs; if one tries to access freed
## memory (or just freeing it twice!) a core dump may happen
## or other memory may be corrupted.
deallocShared(p)
proc swap*[T](a, b: var T) {.magic: "Swap", noSideEffect.}
## swaps the values `a` and `b`. This is often more efficient than
## ``tmp = a; a = b; b = tmp``. Particularly useful for sorting algorithms.
when not defined(js) and not defined(booting) and defined(nimTrMacros):
template swapRefsInArray*{swap(arr[a], arr[b])}(arr: openarray[ref], a, b: int) =
# Optimize swapping of array elements if they are refs. Default swap
# implementation will cause unsureAsgnRef to be emitted which causes
# unnecessary slow down in this case.
swap(cast[ptr pointer](addr arr[a])[], cast[ptr pointer](addr arr[b])[])
template `>=%`*(x, y: untyped): untyped = y <=% x
## treats `x` and `y` as unsigned and compares them.
## Returns true iff ``unsigned(x) >= unsigned(y)``.
template `>%`*(x, y: untyped): untyped = y <% x
## treats `x` and `y` as unsigned and compares them.
## Returns true iff ``unsigned(x) > unsigned(y)``.
proc `$`*(x: int): string {.magic: "IntToStr", noSideEffect.}
## The stringify operator for an integer argument. Returns `x`
## converted to a decimal string. ``$`` is Nim's general way of
## spelling `toString`:idx:.
proc `$`*(x: int64): string {.magic: "Int64ToStr", noSideEffect.}
## The stringify operator for an integer argument. Returns `x`
## converted to a decimal string.
when not defined(nimscript):
when not defined(JS) and hasAlloc:
proc `$`*(x: uint64): string {.noSideEffect.}
## The stringify operator for an unsigned integer argument. Returns `x`
## converted to a decimal string.
proc `$`*(x: float): string {.magic: "FloatToStr", noSideEffect.}
## The stringify operator for a float argument. Returns `x`
## converted to a decimal string.
proc `$`*(x: bool): string {.magic: "BoolToStr", noSideEffect.}
## The stringify operator for a boolean argument. Returns `x`
## converted to the string "false" or "true".
proc `$`*(x: char): string {.magic: "CharToStr", noSideEffect.}
## The stringify operator for a character argument. Returns `x`
## converted to a string.
proc `$`*(x: cstring): string {.magic: "CStrToStr", noSideEffect.}
## The stringify operator for a CString argument. Returns `x`
## converted to a string.
proc `$`*(x: string): string {.magic: "StrToStr", noSideEffect.}
## The stringify operator for a string argument. Returns `x`
## as it is. This operator is useful for generic code, so
## that ``$expr`` also works if ``expr`` is already a string.
proc `$`*[Enum: enum](x: Enum): string {.magic: "EnumToStr", noSideEffect.}
## The stringify operator for an enumeration argument. This works for
## any enumeration type thanks to compiler magic. If
## a ``$`` operator for a concrete enumeration is provided, this is
## used instead. (In other words: *Overwriting* is possible.)
# undocumented:
proc getRefcount*[T](x: ref T): int {.importc: "getRefcount", noSideEffect,
deprecated: "the refcount never was reliable, the GC does not use traditional refcounting".}
proc getRefcount*(x: string): int {.importc: "getRefcount", noSideEffect,
deprecated: "the refcount never was reliable, the GC does not use traditional refcounting".}
proc getRefcount*[T](x: seq[T]): int {.importc: "getRefcount", noSideEffect,
deprecated: "the refcount never was reliable, the GC does not use traditional refcounting".}
## retrieves the reference count of an heap-allocated object. The
## value is implementation-dependent.
const
Inf* = 0x7FF0000000000000'f64
## contains the IEEE floating point value of positive infinity.
NegInf* = 0xFFF0000000000000'f64
## contains the IEEE floating point value of negative infinity.
NaN* = 0x7FF7FFFFFFFFFFFF'f64
## contains an IEEE floating point value of *Not A Number*. Note
## that you cannot compare a floating point value to this value
## and expect a reasonable result - use the `classify` procedure
## in the module ``math`` for checking for NaN.
NimMajor* {.intdefine.}: int = 0
## is the major number of Nim's version.
NimMinor* {.intdefine.}: int = 19
## is the minor number of Nim's version.
NimPatch* {.intdefine.}: int = 9
## is the patch number of Nim's version.
NimVersion*: string = $NimMajor & "." & $NimMinor & "." & $NimPatch
## is the version of Nim as a string.
# GC interface:
when not defined(nimscript) and hasAlloc:
proc getOccupiedMem*(): int {.rtl.}
## returns the number of bytes that are owned by the process and hold data.
proc getFreeMem*(): int {.rtl.}
## returns the number of bytes that are owned by the process, but do not
## hold any meaningful data.
proc getTotalMem*(): int {.rtl.}
## returns the number of bytes that are owned by the process.
when hasThreadSupport:
proc getOccupiedSharedMem*(): int {.rtl.}
## returns the number of bytes that are owned by the process
## on the shared heap and hold data. This is only available when
## threads are enabled.
proc getFreeSharedMem*(): int {.rtl.}
## returns the number of bytes that are owned by the
## process on the shared heap, but do not hold any meaningful data.
## This is only available when threads are enabled.
proc getTotalSharedMem*(): int {.rtl.}
## returns the number of bytes on the shared heap that are owned by the
## process. This is only available when threads are enabled.
proc `|`*(a, b: typedesc): typedesc = discard
when sizeof(int) <= 2:
type IntLikeForCount = int|int8|int16|char|bool|uint8|enum
else:
type IntLikeForCount = int|int8|int16|int32|char|bool|uint8|uint16|enum
iterator countdown*[T](a, b: T, step: Positive = 1): T {.inline.} =
## Counts from ordinal value `a` down to `b` (inclusive) with the given
## step count. `T` may be any ordinal type, `step` may only
## be positive. **Note**: This fails to count to ``low(int)`` if T = int for
## efficiency reasons.
when T is (uint|uint64):
var res = a
while res >= b:
yield res
if res == b: break
dec(res, step)
elif T is IntLikeForCount:
var res = int(a)
while res >= int(b):
yield T(res)
dec(res, step)
else:
var res = a
while res >= b:
yield res
dec(res, step)
when defined(nimNewRoof):
iterator countup*[T](a, b: T, step: Positive = 1): T {.inline.} =
## Counts from ordinal value `a` up to `b` (inclusive) with the given
## step count. `S`, `T` may be any ordinal type, `step` may only
## be positive. **Note**: This fails to count to ``high(int)`` if T = int for
## efficiency reasons.
when T is IntLikeForCount:
var res = int(a)
while res <= int(b):
yield T(res)
inc(res, step)
else:
var res: T = T(a)
while res <= b:
yield res
inc(res, step)
iterator `..`*[T](a, b: T): T {.inline.} =
## An alias for `countup(a, b, 1)`.
when T is IntLikeForCount:
var res = int(a)
while res <= int(b):
yield T(res)
inc(res)
else:
var res: T = T(a)
while res <= b:
yield res
inc(res)
template dotdotImpl(t) {.dirty.} =
iterator `..`*(a, b: t): t {.inline.} =
## A type specialized version of ``..`` for convenience so that
## mixing integer types works better.
var res = a
while res <= b:
yield res
inc(res)
dotdotImpl(int64)
dotdotImpl(int32)
dotdotImpl(uint64)
dotdotImpl(uint32)
else:
iterator countup*[S, T](a: S, b: T, step = 1): T {.inline.} =
## Counts from ordinal value `a` up to `b` (inclusive) with the given
## step count. `S`, `T` may be any ordinal type, `step` may only
## be positive. **Note**: This fails to count to ``high(int)`` if T = int for
## efficiency reasons.
when T is IntLikeForCount:
var res = int(a)
while res <= int(b):
yield T(res)
inc(res, step)
else:
var res: T = T(a)
while res <= b:
yield res
inc(res, step)
iterator `..`*[S, T](a: S, b: T): T {.inline.} =
## An alias for `countup`.
when T is IntLikeForCount:
var res = int(a)
while res <= int(b):
yield T(res)
inc(res)
else:
var res: T = T(a)
while res <= b:
yield res
inc(res)
iterator `||`*[S, T](a: S, b: T, annotation: static string = "parallel for"): T {.
inline, magic: "OmpParFor", sideEffect.} =
## OpenMP parallel loop iterator. Same as `..` but the loop may run in parallel.
## `annotation` is an additional annotation for the code generator to use.
## The default annotation is `parallel for`.
## Please refer to the `OpenMP Syntax Reference<https://www.openmp.org/wp-content/uploads/OpenMP-4.5-1115-CPP-web.pdf>`_
## for further information.
##
## Note that the compiler maps that to
## the ``#pragma omp parallel for`` construct of `OpenMP`:idx: and as
## such isn't aware of the parallelism in your code! Be careful! Later
## versions of ``||`` will get proper support by Nim's code generator
## and GC.
discard
{.push stackTrace:off.}
proc min*(x, y: int): int {.magic: "MinI", noSideEffect.} =
if x <= y: x else: y
proc min*(x, y: int8): int8 {.magic: "MinI", noSideEffect.} =
if x <= y: x else: y
proc min*(x, y: int16): int16 {.magic: "MinI", noSideEffect.} =
if x <= y: x else: y
proc min*(x, y: int32): int32 {.magic: "MinI", noSideEffect.} =
if x <= y: x else: y
proc min*(x, y: int64): int64 {.magic: "MinI", noSideEffect.} =
## The minimum value of two integers.
if x <= y: x else: y
proc min*[T](x: openArray[T]): T =
## The minimum value of `x`. ``T`` needs to have a ``<`` operator.
result = x[0]
for i in 1..high(x):
if x[i] < result: result = x[i]
proc max*(x, y: int): int {.magic: "MaxI", noSideEffect.} =
if y <= x: x else: y
proc max*(x, y: int8): int8 {.magic: "MaxI", noSideEffect.} =
if y <= x: x else: y
proc max*(x, y: int16): int16 {.magic: "MaxI", noSideEffect.} =
if y <= x: x else: y
proc max*(x, y: int32): int32 {.magic: "MaxI", noSideEffect.} =
if y <= x: x else: y
proc max*(x, y: int64): int64 {.magic: "MaxI", noSideEffect.} =
## The maximum value of two integers.
if y <= x: x else: y
proc max*[T](x: openArray[T]): T =
## The maximum value of `x`. ``T`` needs to have a ``<`` operator.
result = x[0]
for i in 1..high(x):
if result < x[i]: result = x[i]
proc abs*(x: float): float {.magic: "AbsF64", noSideEffect.} =
if x < 0.0: -x else: x
proc min*(x, y: float): float {.magic: "MinF64", noSideEffect.} =
if x <= y: x else: y
proc max*(x, y: float): float {.magic: "MaxF64", noSideEffect.} =
if y <= x: x else: y
proc min*[T](x, y: T): T {.inline.}=
if x <= y: x else: y
proc max*[T](x, y: T): T {.inline.}=
if y <= x: x else: y
{.pop.}
proc high*(T: typedesc[SomeFloat]): T = Inf
proc low*(T: typedesc[SomeFloat]): T = NegInf
proc clamp*[T](x, a, b: T): T =
## limits the value ``x`` within the interval [a, b]
##
## .. code-block:: Nim
## assert((1.4).clamp(0.0, 1.0) == 1.0)
## assert((0.5).clamp(0.0, 1.0) == 0.5)
if x < a: return a
if x > b: return b
return x
proc len*[U: Ordinal; V: Ordinal](x: HSlice[U, V]): int {.noSideEffect, inline.} =
## length of ordinal slice, when x.b < x.a returns zero length
##
## .. code-block:: Nim
## assert((0..5).len == 6)
## assert((5..2).len == 0)
result = max(0, ord(x.b) - ord(x.a) + 1)
iterator items*[T](a: openArray[T]): T {.inline.} =
## iterates over each item of `a`.
var i = 0
while i < len(a):
yield a[i]
inc(i)
iterator mitems*[T](a: var openArray[T]): var T {.inline.} =
## iterates over each item of `a` so that you can modify the yielded value.
var i = 0
while i < len(a):
yield a[i]
inc(i)
iterator items*[IX, T](a: array[IX, T]): T {.inline.} =
## iterates over each item of `a`.
var i = low(IX)
if i <= high(IX):
while true:
yield a[i]
if i >= high(IX): break
inc(i)
iterator mitems*[IX, T](a: var array[IX, T]): var T {.inline.} =
## iterates over each item of `a` so that you can modify the yielded value.
var i = low(IX)
if i <= high(IX):
while true:
yield a[i]
if i >= high(IX): break
inc(i)
iterator items*[T](a: set[T]): T {.inline.} =
## iterates over each element of `a`. `items` iterates only over the
## elements that are really in the set (and not over the ones the set is
## able to hold).
var i = low(T).int
while i <= high(T).int:
if T(i) in a: yield T(i)
inc(i)
iterator items*(a: cstring): char {.inline.} =
## iterates over each item of `a`.
when defined(js):
var i = 0
var L = len(a)
while i < L:
yield a[i]
inc(i)
else:
var i = 0
while a[i] != '\0':
yield a[i]
inc(i)
iterator mitems*(a: var cstring): var char {.inline.} =
## iterates over each item of `a` so that you can modify the yielded value.
var i = 0
while a[i] != '\0':
yield a[i]
inc(i)
iterator items*(E: typedesc[enum]): E =
## iterates over the values of the enum ``E``.
for v in low(E)..high(E):
yield v
iterator items*[T](s: HSlice[T, T]): T =
## iterates over the slice `s`, yielding each value between `s.a` and `s.b`
## (inclusively).
for x in s.a..s.b:
yield x
iterator pairs*[T](a: openArray[T]): tuple[key: int, val: T] {.inline.} =
## iterates over each item of `a`. Yields ``(index, a[index])`` pairs.
var i = 0
while i < len(a):
yield (i, a[i])
inc(i)
iterator mpairs*[T](a: var openArray[T]): tuple[key:int, val:var T]{.inline.} =
## iterates over each item of `a`. Yields ``(index, a[index])`` pairs.
## ``a[index]`` can be modified.
var i = 0
while i < len(a):
yield (i, a[i])
inc(i)
iterator pairs*[IX, T](a: array[IX, T]): tuple[key: IX, val: T] {.inline.} =
## iterates over each item of `a`. Yields ``(index, a[index])`` pairs.
var i = low(IX)
if i <= high(IX):
while true:
yield (i, a[i])
if i >= high(IX): break
inc(i)
iterator mpairs*[IX, T](a:var array[IX, T]):tuple[key:IX,val:var T] {.inline.} =
## iterates over each item of `a`. Yields ``(index, a[index])`` pairs.
## ``a[index]`` can be modified.
var i = low(IX)
if i <= high(IX):
while true:
yield (i, a[i])
if i >= high(IX): break
inc(i)
iterator pairs*[T](a: seq[T]): tuple[key: int, val: T] {.inline.} =
## iterates over each item of `a`. Yields ``(index, a[index])`` pairs.
var i = 0
while i < len(a):
yield (i, a[i])
inc(i)
iterator mpairs*[T](a: var seq[T]): tuple[key: int, val: var T] {.inline.} =
## iterates over each item of `a`. Yields ``(index, a[index])`` pairs.
## ``a[index]`` can be modified.
var i = 0
while i < len(a):
yield (i, a[i])
inc(i)
iterator pairs*(a: string): tuple[key: int, val: char] {.inline.} =
## iterates over each item of `a`. Yields ``(index, a[index])`` pairs.
var i = 0
while i < len(a):
yield (i, a[i])
inc(i)
iterator mpairs*(a: var string): tuple[key: int, val: var char] {.inline.} =
## iterates over each item of `a`. Yields ``(index, a[index])`` pairs.
## ``a[index]`` can be modified.
var i = 0
while i < len(a):
yield (i, a[i])
inc(i)
iterator pairs*(a: cstring): tuple[key: int, val: char] {.inline.} =
## iterates over each item of `a`. Yields ``(index, a[index])`` pairs.
var i = 0
while a[i] != '\0':
yield (i, a[i])
inc(i)
iterator mpairs*(a: var cstring): tuple[key: int, val: var char] {.inline.} =
## iterates over each item of `a`. Yields ``(index, a[index])`` pairs.
## ``a[index]`` can be modified.
var i = 0
while a[i] != '\0':
yield (i, a[i])
inc(i)
when defined(nimNoNilSeqs2):
when not compileOption("nilseqs"):
{.pragma: nilError, error.}
else:
{.pragma: nilError.}
else:
{.pragma: nilError.}
proc isNil*[T](x: seq[T]): bool {.noSideEffect, magic: "IsNil", nilError.}
proc isNil*[T](x: ref T): bool {.noSideEffect, magic: "IsNil".}
proc isNil*(x: string): bool {.noSideEffect, magic: "IsNil", nilError.}
proc isNil*[T](x: ptr T): bool {.noSideEffect, magic: "IsNil".}
proc isNil*(x: pointer): bool {.noSideEffect, magic: "IsNil".}
proc isNil*(x: cstring): bool {.noSideEffect, magic: "IsNil".}
proc isNil*[T: proc](x: T): bool {.noSideEffect, magic: "IsNil".}
## Fast check whether `x` is nil. This is sometimes more efficient than
## ``== nil``.
proc `==`*[I, T](x, y: array[I, T]): bool =
for f in low(x)..high(x):
if x[f] != y[f]:
return
result = true
proc `==`*[T](x, y: openarray[T]): bool =
if x.len != y.len:
return false
for f in low(x)..high(x):
if x[f] != y[f]:
return false
result = true
proc `@`*[T](a: openArray[T]): seq[T] =
## turns an openarray into a sequence. This is not as efficient as turning
## a fixed length array into a sequence as it always copies every element
## of `a`.
newSeq(result, a.len)
for i in 0..a.len-1: result[i] = a[i]
proc `&`*[T](x, y: seq[T]): seq[T] {.noSideEffect.} =
## Concatenates two sequences.
## Requires copying of the sequences.
##
## .. code-block:: Nim
## assert(@[1, 2, 3, 4] & @[5, 6] == @[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])
newSeq(result, x.len + y.len)
for i in 0..x.len-1:
result[i] = x[i]
for i in 0..y.len-1:
result[i+x.len] = y[i]
proc `&`*[T](x: seq[T], y: T): seq[T] {.noSideEffect.} =
## Appends element y to the end of the sequence.
## Requires copying of the sequence
##
## .. code-block:: Nim
## assert(@[1, 2, 3] & 4 == @[1, 2, 3, 4])
newSeq(result, x.len + 1)
for i in 0..x.len-1:
result[i] = x[i]
result[x.len] = y
proc `&`*[T](x: T, y: seq[T]): seq[T] {.noSideEffect.} =
## Prepends the element x to the beginning of the sequence.
## Requires copying of the sequence
##
## .. code-block:: Nim
## assert(1 & @[2, 3, 4] == @[1, 2, 3, 4])
newSeq(result, y.len + 1)
result[0] = x
for i in 0..y.len-1:
result[i+1] = y[i]
proc `==`*[T](x, y: seq[T]): bool {.noSideEffect.} =
## Generic equals operator for sequences: relies on a equals operator for
## the element type `T`.
when nimvm:
when not defined(nimNoNil):
if x.isNil and y.isNil:
return true
else:
if x.len == 0 and y.len == 0:
return true
else:
when not defined(JS):
proc seqToPtr[T](x: seq[T]): pointer {.inline, nosideeffect.} =
result = cast[pointer](x)
if seqToPtr(x) == seqToPtr(y):
return true
else:
var sameObject = false
asm """`sameObject` = `x` === `y`"""
if sameObject: return true
when not defined(nimNoNil):
if x.isNil or y.isNil:
return false
if x.len != y.len:
return false
for i in 0..x.len-1:
if x[i] != y[i]:
return false
return true
proc find*[T, S](a: T, item: S): int {.inline.}=
## Returns the first index of `item` in `a` or -1 if not found. This requires
## appropriate `items` and `==` operations to work.
for i in items(a):
if i == item: return
inc(result)
result = -1
proc contains*[T](a: openArray[T], item: T): bool {.inline.}=
## Returns true if `item` is in `a` or false if not found. This is a shortcut
## for ``find(a, item) >= 0``.
return find(a, item) >= 0
proc pop*[T](s: var seq[T]): T {.inline, noSideEffect.} =
## returns the last item of `s` and decreases ``s.len`` by one. This treats
## `s` as a stack and implements the common *pop* operation.
var L = s.len-1
result = s[L]
setLen(s, L)
iterator fields*[T: tuple|object](x: T): RootObj {.
magic: "Fields", noSideEffect.}
## iterates over every field of `x`. Warning: This really transforms
## the 'for' and unrolls the loop. The current implementation also has a bug
## that affects symbol binding in the loop body.
iterator fields*[S:tuple|object, T:tuple|object](x: S, y: T): tuple[a,b: untyped] {.
magic: "Fields", noSideEffect.}
## iterates over every field of `x` and `y`.
## Warning: This is really transforms the 'for' and unrolls the loop.
## The current implementation also has a bug that affects symbol binding
## in the loop body.
iterator fieldPairs*[T: tuple|object](x: T): RootObj {.
magic: "FieldPairs", noSideEffect.}
## Iterates over every field of `x` returning their name and value.
##
## When you iterate over objects with different field types you have to use
## the compile time ``when`` instead of a runtime ``if`` to select the code
## you want to run for each type. To perform the comparison use the `is
## operator <manual.html#generics-is-operator>`_. Example:
##
## .. code-block:: Nim
##
## type
## Custom = object
## foo: string
## bar: bool
##
## proc `$`(x: Custom): string =
## result = "Custom:"
## for name, value in x.fieldPairs:
## when value is bool:
## result.add("\n\t" & name & " is " & $value)
## else:
## if value.isNil:
## result.add("\n\t" & name & " (nil)")
## else:
## result.add("\n\t" & name & " '" & value & "'")
##
## Another way to do the same without ``when`` is to leave the task of
## picking the appropriate code to a secondary proc which you overload for
## each field type and pass the `value` to.
##
## Warning: This really transforms the 'for' and unrolls the loop. The
## current implementation also has a bug that affects symbol binding in the
## loop body.
iterator fieldPairs*[S: tuple|object, T: tuple|object](x: S, y: T): tuple[
a, b: untyped] {.
magic: "FieldPairs", noSideEffect.}
## iterates over every field of `x` and `y`.
## Warning: This really transforms the 'for' and unrolls the loop.
## The current implementation also has a bug that affects symbol binding
## in the loop body.
proc `==`*[T: tuple|object](x, y: T): bool =
## generic ``==`` operator for tuples that is lifted from the components
## of `x` and `y`.
for a, b in fields(x, y):
if a != b: return false
return true
proc `<=`*[T: tuple](x, y: T): bool =
## generic ``<=`` operator for tuples that is lifted from the components
## of `x` and `y`. This implementation uses `cmp`.
for a, b in fields(x, y):
var c = cmp(a, b)
if c < 0: return true
if c > 0: return false
return true
proc `<`*[T: tuple](x, y: T): bool =
## generic ``<`` operator for tuples that is lifted from the components
## of `x` and `y`. This implementation uses `cmp`.
for a, b in fields(x, y):
var c = cmp(a, b)
if c < 0: return true
if c > 0: return false
return false
proc compiles*(x: untyped): bool {.magic: "Compiles", noSideEffect, compileTime.} =
## Special compile-time procedure that checks whether `x` can be compiled
## without any semantic error.
## This can be used to check whether a type supports some operation:
##
## .. code-block:: Nim
## when compiles(3 + 4):
## echo "'+' for integers is available"
discard
proc `$`*[T: tuple|object](x: T): string =
## generic ``$`` operator for tuples that is lifted from the components
## of `x`. Example:
##
## .. code-block:: nim
## $(23, 45) == "(23, 45)"
## $() == "()"
result = "("
var firstElement = true
for name, value in fieldPairs(x):
if not firstElement: result.add(", ")
result.add(name)
result.add(": ")
when compiles($value):
when value isnot string and value isnot seq and compiles(value.isNil):
if value.isNil: result.add "nil"
else: result.addQuoted(value)
else:
result.addQuoted(value)
firstElement = false
else:
result.add("...")
result.add(")")
proc collectionToString[T](x: T, prefix, separator, suffix: string): string =
result = prefix
var firstElement = true
for value in items(x):
if firstElement:
firstElement = false
else:
result.add(separator)
when value isnot string and value isnot seq and compiles(value.isNil):
# this branch should not be necessary
if value.isNil:
result.add "nil"
else:
result.addQuoted(value)
else:
result.addQuoted(value)
result.add(suffix)
proc `$`*[T](x: set[T]): string =
## generic ``$`` operator for sets that is lifted from the components
## of `x`. Example:
##
## .. code-block:: nim
## ${23, 45} == "{23, 45}"
collectionToString(x, "{", ", ", "}")
proc `$`*[T](x: seq[T]): string =
## generic ``$`` operator for seqs that is lifted from the components
## of `x`. Example:
##
## .. code-block:: nim
## $(@[23, 45]) == "@[23, 45]"
collectionToString(x, "@[", ", ", "]")
# ----------------- GC interface ---------------------------------------------
when not defined(nimscript) and hasAlloc:
type
GC_Strategy* = enum ## the strategy the GC should use for the application
gcThroughput, ## optimize for throughput
gcResponsiveness, ## optimize for responsiveness (default)
gcOptimizeTime, ## optimize for speed
gcOptimizeSpace ## optimize for memory footprint
when not defined(JS):
proc GC_disable*() {.rtl, inl, benign.}
## disables the GC. If called n-times, n calls to `GC_enable` are needed to
## reactivate the GC. Note that in most circumstances one should only disable
## the mark and sweep phase with `GC_disableMarkAndSweep`.
proc GC_enable*() {.rtl, inl, benign.}
## enables the GC again.
proc GC_fullCollect*() {.rtl, benign.}
## forces a full garbage collection pass.
## Ordinary code does not need to call this (and should not).
proc GC_enableMarkAndSweep*() {.rtl, benign.}
proc GC_disableMarkAndSweep*() {.rtl, benign.}
## the current implementation uses a reference counting garbage collector
## with a seldomly run mark and sweep phase to free cycles. The mark and
## sweep phase may take a long time and is not needed if the application
## does not create cycles. Thus the mark and sweep phase can be deactivated
## and activated separately from the rest of the GC.
proc GC_getStatistics*(): string {.rtl, benign.}
## returns an informative string about the GC's activity. This may be useful
## for tweaking.
proc GC_ref*[T](x: ref T) {.magic: "GCref", benign.}
proc GC_ref*[T](x: seq[T]) {.magic: "GCref", benign.}
proc GC_ref*(x: string) {.magic: "GCref", benign.}
## marks the object `x` as referenced, so that it will not be freed until
## it is unmarked via `GC_unref`. If called n-times for the same object `x`,
## n calls to `GC_unref` are needed to unmark `x`.
proc GC_unref*[T](x: ref T) {.magic: "GCunref", benign.}
proc GC_unref*[T](x: seq[T]) {.magic: "GCunref", benign.}
proc GC_unref*(x: string) {.magic: "GCunref", benign.}
## see the documentation of `GC_ref`.
when not defined(JS) and not defined(nimscript) and hasAlloc:
proc nimGC_setStackBottom*(theStackBottom: pointer) {.compilerRtl, noinline, benign.}
## Expands operating GC stack range to `theStackBottom`. Does nothing
## if current stack bottom is already lower than `theStackBottom`.
else:
template GC_disable* =
{.warning: "GC_disable is a no-op in JavaScript".}
template GC_enable* =
{.warning: "GC_enable is a no-op in JavaScript".}
template GC_fullCollect* =
{.warning: "GC_fullCollect is a no-op in JavaScript".}
template GC_setStrategy* =
{.warning: "GC_setStrategy is a no-op in JavaScript".}
template GC_enableMarkAndSweep* =
{.warning: "GC_enableMarkAndSweep is a no-op in JavaScript".}
template GC_disableMarkAndSweep* =
{.warning: "GC_disableMarkAndSweep is a no-op in JavaScript".}
template GC_ref*[T](x: ref T) =
{.warning: "GC_ref is a no-op in JavaScript".}
template GC_ref*[T](x: seq[T]) =
{.warning: "GC_ref is a no-op in JavaScript".}
template GC_ref*(x: string) =
{.warning: "GC_ref is a no-op in JavaScript".}
template GC_unref*[T](x: ref T) =
{.warning: "GC_unref is a no-op in JavaScript".}
template GC_unref*[T](x: seq[T]) =
{.warning: "GC_unref is a no-op in JavaScript".}
template GC_unref*(x: string) =
{.warning: "GC_unref is a no-op in JavaScript".}
template GC_getStatistics*(): string =
{.warning: "GC_getStatistics is a no-op in JavaScript".}
""
template accumulateResult*(iter: untyped) {.deprecated: "use `sequtils.toSeq` instead (more hygienic, sometimes more efficient)".} =
## helps to convert an iterator to a proc.
## See also `sequtils.toSeq` which is more hygienic and efficient.
##
## **Deprecated since v0.19.2:** use toSeq instead
result = @[]
for x in iter: add(result, x)
# we have to compute this here before turning it off in except.nim anyway ...
const NimStackTrace = compileOption("stacktrace")
template coroutinesSupportedPlatform(): bool =
when defined(sparc) or defined(ELATE) or compileOption("gc", "v2") or
defined(boehmgc) or defined(gogc) or defined(nogc) or defined(gcRegions) or
defined(gcMarkAndSweep):
false
else:
true
when defined(nimCoroutines):
# Explicit opt-in.
when not coroutinesSupportedPlatform():
{.error: "Coroutines are not supported on this architecture and/or garbage collector.".}
const nimCoroutines* = true
elif defined(noNimCoroutines):
# Explicit opt-out.
const nimCoroutines* = false
else:
# Autodetect coroutine support.
const nimCoroutines* = false
{.push checks: off.}
# obviously we cannot generate checking operations here :-)
# because it would yield into an endless recursion
# however, stack-traces are available for most parts
# of the code
var
globalRaiseHook*: proc (e: ref Exception): bool {.nimcall, benign.}
## with this hook you can influence exception handling on a global level.
## If not nil, every 'raise' statement ends up calling this hook. Ordinary
## application code should never set this hook! You better know what you
## do when setting this. If ``globalRaiseHook`` returns false, the
## exception is caught and does not propagate further through the call
## stack.
localRaiseHook* {.threadvar.}: proc (e: ref Exception): bool {.nimcall, benign.}
## with this hook you can influence exception handling on a
## thread local level.
## If not nil, every 'raise' statement ends up calling this hook. Ordinary
## application code should never set this hook! You better know what you
## do when setting this. If ``localRaiseHook`` returns false, the exception
## is caught and does not propagate further through the call stack.
outOfMemHook*: proc () {.nimcall, tags: [], benign.}
## set this variable to provide a procedure that should be called
## in case of an `out of memory`:idx: event. The standard handler
## writes an error message and terminates the program. `outOfMemHook` can
## be used to raise an exception in case of OOM like so:
##
## .. code-block:: nim
##
## var gOutOfMem: ref EOutOfMemory
## new(gOutOfMem) # need to be allocated *before* OOM really happened!
## gOutOfMem.msg = "out of memory"
##
## proc handleOOM() =
## raise gOutOfMem
##
## system.outOfMemHook = handleOOM
##
## If the handler does not raise an exception, ordinary control flow
## continues and the program is terminated.
type
PFrame* = ptr TFrame ## represents a runtime frame of the call stack;
## part of the debugger API.
TFrame* {.importc, nodecl, final.} = object ## the frame itself
prev*: PFrame ## previous frame; used for chaining the call stack
procname*: cstring ## name of the proc that is currently executing
line*: int ## line number of the proc that is currently executing
filename*: cstring ## filename of the proc that is currently executing
len*: int16 ## length of the inspectable slots
calldepth*: int16 ## used for max call depth checking
when defined(JS):
proc add*(x: var string, y: cstring) {.asmNoStackFrame.} =
asm """
if (`x` === null) { `x` = []; }
var off = `x`.length;
`x`.length += `y`.length;
for (var i = 0; i < `y`.length; ++i) {
`x`[off+i] = `y`.charCodeAt(i);
}
"""
proc add*(x: var cstring, y: cstring) {.magic: "AppendStrStr".}
elif hasAlloc:
{.push stack_trace:off, profiler:off.}
proc add*(x: var string, y: cstring) =
var i = 0
while y[i] != '\0':
add(x, y[i])
inc(i)
{.pop.}
when defined(nimvarargstyped):
proc echo*(x: varargs[typed, `$`]) {.magic: "Echo", tags: [WriteIOEffect],
benign, sideEffect.}
## Writes and flushes the parameters to the standard output.
##
## Special built-in that takes a variable number of arguments. Each argument
## is converted to a string via ``$``, so it works for user-defined
## types that have an overloaded ``$`` operator.
## It is roughly equivalent to ``writeLine(stdout, x); flushFile(stdout)``, but
## available for the JavaScript target too.
##
## Unlike other IO operations this is guaranteed to be thread-safe as
## ``echo`` is very often used for debugging convenience. If you want to use
## ``echo`` inside a `proc without side effects
## <manual.html#pragmas-nosideeffect-pragma>`_ you can use `debugEcho <#debugEcho>`_
## instead.
proc debugEcho*(x: varargs[typed, `$`]) {.magic: "Echo", noSideEffect,
tags: [], raises: [].}
## Same as `echo <#echo>`_, but as a special semantic rule, ``debugEcho``
## pretends to be free of side effects, so that it can be used for debugging
## routines marked as `noSideEffect <manual.html#pragmas-nosideeffect-pragma>`_.
else:
proc echo*(x: varargs[untyped, `$`]) {.magic: "Echo", tags: [WriteIOEffect],
benign, sideEffect.}
proc debugEcho*(x: varargs[untyped, `$`]) {.magic: "Echo", noSideEffect,
tags: [], raises: [].}
template newException*(exceptn: typedesc, message: string;
parentException: ref Exception = nil): untyped =
## creates an exception object of type ``exceptn`` and sets its ``msg`` field
## to `message`. Returns the new exception object.
var
e: ref exceptn
new(e)
e.msg = message
e.parent = parentException
e
when hostOS == "standalone":
include "$projectpath/panicoverride"
when not declared(sysFatal):
{.push profiler: off.}
when hostOS == "standalone":
proc sysFatal(exceptn: typedesc, message: string) {.inline.} =
panic(message)
proc sysFatal(exceptn: typedesc, message, arg: string) {.inline.} =
rawoutput(message)
panic(arg)
else:
proc sysFatal(exceptn: typedesc, message: string) {.inline, noReturn.} =
var e: ref exceptn
new(e)
e.msg = message
raise e
proc sysFatal(exceptn: typedesc, message, arg: string) {.inline, noReturn.} =
var e: ref exceptn
new(e)
e.msg = message & arg
raise e
{.pop.}
proc getTypeInfo*[T](x: T): pointer {.magic: "GetTypeInfo", benign.}
## get type information for `x`. Ordinary code should not use this, but
## the `typeinfo` module instead.
{.push stackTrace: off.}
proc abs*(x: int): int {.magic: "AbsI", noSideEffect.} =
if x < 0: -x else: x
proc abs*(x: int8): int8 {.magic: "AbsI", noSideEffect.} =
if x < 0: -x else: x
proc abs*(x: int16): int16 {.magic: "AbsI", noSideEffect.} =
if x < 0: -x else: x
proc abs*(x: int32): int32 {.magic: "AbsI", noSideEffect.} =
if x < 0: -x else: x
when defined(nimnomagic64):
proc abs*(x: int64): int64 {.magic: "AbsI", noSideEffect.} =
## returns the absolute value of `x`. If `x` is ``low(x)`` (that
## is -MININT for its type), an overflow exception is thrown (if overflow
## checking is turned on).
result = if x < 0: -x else: x
else:
proc abs*(x: int64): int64 {.magic: "AbsI64", noSideEffect.} =
## returns the absolute value of `x`. If `x` is ``low(x)`` (that
## is -MININT for its type), an overflow exception is thrown (if overflow
## checking is turned on).
if x < 0: -x else: x
{.pop.}
when not defined(JS):
proc likelyProc(val: bool): bool {.importc: "likely", nodecl, nosideeffect.}
proc unlikelyProc(val: bool): bool {.importc: "unlikely", nodecl, nosideeffect.}
template likely*(val: bool): bool =
## Hints the optimizer that `val` is likely going to be true.
##
## You can use this template to decorate a branch condition. On certain
## platforms this can help the processor predict better which branch is
## going to be run. Example:
##
## .. code-block:: nim
## for value in inputValues:
## if likely(value <= 100):
## process(value)
## else:
## echo "Value too big!"
##
## On backends without branch prediction (JS and the nimscript VM), this
## template will not affect code execution.
when nimvm:
val
else:
when defined(JS):
val
else:
likelyProc(val)
template unlikely*(val: bool): bool =
## Hints the optimizer that `val` is likely going to be false.
##
## You can use this proc to decorate a branch condition. On certain
## platforms this can help the processor predict better which branch is
## going to be run. Example:
##
## .. code-block:: nim
## for value in inputValues:
## if unlikely(value > 100):
## echo "Value too big!"
## else:
## process(value)
##
## On backends without branch prediction (JS and the nimscript VM), this
## template will not affect code execution.
when nimvm:
val
else:
when defined(JS):
val
else:
unlikelyProc(val)
type
FileSeekPos* = enum ## Position relative to which seek should happen
# The values are ordered so that they match with stdio
# SEEK_SET, SEEK_CUR and SEEK_END respectively.
fspSet ## Seek to absolute value
fspCur ## Seek relative to current position
fspEnd ## Seek relative to end
when not defined(JS): #and not defined(nimscript):
{.push stack_trace: off, profiler:off.}
when hasAlloc:
when not defined(gcRegions):
proc initGC() {.gcsafe.}
when not defined(boehmgc) and not defined(useMalloc) and
not defined(gogc) and not defined(gcRegions):
proc initAllocator() {.inline.}
proc initStackBottom() {.inline, compilerproc.} =
# WARNING: This is very fragile! An array size of 8 does not work on my
# Linux 64bit system. -- That's because the stack direction is the other
# way round.
when declared(nimGC_setStackBottom):
var locals {.volatile.}: pointer
locals = addr(locals)
nimGC_setStackBottom(locals)
proc initStackBottomWith(locals: pointer) {.inline, compilerproc.} =
# We need to keep initStackBottom around for now to avoid
# bootstrapping problems.
when declared(nimGC_setStackBottom):
nimGC_setStackBottom(locals)
when not defined(gcDestructors):
{.push profiler: off.}
var
strDesc = TNimType(size: sizeof(string), kind: tyString, flags: {ntfAcyclic})
{.pop.}
# ----------------- IO Part ------------------------------------------------
type
CFile {.importc: "FILE", header: "<stdio.h>",
final, incompletestruct.} = object
File* = ptr CFile ## The type representing a file handle.
FileMode* = enum ## The file mode when opening a file.
fmRead, ## Open the file for read access only.
fmWrite, ## Open the file for write access only.
## If the file does not exist, it will be
## created. Existing files will be cleared!
fmReadWrite, ## Open the file for read and write access.
## If the file does not exist, it will be
## created. Existing files will be cleared!
fmReadWriteExisting, ## Open the file for read and write access.
## If the file does not exist, it will not be
## created. The existing file will not be cleared.
fmAppend ## Open the file for writing only; append data
## at the end.
FileHandle* = cint ## type that represents an OS file handle; this is
## useful for low-level file access
include "system/ansi_c"
include "system/memory"
proc zeroMem(p: pointer, size: Natural) =
nimZeroMem(p, size)
when declared(memTrackerOp):
memTrackerOp("zeroMem", p, size)
proc copyMem(dest, source: pointer, size: Natural) =
nimCopyMem(dest, source, size)
when declared(memTrackerOp):
memTrackerOp("copyMem", dest, size)
proc moveMem(dest, source: pointer, size: Natural) =
c_memmove(dest, source, size)
when declared(memTrackerOp):
memTrackerOp("moveMem", dest, size)
proc equalMem(a, b: pointer, size: Natural): bool =
nimCmpMem(a, b, size) == 0
proc cmp(x, y: string): int =
when nimvm:
if x < y: result = -1
elif x > y: result = 1
else: result = 0
else:
let minlen = min(x.len, y.len)
result = int(nimCmpMem(x.cstring, y.cstring, minlen.csize))
if result == 0:
result = x.len - y.len
when defined(nimscript):
proc readFile*(filename: string): string {.tags: [ReadIOEffect], benign.}
## Opens a file named `filename` for reading, calls `readAll
## <#readAll>`_ and closes the file afterwards. Returns the string.
## Raises an IO exception in case of an error. If # you need to call
## this inside a compile time macro you can use `staticRead
## <#staticRead>`_.
proc writeFile*(filename, content: string) {.tags: [WriteIOEffect], benign.}
## Opens a file named `filename` for writing. Then writes the
## `content` completely to the file and closes the file afterwards.
## Raises an IO exception in case of an error.
when not defined(nimscript) and hostOS != "standalone":
# text file handling:
var
stdin* {.importc: "stdin", header: "<stdio.h>".}: File
## The standard input stream.
stdout* {.importc: "stdout", header: "<stdio.h>".}: File
## The standard output stream.
stderr* {.importc: "stderr", header: "<stdio.h>".}: File
## The standard error stream.
when defined(windows):
# work-around C's sucking abstraction:
# BUGFIX: stdin and stdout should be binary files!
proc c_setmode(handle, mode: cint) {.
importc: when defined(bcc): "setmode" else: "_setmode",
header: "<io.h>".}
var
O_BINARY {.importc: "_O_BINARY", header:"<fcntl.h>".}: cint
# we use binary mode on Windows:
c_setmode(c_fileno(stdin), O_BINARY)
c_setmode(c_fileno(stdout), O_BINARY)
c_setmode(c_fileno(stderr), O_BINARY)
when defined(endb):
proc endbStep()
when defined(useStdoutAsStdmsg):
template stdmsg*: File = stdout
else:
template stdmsg*: File = stderr
## Template which expands to either stdout or stderr depending on
## `useStdoutAsStdmsg` compile-time switch.
proc open*(f: var File, filename: string,
mode: FileMode = fmRead, bufSize: int = -1): bool {.tags: [],
benign.}
## Opens a file named `filename` with given `mode`.
##
## Default mode is readonly. Returns true iff the file could be opened.
## This throws no exception if the file could not be opened.
proc open*(f: var File, filehandle: FileHandle,
mode: FileMode = fmRead): bool {.tags: [], benign.}
## Creates a ``File`` from a `filehandle` with given `mode`.
##
## Default mode is readonly. Returns true iff the file could be opened.
proc open*(filename: string,
mode: FileMode = fmRead, bufSize: int = -1): File =
## Opens a file named `filename` with given `mode`.
##
## Default mode is readonly. Raises an ``IO`` exception if the file
## could not be opened.
if not open(result, filename, mode, bufSize):
sysFatal(IOError, "cannot open: ", filename)
proc reopen*(f: File, filename: string, mode: FileMode = fmRead): bool {.
tags: [], benign.}
## reopens the file `f` with given `filename` and `mode`. This
## is often used to redirect the `stdin`, `stdout` or `stderr`
## file variables.
##
## Default mode is readonly. Returns true iff the file could be reopened.
proc setStdIoUnbuffered*() {.tags: [], benign.}
## Configures `stdin`, `stdout` and `stderr` to be unbuffered.
proc close*(f: File) {.tags: [], gcsafe.}
## Closes the file.
proc endOfFile*(f: File): bool {.tags: [], benign.}
## Returns true iff `f` is at the end.
proc readChar*(f: File): char {.tags: [ReadIOEffect].}
## Reads a single character from the stream `f`. Should not be used in
## performance sensitive code.
proc flushFile*(f: File) {.tags: [WriteIOEffect].}
## Flushes `f`'s buffer.
proc readAll*(file: File): TaintedString {.tags: [ReadIOEffect], benign.}
## Reads all data from the stream `file`.
##
## Raises an IO exception in case of an error. It is an error if the
## current file position is not at the beginning of the file.
proc readFile*(filename: string): TaintedString {.tags: [ReadIOEffect], benign.}
## Opens a file named `filename` for reading.
##
## Then calls `readAll <#readAll>`_ and closes the file afterwards.
## Returns the string. Raises an IO exception in case of an error. If
## you need to call this inside a compile time macro you can use
## `staticRead <#staticRead>`_.
proc writeFile*(filename, content: string) {.tags: [WriteIOEffect], benign.}
## Opens a file named `filename` for writing. Then writes the
## `content` completely to the file and closes the file afterwards.
## Raises an IO exception in case of an error.
proc write*(f: File, r: float32) {.tags: [WriteIOEffect], benign.}
proc write*(f: File, i: int) {.tags: [WriteIOEffect], benign.}
proc write*(f: File, i: BiggestInt) {.tags: [WriteIOEffect], benign.}
proc write*(f: File, r: BiggestFloat) {.tags: [WriteIOEffect], benign.}
proc write*(f: File, s: string) {.tags: [WriteIOEffect], benign.}
proc write*(f: File, b: bool) {.tags: [WriteIOEffect], benign.}
proc write*(f: File, c: char) {.tags: [WriteIOEffect], benign.}
proc write*(f: File, c: cstring) {.tags: [WriteIOEffect], benign.}
proc write*(f: File, a: varargs[string, `$`]) {.tags: [WriteIOEffect], benign.}
## Writes a value to the file `f`. May throw an IO exception.
proc readLine*(f: File): TaintedString {.tags: [ReadIOEffect], benign.}
## reads a line of text from the file `f`. May throw an IO exception.
## A line of text may be delimited by ``LF`` or ``CRLF``. The newline
## character(s) are not part of the returned string.
proc readLine*(f: File, line: var TaintedString): bool {.tags: [ReadIOEffect],
benign.}
## reads a line of text from the file `f` into `line`. May throw an IO
## exception.
## A line of text may be delimited by ``LF`` or ``CRLF``. The newline
## character(s) are not part of the returned string. Returns ``false``
## if the end of the file has been reached, ``true`` otherwise. If
## ``false`` is returned `line` contains no new data.
proc writeLine*[Ty](f: File, x: varargs[Ty, `$`]) {.inline,
tags: [WriteIOEffect], benign.}
## writes the values `x` to `f` and then writes "\\n".
## May throw an IO exception.
proc getFileSize*(f: File): int64 {.tags: [ReadIOEffect], benign.}
## retrieves the file size (in bytes) of `f`.
proc readBytes*(f: File, a: var openArray[int8|uint8], start, len: Natural): int {.
tags: [ReadIOEffect], benign.}
## reads `len` bytes into the buffer `a` starting at ``a[start]``. Returns
## the actual number of bytes that have been read which may be less than
## `len` (if not as many bytes are remaining), but not greater.
proc readChars*(f: File, a: var openArray[char], start, len: Natural): int {.
tags: [ReadIOEffect], benign.}
## reads `len` bytes into the buffer `a` starting at ``a[start]``. Returns
## the actual number of bytes that have been read which may be less than
## `len` (if not as many bytes are remaining), but not greater.
##
## **Warning:** The buffer `a` must be pre-allocated. This can be done
## using, for example, ``newString``.
proc readBuffer*(f: File, buffer: pointer, len: Natural): int {.
tags: [ReadIOEffect], benign.}
## reads `len` bytes into the buffer pointed to by `buffer`. Returns
## the actual number of bytes that have been read which may be less than
## `len` (if not as many bytes are remaining), but not greater.
proc writeBytes*(f: File, a: openArray[int8|uint8], start, len: Natural): int {.
tags: [WriteIOEffect], benign.}
## writes the bytes of ``a[start..start+len-1]`` to the file `f`. Returns
## the number of actual written bytes, which may be less than `len` in case
## of an error.
proc writeChars*(f: File, a: openArray[char], start, len: Natural): int {.
tags: [WriteIOEffect], benign.}
## writes the bytes of ``a[start..start+len-1]`` to the file `f`. Returns
## the number of actual written bytes, which may be less than `len` in case
## of an error.
proc writeBuffer*(f: File, buffer: pointer, len: Natural): int {.
tags: [WriteIOEffect], benign.}
## writes the bytes of buffer pointed to by the parameter `buffer` to the
## file `f`. Returns the number of actual written bytes, which may be less
## than `len` in case of an error.
proc setFilePos*(f: File, pos: int64, relativeTo: FileSeekPos = fspSet) {.benign.}
## sets the position of the file pointer that is used for read/write
## operations. The file's first byte has the index zero.
proc getFilePos*(f: File): int64 {.benign.}
## retrieves the current position of the file pointer that is used to
## read from the file `f`. The file's first byte has the index zero.
proc getFileHandle*(f: File): FileHandle
## returns the OS file handle of the file ``f``. This is only useful for
## platform specific programming.
when declared(newSeq):
proc cstringArrayToSeq*(a: cstringArray, len: Natural): seq[string] =
## converts a ``cstringArray`` to a ``seq[string]``. `a` is supposed to be
## of length ``len``.
newSeq(result, len)
for i in 0..len-1: result[i] = $a[i]
proc cstringArrayToSeq*(a: cstringArray): seq[string] =
## converts a ``cstringArray`` to a ``seq[string]``. `a` is supposed to be
## terminated by ``nil``.
var L = 0
while a[L] != nil: inc(L)
result = cstringArrayToSeq(a, L)
# -------------------------------------------------------------------------
when declared(alloc0) and declared(dealloc):
proc allocCStringArray*(a: openArray[string]): cstringArray =
## creates a NULL terminated cstringArray from `a`. The result has to
## be freed with `deallocCStringArray` after it's not needed anymore.
result = cast[cstringArray](alloc0((a.len+1) * sizeof(cstring)))
let x = cast[ptr UncheckedArray[string]](a)
for i in 0 .. a.high:
result[i] = cast[cstring](alloc0(x[i].len+1))
copyMem(result[i], addr(x[i][0]), x[i].len)
proc deallocCStringArray*(a: cstringArray) =
## frees a NULL terminated cstringArray.
var i = 0
while a[i] != nil:
dealloc(a[i])
inc(i)
dealloc(a)
when not defined(nimscript):
proc atomicInc*(memLoc: var int, x: int = 1): int {.inline,
discardable, benign.}
## atomic increment of `memLoc`. Returns the value after the operation.
proc atomicDec*(memLoc: var int, x: int = 1): int {.inline,
discardable, benign.}
## atomic decrement of `memLoc`. Returns the value after the operation.
include "system/atomics"
type
PSafePoint = ptr TSafePoint
TSafePoint {.compilerproc, final.} = object
prev: PSafePoint # points to next safe point ON THE STACK
status: int
context: C_JmpBuf
hasRaiseAction: bool
raiseAction: proc (e: ref Exception): bool {.closure.}
SafePoint = TSafePoint
when declared(initAllocator):
initAllocator()
when hasThreadSupport:
const insideRLocksModule = false
include "system/syslocks"
when hostOS != "standalone": include "system/threads"
elif not defined(nogc) and not defined(nimscript):
when not defined(useNimRtl) and not defined(createNimRtl): initStackBottom()
when declared(initGC): initGC()
when not defined(nimscript):
proc setControlCHook*(hook: proc () {.noconv.})
## allows you to override the behaviour of your application when CTRL+C
## is pressed. Only one such hook is supported.
proc writeStackTrace*() {.tags: [], gcsafe.}
## writes the current stack trace to ``stderr``. This is only works
## for debug builds. Since it's usually used for debugging, this
## is proclaimed to have no IO effect!
when hostOS != "standalone":
proc getStackTrace*(): string {.gcsafe.}
## gets the current stack trace. This only works for debug builds.
proc getStackTrace*(e: ref Exception): string {.gcsafe.}
## gets the stack trace associated with `e`, which is the stack that
## lead to the ``raise`` statement. This only works for debug builds.
{.push stack_trace: off, profiler:off.}
when defined(memtracker):
include "system/memtracker"
when hostOS == "standalone":
include "system/embedded"
else:
include "system/excpt"
include "system/chcks"
# we cannot compile this with stack tracing on
# as it would recurse endlessly!
include "system/arithm"
{.pop.} # stack trace
{.pop.} # stack trace
when hostOS != "standalone" and not defined(nimscript):
include "system/dyncalls"
when not defined(nimscript):
include "system/sets"
when defined(gogc):
const GenericSeqSize = (3 * sizeof(int))
else:
const GenericSeqSize = (2 * sizeof(int))
proc getDiscriminant(aa: pointer, n: ptr TNimNode): int =
sysAssert(n.kind == nkCase, "getDiscriminant: node != nkCase")
var d: int
var a = cast[ByteAddress](aa)
case n.typ.size
of 1: d = ze(cast[ptr int8](a +% n.offset)[])
of 2: d = ze(cast[ptr int16](a +% n.offset)[])
of 4: d = int(cast[ptr int32](a +% n.offset)[])
of 8: d = int(cast[ptr int64](a +% n.offset)[])
else: sysAssert(false, "getDiscriminant: invalid n.typ.size")
return d
proc selectBranch(aa: pointer, n: ptr TNimNode): ptr TNimNode =
var discr = getDiscriminant(aa, n)
if discr <% n.len:
result = n.sons[discr]
if result == nil: result = n.sons[n.len]
# n.sons[n.len] contains the ``else`` part (but may be nil)
else:
result = n.sons[n.len]
{.push profiler:off.}
when hasAlloc: include "system/mmdisp"
{.pop.}
{.push stack_trace: off, profiler:off.}
when hasAlloc:
when defined(gcDestructors):
include "core/strs"
include "core/seqs"
else:
include "system/sysstr"
{.pop.}
when hasAlloc: include "system/strmantle"
when hostOS != "standalone": include "system/sysio"
when hasThreadSupport:
when hostOS != "standalone": include "system/channels"
else:
include "system/sysio"
when not defined(nimscript) and hostOS != "standalone":
iterator lines*(filename: string): TaintedString {.tags: [ReadIOEffect].} =
## Iterates over any line in the file named `filename`.
##
## If the file does not exist `IOError` is raised. The trailing newline
## character(s) are removed from the iterated lines. Example:
##
## .. code-block:: nim
## import strutils
##
## proc transformLetters(filename: string) =
## var buffer = ""
## for line in filename.lines:
## buffer.add(line.replace("a", "0") & '\x0A')
## writeFile(filename, buffer)
var f = open(filename, bufSize=8000)
defer: close(f)
var res = TaintedString(newStringOfCap(80))
while f.readLine(res): yield res
iterator lines*(f: File): TaintedString {.tags: [ReadIOEffect].} =
## Iterate over any line in the file `f`.
##
## The trailing newline character(s) are removed from the iterated lines.
## Example:
##
## .. code-block:: nim
## proc countZeros(filename: File): tuple[lines, zeros: int] =
## for line in filename.lines:
## for letter in line:
## if letter == '0':
## result.zeros += 1
## result.lines += 1
var res = TaintedString(newStringOfCap(80))
while f.readLine(res): yield res
when not defined(nimscript) and hasAlloc:
when not defined(gcDestructors):
include "system/assign"
include "system/repr"
when hostOS != "standalone" and not defined(nimscript):
proc getCurrentException*(): ref Exception {.compilerRtl, inl, benign.} =
## retrieves the current exception; if there is none, nil is returned.
result = currException
proc getCurrentExceptionMsg*(): string {.inline, benign.} =
## retrieves the error message that was attached to the current
## exception; if there is none, "" is returned.
var e = getCurrentException()
return if e == nil: "" else: e.msg
proc onRaise*(action: proc(e: ref Exception): bool{.closure.}) {.deprecated.} =
## can be used in a ``try`` statement to setup a Lisp-like
## `condition system`:idx:\: This prevents the 'raise' statement to
## raise an exception but instead calls ``action``.
## If ``action`` returns false, the exception has been handled and
## does not propagate further through the call stack.
##
## *Deprecated since version 0.18.1*: No good usages of this
## feature are known.
if not isNil(excHandler):
excHandler.hasRaiseAction = true
excHandler.raiseAction = action
proc setCurrentException*(exc: ref Exception) {.inline, benign.} =
## sets the current exception.
##
## **Warning**: Only use this if you know what you are doing.
currException = exc
{.push stack_trace: off, profiler:off.}
when defined(endb) and not defined(nimscript):
include "system/debugger"
when defined(profiler) or defined(memProfiler):
include "system/profiler"
{.pop.} # stacktrace
when not defined(nimscript):
proc rawProc*[T: proc](x: T): pointer {.noSideEffect, inline.} =
## retrieves the raw proc pointer of the closure `x`. This is
## useful for interfacing closures with C.
{.emit: """
`result` = `x`.ClP_0;
""".}
proc rawEnv*[T: proc](x: T): pointer {.noSideEffect, inline.} =
## retrieves the raw environment pointer of the closure `x`. This is
## useful for interfacing closures with C.
{.emit: """
`result` = `x`.ClE_0;
""".}
proc finished*[T: proc](x: T): bool {.noSideEffect, inline.} =
## can be used to determine if a first class iterator has finished.
{.emit: """
`result` = ((NI*) `x`.ClE_0)[1] < 0;
""".}
elif defined(JS):
# Stubs:
proc getOccupiedMem(): int = return -1
proc getFreeMem(): int = return -1
proc getTotalMem(): int = return -1
proc dealloc(p: pointer) = discard
proc alloc(size: Natural): pointer = discard
proc alloc0(size: Natural): pointer = discard
proc realloc(p: pointer, newsize: Natural): pointer = discard
proc allocShared(size: Natural): pointer = discard
proc allocShared0(size: Natural): pointer = discard
proc deallocShared(p: pointer) = discard
proc reallocShared(p: pointer, newsize: Natural): pointer = discard
when defined(JS):
include "system/jssys"
include "system/reprjs"
elif defined(nimscript):
proc cmp(x, y: string): int =
if x == y: return 0
if x < y: return -1
return 1
when defined(nimffi):
include "system/sysio"
when not defined(nimNoArrayToString):
proc `$`*[T, IDX](x: array[IDX, T]): string =
## generic ``$`` operator for arrays that is lifted from the components
collectionToString(x, "[", ", ", "]")
proc `$`*[T](x: openarray[T]): string =
## generic ``$`` operator for openarrays that is lifted from the components
## of `x`. Example:
##
## .. code-block:: nim
## $(@[23, 45].toOpenArray(0, 1)) == "[23, 45]"
collectionToString(x, "[", ", ", "]")
proc quit*(errormsg: string, errorcode = QuitFailure) {.noReturn.} =
## a shorthand for ``echo(errormsg); quit(errorcode)``.
echo(errormsg)
quit(errorcode)
{.pop.} # checks
{.pop.} # hints
proc `/`*(x, y: int): float {.inline, noSideEffect.} =
## integer division that results in a float.
result = toFloat(x) / toFloat(y)
type
BackwardsIndex* = distinct int ## type that is constructed by ``^`` for
## reversed array accesses.
template `^`*(x: int): BackwardsIndex = BackwardsIndex(x)
## builtin `roof`:idx: operator that can be used for convenient array access.
## ``a[^x]`` is a shortcut for ``a[a.len-x]``.
template `..^`*(a, b: untyped): untyped =
## a shortcut for '.. ^' to avoid the common gotcha that a space between
## '..' and '^' is required.
a .. ^b
template `..<`*(a, b: untyped): untyped =
## a shortcut for 'a .. (when b is BackwardsIndex: succ(b) else: pred(b))'.
a .. (when b is BackwardsIndex: succ(b) else: pred(b))
when defined(nimNewRoof):
iterator `..<`*[T](a, b: T): T =
var i = T(a)
while i < b:
yield i
inc i
else:
iterator `..<`*[S, T](a: S, b: T): T =
var i = T(a)
while i < b:
yield i
inc i
template spliceImpl(s, a, L, b: untyped): untyped =
# make room for additional elements or cut:
var shift = b.len - max(0,L) # ignore negative slice size
var newLen = s.len + shift
if shift > 0:
# enlarge:
setLen(s, newLen)
for i in countdown(newLen-1, a+b.len): shallowCopy(s[i], s[i-shift])
else:
for i in countup(a+b.len, newLen-1): shallowCopy(s[i], s[i-shift])
# cut down:
setLen(s, newLen)
# fill the hole:
for i in 0 ..< b.len: s[a+i] = b[i]
template `^^`(s, i: untyped): untyped =
(when i is BackwardsIndex: s.len - int(i) else: int(i))
template `[]`*(s: string; i: int): char = arrGet(s, i)
template `[]=`*(s: string; i: int; val: char) = arrPut(s, i, val)
when hasAlloc or defined(nimscript):
proc `[]`*[T, U](s: string, x: HSlice[T, U]): string {.inline.} =
## slice operation for strings.
## returns the inclusive range [s[x.a], s[x.b]]:
##
## .. code-block:: nim
## var s = "abcdef"
## assert s[1..3] == "bcd"
let a = s ^^ x.a
let L = (s ^^ x.b) - a + 1
result = newString(L)
for i in 0 ..< L: result[i] = s[i + a]
proc `[]=`*[T, U](s: var string, x: HSlice[T, U], b: string) =
## slice assignment for strings. If
## ``b.len`` is not exactly the number of elements that are referred to
## by `x`, a `splice`:idx: is performed:
##
## .. code-block:: nim
## var s = "abcdef"
## s[1 .. ^2] = "xyz"
## assert s == "axyzf"
var a = s ^^ x.a
var L = (s ^^ x.b) - a + 1
if L == b.len:
for i in 0..<L: s[i+a] = b[i]
else:
spliceImpl(s, a, L, b)
proc `[]`*[Idx, T, U, V](a: array[Idx, T], x: HSlice[U, V]): seq[T] =
## slice operation for arrays.
## returns the inclusive range [a[x.a], a[x.b]]:
##
## .. code-block:: nim
## var a = [1,2,3,4]
## assert a[0..2] == @[1,2,3]
let xa = a ^^ x.a
let L = (a ^^ x.b) - xa + 1
result = newSeq[T](L)
for i in 0..<L: result[i] = a[Idx(i + xa)]
proc `[]=`*[Idx, T, U, V](a: var array[Idx, T], x: HSlice[U, V], b: openArray[T]) =
## slice assignment for arrays.
let xa = a ^^ x.a
let L = (a ^^ x.b) - xa + 1
if L == b.len:
for i in 0..<L: a[Idx(i + xa)] = b[i]
else:
sysFatal(RangeError, "different lengths for slice assignment")
proc `[]`*[T, U, V](s: openArray[T], x: HSlice[U, V]): seq[T] =
## slice operation for sequences.
## returns the inclusive range [s[x.a], s[x.b]]:
##
## .. code-block:: nim
## var s = @[1,2,3,4]
## assert s[0..2] == @[1,2,3]
let a = s ^^ x.a
let L = (s ^^ x.b) - a + 1
newSeq(result, L)
for i in 0 ..< L: result[i] = s[i + a]
proc `[]=`*[T, U, V](s: var seq[T], x: HSlice[U, V], b: openArray[T]) =
## slice assignment for sequences. If
## ``b.len`` is not exactly the number of elements that are referred to
## by `x`, a `splice`:idx: is performed.
let a = s ^^ x.a
let L = (s ^^ x.b) - a + 1
if L == b.len:
for i in 0 ..< L: s[i+a] = b[i]
else:
spliceImpl(s, a, L, b)
proc `[]`*[T](s: openArray[T]; i: BackwardsIndex): T {.inline.} =
system.`[]`(s, s.len - int(i))
proc `[]`*[Idx, T](a: array[Idx, T]; i: BackwardsIndex): T {.inline.} =
a[Idx(a.len - int(i) + int low(a))]
proc `[]`*(s: string; i: BackwardsIndex): char {.inline.} = s[s.len - int(i)]
proc `[]`*[T](s: var openArray[T]; i: BackwardsIndex): var T {.inline.} =
system.`[]`(s, s.len - int(i))
proc `[]`*[Idx, T](a: var array[Idx, T]; i: BackwardsIndex): var T {.inline.} =
a[Idx(a.len - int(i) + int low(a))]
proc `[]=`*[T](s: var openArray[T]; i: BackwardsIndex; x: T) {.inline.} =
system.`[]=`(s, s.len - int(i), x)
proc `[]=`*[Idx, T](a: var array[Idx, T]; i: BackwardsIndex; x: T) {.inline.} =
a[Idx(a.len - int(i) + int low(a))] = x
proc `[]=`*(s: var string; i: BackwardsIndex; x: char) {.inline.} =
s[s.len - int(i)] = x
proc slurp*(filename: string): string {.magic: "Slurp".}
## This is an alias for `staticRead <#staticRead>`_.
proc staticRead*(filename: string): string {.magic: "Slurp".}
## Compile-time `readFile <#readFile>`_ proc for easy `resource`:idx:
## embedding:
##
## .. code-block:: nim
## const myResource = staticRead"mydatafile.bin"
##
## `slurp <#slurp>`_ is an alias for ``staticRead``.
proc gorge*(command: string, input = "", cache = ""): string {.
magic: "StaticExec".} = discard
## This is an alias for `staticExec <#staticExec>`_.
proc staticExec*(command: string, input = "", cache = ""): string {.
magic: "StaticExec".} = discard
## Executes an external process at compile-time.
## if `input` is not an empty string, it will be passed as a standard input
## to the executed program.
##
## .. code-block:: nim
## const buildInfo = "Revision " & staticExec("git rev-parse HEAD") &
## "\nCompiled on " & staticExec("uname -v")
##
## `gorge <#gorge>`_ is an alias for ``staticExec``. Note that you can use
## this proc inside a pragma like `passC <nimc.html#passc-pragma>`_ or `passL
## <nimc.html#passl-pragma>`_.
##
## If ``cache`` is not empty, the results of ``staticExec`` are cached within
## the ``nimcache`` directory. Use ``--forceBuild`` to get rid of this caching
## behaviour then. ``command & input & cache`` (the concatenated string) is
## used to determine whether the entry in the cache is still valid. You can
## use versioning information for ``cache``:
##
## .. code-block:: nim
## const stateMachine = staticExec("dfaoptimizer", "input", "0.8.0")
proc gorgeEx*(command: string, input = "", cache = ""): tuple[output: string,
exitCode: int] =
## Same as `gorge` but also returns the precious exit code.
discard
proc `+=`*[T: SomeOrdinal|uint|uint64](x: var T, y: T) {.
magic: "Inc", noSideEffect.}
## Increments an ordinal
proc `-=`*[T: SomeOrdinal|uint|uint64](x: var T, y: T) {.
magic: "Dec", noSideEffect.}
## Decrements an ordinal
proc `*=`*[T: SomeOrdinal|uint|uint64](x: var T, y: T) {.
inline, noSideEffect.} =
## Binary `*=` operator for ordinals
x = x * y
proc `+=`*[T: float|float32|float64] (x: var T, y: T) {.
inline, noSideEffect.} =
## Increments in place a floating point number
x = x + y
proc `-=`*[T: float|float32|float64] (x: var T, y: T) {.
inline, noSideEffect.} =
## Decrements in place a floating point number
x = x - y
proc `*=`*[T: float|float32|float64] (x: var T, y: T) {.
inline, noSideEffect.} =
## Multiplies in place a floating point number
x = x * y
proc `/=`*(x: var float64, y: float64) {.inline, noSideEffect.} =
## Divides in place a floating point number
x = x / y
proc `/=`*[T: float|float32](x: var T, y: T) {.inline, noSideEffect.} =
## Divides in place a floating point number
x = x / y
proc `&=`*(x: var string, y: string) {.magic: "AppendStrStr", noSideEffect.}
template `&=`*(x, y: typed) =
## generic 'sink' operator for Nim. For files an alias for ``write``.
## If not specialized further an alias for ``add``.
add(x, y)
when declared(File):
template `&=`*(f: File, x: typed) = write(f, x)
proc astToStr*[T](x: T): string {.magic: "AstToStr", noSideEffect.}
## converts the AST of `x` into a string representation. This is very useful
## for debugging.
proc instantiationInfo*(index = -1, fullPaths = false): tuple[
filename: string, line: int, column: int] {.magic: "InstantiationInfo", noSideEffect.}
## provides access to the compiler's instantiation stack line information
## of a template.
##
## While similar to the `caller info`:idx: of other languages, it is determined
## at compile time.
##
## This proc is mostly useful for meta programming (eg. ``assert`` template)
## to retrieve information about the current filename and line number.
## Example:
##
## .. code-block:: nim
## import strutils
##
## template testException(exception, code: untyped): typed =
## try:
## let pos = instantiationInfo()
## discard(code)
## echo "Test failure at $1:$2 with '$3'" % [pos.filename,
## $pos.line, astToStr(code)]
## assert false, "A test expecting failure succeeded?"
## except exception:
## discard
##
## proc tester(pos: int): int =
## let
## a = @[1, 2, 3]
## result = a[pos]
##
## when isMainModule:
## testException(IndexError, tester(30))
## testException(IndexError, tester(1))
## # --> Test failure at example.nim:20 with 'tester(1)'
template currentSourcePath*: string = instantiationInfo(-1, true).filename
## returns the full file-system path of the current source
proc raiseAssert*(msg: string) {.noinline.} =
sysFatal(AssertionError, msg)
proc failedAssertImpl*(msg: string) {.raises: [], tags: [].} =
# trick the compiler to not list ``AssertionError`` when called
# by ``assert``.
type Hide = proc (msg: string) {.noinline, raises: [], noSideEffect,
tags: [].}
Hide(raiseAssert)(msg)
include "system/helpers" # for `lineInfoToString`
template assertImpl(cond: bool, msg: string, expr: string, enabled: static[bool]) =
const loc = $instantiationInfo(-1, true)
bind instantiationInfo
mixin failedAssertImpl
when enabled:
# for stacktrace; fixes #8928 ; Note: `fullPaths = true` is correct
# here, regardless of --excessiveStackTrace
{.line: instantiationInfo(fullPaths = true).}:
if not cond:
failedAssertImpl(loc & " `" & expr & "` " & msg)
template assert*(cond: untyped, msg = "") =
## Raises ``AssertionError`` with `msg` if `cond` is false. Note
## that ``AssertionError`` is hidden from the effect system, so it doesn't
## produce ``{.raises: [AssertionError].}``. This exception is only supposed
## to be caught by unit testing frameworks.
##
## The compiler may not generate any code at all for ``assert`` if it is
## advised to do so through the ``-d:release`` or ``--assertions:off``
## `command line switches <nimc.html#command-line-switches>`_.
const expr = astToStr(cond)
assertImpl(cond, msg, expr, compileOption("assertions"))
template doAssert*(cond: untyped, msg = "") =
## same as ``assert`` but is always turned on regardless of ``--assertions``
const expr = astToStr(cond)
assertImpl(cond, msg, expr, true)
iterator items*[T](a: seq[T]): T {.inline.} =
## iterates over each item of `a`.
var i = 0
let L = len(a)
while i < L:
yield a[i]
inc(i)
assert(len(a) == L, "seq modified while iterating over it")
iterator mitems*[T](a: var seq[T]): var T {.inline.} =
## iterates over each item of `a` so that you can modify the yielded value.
var i = 0
let L = len(a)
while i < L:
yield a[i]
inc(i)
assert(len(a) == L, "seq modified while iterating over it")
iterator items*(a: string): char {.inline.} =
## iterates over each item of `a`.
var i = 0
let L = len(a)
while i < L:
yield a[i]
inc(i)
assert(len(a) == L, "string modified while iterating over it")
iterator mitems*(a: var string): var char {.inline.} =
## iterates over each item of `a` so that you can modify the yielded value.
var i = 0
let L = len(a)
while i < L:
yield a[i]
inc(i)
assert(len(a) == L, "string modified while iterating over it")
when not defined(nimhygiene):
{.pragma: inject.}
template onFailedAssert*(msg, code: untyped): untyped {.dirty.} =
## Sets an assertion failure handler that will intercept any assert
## statements following `onFailedAssert` in the current module scope.
##
## .. code-block:: nim
## # module-wide policy to change the failed assert
## # exception type in order to include a lineinfo
## onFailedAssert(msg):
## var e = new(TMyError)
## e.msg = msg
## e.lineinfo = instantiationInfo(-2)
## raise e
##
template failedAssertImpl(msgIMPL: string): untyped {.dirty.} =
let msg = msgIMPL
code
proc shallow*[T](s: var seq[T]) {.noSideEffect, inline.} =
## marks a sequence `s` as `shallow`:idx:. Subsequent assignments will not
## perform deep copies of `s`. This is only useful for optimization
## purposes.
if s.len == 0: return
when not defined(JS) and not defined(nimscript):
var s = cast[PGenericSeq](s)
s.reserved = s.reserved or seqShallowFlag
proc shallow*(s: var string) {.noSideEffect, inline.} =
## marks a string `s` as `shallow`:idx:. Subsequent assignments will not
## perform deep copies of `s`. This is only useful for optimization
## purposes.
when not defined(JS) and not defined(nimscript) and not defined(gcDestructors):
var s = cast[PGenericSeq](s)
if s == nil:
s = cast[PGenericSeq](newString(0))
# string literals cannot become 'shallow':
if (s.reserved and strlitFlag) == 0:
s.reserved = s.reserved or seqShallowFlag
type
NimNodeObj = object
NimNode* {.magic: "PNimrodNode".} = ref NimNodeObj
## represents a Nim AST node. Macros operate on this type.
when false:
template eval*(blk: typed): typed =
## executes a block of code at compile time just as if it was a macro
## optionally, the block can return an AST tree that will replace the
## eval expression
macro payload: typed {.gensym.} = blk
payload()
when hasAlloc:
proc insert*(x: var string, item: string, i = 0.Natural) {.noSideEffect.} =
## inserts `item` into `x` at position `i`.
var xl = x.len
setLen(x, xl+item.len)
var j = xl-1
while j >= i:
shallowCopy(x[j+item.len], x[j])
dec(j)
j = 0
while j < item.len:
x[j+i] = item[j]
inc(j)
when declared(initDebugger):
initDebugger()
proc addEscapedChar*(s: var string, c: char) {.noSideEffect, inline.} =
## Adds a char to string `s` and applies the following escaping:
##
## * replaces any ``\`` by ``\\``
## * replaces any ``'`` by ``\'``
## * replaces any ``"`` by ``\"``
## * replaces any ``\a`` by ``\\a``
## * replaces any ``\b`` by ``\\b``
## * replaces any ``\t`` by ``\\t``
## * replaces any ``\n`` by ``\\n``
## * replaces any ``\v`` by ``\\v``
## * replaces any ``\f`` by ``\\f``
## * replaces any ``\c`` by ``\\c``
## * replaces any ``\e`` by ``\\e``
## * replaces any other character not in the set ``{'\21..'\126'}
## by ``\xHH`` where ``HH`` is its hexadecimal value.
##
## The procedure has been designed so that its output is usable for many
## different common syntaxes.
## **Note**: This is not correct for producing Ansi C code!
case c
of '\a': s.add "\\a" # \x07
of '\b': s.add "\\b" # \x08
of '\t': s.add "\\t" # \x09
of '\L': s.add "\\n" # \x0A
of '\v': s.add "\\v" # \x0B
of '\f': s.add "\\f" # \x0C
of '\c': s.add "\\c" # \x0D
of '\e': s.add "\\e" # \x1B
of '\\': s.add("\\\\")
of '\'': s.add("\\'")
of '\"': s.add("\\\"")
of {'\32'..'\126'} - {'\\', '\'', '\"'}: s.add(c)
else:
s.add("\\x")
const HexChars = "0123456789ABCDEF"
let n = ord(c)
s.add(HexChars[int((n and 0xF0) shr 4)])
s.add(HexChars[int(n and 0xF)])
proc addQuoted*[T](s: var string, x: T) =
## Appends `x` to string `s` in place, applying quoting and escaping
## if `x` is a string or char. See
## `addEscapedChar <system.html#addEscapedChar>`_
## for the escaping scheme. When `x` is a string, characters in the
## range ``{\128..\255}`` are never escaped so that multibyte UTF-8
## characters are untouched (note that this behavior is different from
## ``addEscapedChar``).
##
## The Nim standard library uses this function on the elements of
## collections when producing a string representation of a collection.
## It is recommended to use this function as well for user-side collections.
## Users may overload `addQuoted` for custom (string-like) types if
## they want to implement a customized element representation.
##
## .. code-block:: Nim
## var tmp = ""
## tmp.addQuoted(1)
## tmp.add(", ")
## tmp.addQuoted("string")
## tmp.add(", ")
## tmp.addQuoted('c')
## assert(tmp == """1, "string", 'c'""")
when T is string or T is cstring:
s.add("\"")
for c in x:
# Only ASCII chars are escaped to avoid butchering
# multibyte UTF-8 characters.
if c <= 127.char:
s.addEscapedChar(c)
else:
s.add c
s.add("\"")
elif T is char:
s.add("'")
s.addEscapedChar(x)
s.add("'")
# prevent temporary string allocation
elif compiles(s.add(x)):
s.add(x)
else:
s.add($x)
when hasAlloc:
# XXX: make these the default (or implement the NilObject optimization)
proc safeAdd*[T](x: var seq[T], y: T) {.noSideEffect, deprecated.} =
## Adds ``y`` to ``x`` unless ``x`` is not yet initialized; in that case,
## ``x`` becomes ``@[y]``
when defined(nimNoNilSeqs):
x.add(y)
else:
if x == nil: x = @[y]
else: x.add(y)
proc safeAdd*(x: var string, y: char) {.noSideEffect, deprecated.} =
## Adds ``y`` to ``x``. If ``x`` is ``nil`` it is initialized to ``""``
when defined(nimNoNilSeqs):
x.add(y)
else:
if x == nil: x = ""
x.add(y)
proc safeAdd*(x: var string, y: string) {.noSideEffect, deprecated.} =
## Adds ``y`` to ``x`` unless ``x`` is not yet initalized; in that
## case, ``x`` becomes ``y``
when defined(nimNoNilSeqs):
x.add(y)
else:
if x == nil: x = y
else: x.add(y)
proc locals*(): RootObj {.magic: "Plugin", noSideEffect.} =
## generates a tuple constructor expression listing all the local variables
## in the current scope. This is quite fast as it does not rely
## on any debug or runtime information. Note that in contrast to what
## the official signature says, the return type is not ``RootObj`` but a
## tuple of a structure that depends on the current scope. Example:
##
## .. code-block:: nim
## proc testLocals() =
## var
## a = "something"
## b = 4
## c = locals()
## d = "super!"
##
## b = 1
## for name, value in fieldPairs(c):
## echo "name ", name, " with value ", value
## echo "B is ", b
## # -> name a with value something
## # -> name b with value 4
## # -> B is 1
discard
when hasAlloc and not defined(nimscript) and not defined(JS) and
not defined(gcDestructors):
# XXX how to implement 'deepCopy' is an open problem.
proc deepCopy*[T](x: var T, y: T) {.noSideEffect, magic: "DeepCopy".} =
## performs a deep copy of `y` and copies it into `x`.
## This is also used by the code generator
## for the implementation of ``spawn``.
discard
proc deepCopy*[T](y: T): T =
## Convenience wrapper around `deepCopy` overload.
deepCopy(result, y)
include "system/deepcopy"
proc procCall*(x: untyped) {.magic: "ProcCall", compileTime.} =
## special magic to prohibit dynamic binding for `method`:idx: calls.
## This is similar to `super`:idx: in ordinary OO languages.
##
## .. code-block:: nim
## # 'someMethod' will be resolved fully statically:
## procCall someMethod(a, b)
discard
proc xlen*(x: string): int {.magic: "XLenStr", noSideEffect,
deprecated: "use len() instead".} =
## **Deprecated since version 0.18.1**. Use len() instead.
discard
proc xlen*[T](x: seq[T]): int {.magic: "XLenSeq", noSideEffect,
deprecated: "use len() instead".} =
## returns the length of a sequence or a string without testing for 'nil'.
## This is an optimization that rarely makes sense.
## **Deprecated since version 0.18.1**. Use len() instead.
discard
proc `==`*(x, y: cstring): bool {.magic: "EqCString", noSideEffect,
inline.} =
## Checks for equality between two `cstring` variables.
proc strcmp(a, b: cstring): cint {.noSideEffect,
importc, header: "<string.h>".}
if pointer(x) == pointer(y): result = true
elif x.isNil or y.isNil: result = false
else: result = strcmp(x, y) == 0
when defined(nimNoNilSeqs2):
when not compileOption("nilseqs"):
when defined(nimHasUserErrors):
proc `==`*(x: string; y: type(nil)): bool {.
error: "'nil' is now invalid for 'string'; compile with --nilseqs:on for a migration period".} =
discard
proc `==`*(x: type(nil); y: string): bool {.
error: "'nil' is now invalid for 'string'; compile with --nilseqs:on for a migration period".} =
discard
else:
proc `==`*(x: string; y: type(nil)): bool {.error.} = discard
proc `==`*(x: type(nil); y: string): bool {.error.} = discard
template closureScope*(body: untyped): untyped =
## Useful when creating a closure in a loop to capture local loop variables by
## their current iteration values. Example:
##
## .. code-block:: nim
## var myClosure : proc()
## # without closureScope:
## for i in 0 .. 5:
## let j = i
## if j == 3:
## myClosure = proc() = echo j
## myClosure() # outputs 5. `j` is changed after closure creation
## # with closureScope:
## for i in 0 .. 5:
## closureScope: # Everything in this scope is locked after closure creation
## let j = i
## if j == 3:
## myClosure = proc() = echo j
## myClosure() # outputs 3
(proc() = body)()
template once*(body: untyped): untyped =
## Executes a block of code only once (the first time the block is reached).
## When hot code reloading is enabled, protects top-level code from being
## re-executed on each module reload.
##
## .. code-block:: nim
##
## proc draw(t: Triangle) =
## once:
## graphicsInit()
## line(t.p1, t.p2)
## line(t.p2, t.p3)
## line(t.p3, t.p1)
##
var alreadyExecuted {.global.} = false
if not alreadyExecuted:
alreadyExecuted = true
body
{.pop.} #{.push warning[GcMem]: off, warning[Uninit]: off.}
proc substr*(s: string, first, last: int): string =
let first = max(first, 0)
let L = max(min(last, high(s)) - first + 1, 0)
result = newString(L)
for i in 0 .. L-1:
result[i] = s[i+first]
proc substr*(s: string, first = 0): string =
## copies a slice of `s` into a new string and returns this new
## string. The bounds `first` and `last` denote the indices of
## the first and last characters that shall be copied. If ``last``
## is omitted, it is treated as ``high(s)``. If ``last >= s.len``, ``s.len``
## is used instead: This means ``substr`` can also be used to `cut`:idx:
## or `limit`:idx: a string's length.
result = substr(s, first, high(s))
when defined(nimconfig):
include "system/nimscript"
when defined(windows) and appType == "console" and defined(nimSetUtf8CodePage):
proc setConsoleOutputCP(codepage: cint): cint {.stdcall, dynlib: "kernel32",
importc: "SetConsoleOutputCP".}
discard setConsoleOutputCP(65001) # 65001 - utf-8 codepage
when defined(nimHasRunnableExamples):
proc runnableExamples*(body: untyped) {.magic: "RunnableExamples".}
## A section you should use to mark `runnable example`:idx: code with.
##
## - In normal debug and release builds code within
## a ``runnableExamples`` section is ignored.
## - The documentation generator is aware of these examples and considers them
## part of the ``##`` doc comment. As the last step of documentation
## generation the examples are put into an ``$file_example.nim`` file,
## compiled and tested. The collected examples are
## put into their own module to ensure the examples do not refer to
## non-exported symbols.
else:
template runnableExamples*(body: untyped) =
discard
template doAssertRaises*(exception, code: untyped): typed =
## Raises ``AssertionError`` if specified ``code`` does not raise the
## specified exception. Example:
##
## .. code-block:: nim
## doAssertRaises(ValueError):
## raise newException(ValueError, "Hello World")
var wrong = false
try:
if true:
code
wrong = true
except exception:
discard
except Exception as exc:
raiseAssert(astToStr(exception) &
" wasn't raised, another error was raised instead by:\n"&
astToStr(code))
if wrong:
raiseAssert(astToStr(exception) & " wasn't raised by:\n" & astToStr(code))
when defined(cpp) and appType != "lib" and
not defined(js) and not defined(nimscript) and
hostOS != "standalone" and not defined(noCppExceptions):
proc setTerminate(handler: proc() {.noconv.})
{.importc: "std::set_terminate", header: "<exception>".}
setTerminate proc() {.noconv.} =
# Remove ourself as a handler, reinstalling the default handler.
setTerminate(nil)
let ex = getCurrentException()
let trace = ex.getStackTrace()
when defined(genode):
# stderr not available by default, use the LOG session
echo trace & "Error: unhandled exception: " & ex.msg &
" [" & $ex.name & "]\n"
else:
stderr.write trace & "Error: unhandled exception: " & ex.msg &
" [" & $ex.name & "]\n"
quit 1
when not defined(js):
proc toOpenArray*[T](x: seq[T]; first, last: int): openarray[T] {.
magic: "Slice".}
proc toOpenArray*[T](x: openarray[T]; first, last: int): openarray[T] {.
magic: "Slice".}
proc toOpenArray*[T](x: ptr UncheckedArray[T]; first, last: int): openarray[T] {.
magic: "Slice".}
proc toOpenArray*[I, T](x: array[I, T]; first, last: I): openarray[T] {.
magic: "Slice".}
proc toOpenArray*(x: string; first, last: int): openarray[char] {.
magic: "Slice".}
proc toOpenArrayByte*(x: string; first, last: int): openarray[byte] {.
magic: "Slice".}
type
ForLoopStmt* {.compilerProc.} = object ## special type that marks a macro
## as a `for-loop macro`:idx:
when defined(genode):
var componentConstructHook*: proc (env: GenodeEnv) {.nimcall.}
## Hook into the Genode component bootstrap process.
## This hook is called after all globals are initialized.
## When this hook is set the component will not automatically exit,
## call ``quit`` explicitly to do so. This is the only available method
## of accessing the initial Genode environment.
proc nim_component_construct(env: GenodeEnv) {.exportc.} =
## Procedure called during ``Component::construct`` by the loader.
if componentConstructHook.isNil:
env.quit(programResult)
# No native Genode application initialization,
# exit as would POSIX.
else:
componentConstructHook(env)
# Perform application initialization
# and return to thread entrypoint.
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