diff --git a/core/os/dir_darwin.odin b/core/os/dir_darwin.odin new file mode 100644 index 000000000..851bd1635 --- /dev/null +++ b/core/os/dir_darwin.odin @@ -0,0 +1,70 @@ +package os + +import "core:strings" +import "core:mem" + +read_dir :: proc(fd: Handle, n: int, allocator := context.allocator) -> (fi: []File_Info, err: Errno) { + dirp: Dir; + dirp, err = _fdopendir(fd); + if err != ERROR_NONE { + return; + } + + defer _closedir(dirp); + + dirpath: string; + dirpath, err = absolute_path_from_handle(fd); + + if err != ERROR_NONE { + return; + } + + defer delete(dirpath); + + n := n; + size := n; + if n <= 0 { + n = -1; + size = 100; + } + + dfi := make([dynamic]File_Info, 0, size, allocator); + + for { + entry: Dirent; + end_of_stream: bool; + entry, err, end_of_stream = _readdir(dirp); + if err != ERROR_NONE { + for fi_ in dfi { + file_info_delete(fi_, allocator); + } + delete(dfi); + return; + } else if end_of_stream { + break; + } + + fi_: File_Info; + filename := cast(string)(transmute(cstring)mem.Raw_Cstring{ data = &entry.name[0] }); + + if filename == "." || filename == ".." { + continue; + } + + fullpath := strings.join( []string{ dirpath, filename }, "/", context.temp_allocator); + defer delete(fullpath, context.temp_allocator); + + fi_, err = stat(fullpath, allocator); + if err != ERROR_NONE { + for fi__ in dfi { + file_info_delete(fi__, allocator); + } + delete(dfi); + return; + } + + append(&dfi, fi_); + } + + return dfi[:], ERROR_NONE; +} diff --git a/core/os/os_darwin.odin b/core/os/os_darwin.odin index bd99e967d..6c597fd34 100644 --- a/core/os/os_darwin.odin +++ b/core/os/os_darwin.odin @@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ foreign import pthread "System.framework" import "core:runtime" import "core:strings" +import "core:strconv" import "core:c" Handle :: distinct i32; @@ -191,7 +192,7 @@ Unix_File_Time :: struct { nanoseconds: i64, } -Stat :: struct { +OS_Stat :: struct { device_id: i32, // ID of device containing file mode: u16, // Mode of the file nlink: u16, // Number of hard links @@ -215,6 +216,17 @@ Stat :: struct { _reserve2: i64, // RESERVED }; +// NOTE(laleksic, 2021-01-21): Comment and rename these to match OS_Stat above +Dirent :: struct { + ino: u64, + off: u64, + reclen: u16, + type: u8, + name: [256]byte, +}; + +Dir :: distinct rawptr; // DIR* + // File type S_IFMT :: 0o170000; // Type of file mask S_IFIFO :: 0o010000; // Named pipe (fifo) @@ -264,25 +276,33 @@ F_OK :: 0; // Test for file existance foreign libc { @(link_name="__error") __error :: proc() -> ^int ---; - @(link_name="open") _unix_open :: proc(path: cstring, flags: i32, mode: u16) -> Handle ---; - @(link_name="close") _unix_close :: proc(handle: Handle) ---; - @(link_name="read") _unix_read :: proc(handle: Handle, buffer: rawptr, count: int) -> int ---; - @(link_name="write") _unix_write :: proc(handle: Handle, buffer: rawptr, count: int) -> int ---; - @(link_name="lseek") _unix_lseek :: proc(fs: Handle, offset: int, whence: int) -> int ---; - @(link_name="gettid") _unix_gettid :: proc() -> u64 ---; - @(link_name="getpagesize") _unix_getpagesize :: proc() -> i32 ---; - @(link_name="stat64") _unix_stat :: proc(path: cstring, stat: ^Stat) -> int ---; - @(link_name="access") _unix_access :: proc(path: cstring, mask: int) -> int ---; + @(link_name="open") _unix_open :: proc(path: cstring, flags: i32, mode: u16) -> Handle ---; + @(link_name="close") _unix_close :: proc(handle: Handle) ---; + @(link_name="read") _unix_read :: proc(handle: Handle, buffer: rawptr, count: int) -> int ---; + @(link_name="write") _unix_write :: proc(handle: Handle, buffer: rawptr, count: int) -> int ---; + @(link_name="lseek") _unix_lseek :: proc(fs: Handle, offset: int, whence: int) -> int ---; + @(link_name="gettid") _unix_gettid :: proc() -> u64 ---; + @(link_name="getpagesize") _unix_getpagesize :: proc() -> i32 ---; + @(link_name="stat64") _unix_stat :: proc(path: cstring, stat: ^OS_Stat) -> c.int ---; + @(link_name="lstat") _unix_lstat :: proc(path: cstring, stat: ^OS_Stat) -> c.int ---; + @(link_name="fstat") _unix_fstat :: proc(fd: Handle, stat: ^OS_Stat) -> c.int ---; + @(link_name="readlink") _unix_readlink :: proc(path: cstring, buf: ^byte, bufsiz: c.size_t) -> c.ssize_t ---; + @(link_name="access") _unix_access :: proc(path: cstring, mask: int) -> int ---; + @(link_name="fdopendir") _unix_fdopendir :: proc(fd: Handle) -> Dir ---; + @(link_name="closedir") _unix_closedir :: proc(dirp: Dir) -> c.int ---; + @(link_name="rewinddir") _unix_rewinddir :: proc(dirp: Dir) ---; + @(link_name="readdir_r") _unix_readdir_r :: proc(dirp: Dir, entry: ^Dirent, result: ^^Dirent) -> c.int ---; - @(link_name="malloc") _unix_malloc :: proc(size: int) -> rawptr ---; - @(link_name="calloc") _unix_calloc :: proc(num, size: int) -> rawptr ---; - @(link_name="free") _unix_free :: proc(ptr: rawptr) ---; - @(link_name="realloc") _unix_realloc :: proc(ptr: rawptr, size: int) -> rawptr ---; - @(link_name="getenv") _unix_getenv :: proc(cstring) -> cstring ---; - @(link_name="getcwd") _unix_getcwd :: proc(buf: cstring, len: c.size_t) -> cstring ---; - @(link_name="chdir") _unix_chdir :: proc(buf: cstring) -> c.int ---; + @(link_name="malloc") _unix_malloc :: proc(size: int) -> rawptr ---; + @(link_name="calloc") _unix_calloc :: proc(num, size: int) -> rawptr ---; + @(link_name="free") _unix_free :: proc(ptr: rawptr) ---; + @(link_name="realloc") _unix_realloc :: proc(ptr: rawptr, size: int) -> rawptr ---; + @(link_name="getenv") _unix_getenv :: proc(cstring) -> cstring ---; + @(link_name="getcwd") _unix_getcwd :: proc(buf: cstring, len: c.size_t) -> cstring ---; + @(link_name="chdir") _unix_chdir :: proc(buf: cstring) -> c.int ---; + @(link_name="realpath") _unix_realpath :: proc(path: cstring, resolved_path: rawptr) -> rawptr ---; - @(link_name="exit") _unix_exit :: proc(status: int) ---; + @(link_name="exit") _unix_exit :: proc(status: int) ---; } foreign dl { @@ -366,17 +386,138 @@ is_path_separator :: proc(r: rune) -> bool { return r == '/'; } -stat :: proc(path: string) -> (Stat, Errno) { - s: Stat; - cstr := strings.clone_to_cstring(path); - defer delete(cstr); - ret_int := _unix_stat(cstr, &s); - return s, Errno(ret_int); + +@private +_stat :: proc(path: string) -> (OS_Stat, Errno) { + cstr := strings.clone_to_cstring(path, context.temp_allocator); + + s: OS_Stat; + result := _unix_stat(cstr, &s); + if result == -1 { + return s, Errno(get_last_error()); + } + return s, ERROR_NONE; +} + +@private +_lstat :: proc(path: string) -> (OS_Stat, Errno) { + cstr := strings.clone_to_cstring(path, context.temp_allocator); + + s: OS_Stat; + result := _unix_lstat(cstr, &s); + if result == -1 { + return s, Errno(get_last_error()); + } + return s, ERROR_NONE; +} + +@private +_fstat :: proc(fd: Handle) -> (OS_Stat, Errno) { + s: OS_Stat; + result := _unix_fstat(fd, &s); + if result == -1 { + return s, Errno(get_last_error()); + } + return s, ERROR_NONE; +} + +@private +_fdopendir :: proc(fd: Handle) -> (Dir, Errno) { + dirp := _unix_fdopendir(fd); + if dirp == cast(Dir)nil { + return nil, Errno(get_last_error()); + } + return dirp, ERROR_NONE; +} + +@private +_closedir :: proc(dirp: Dir) -> Errno { + rc := _unix_closedir(dirp); + if rc != 0 { + return Errno(get_last_error()); + } + return ERROR_NONE; +} + +@private +_rewinddir :: proc(dirp: Dir) { + _unix_rewinddir(dirp); +} + +@private +_readdir :: proc(dirp: Dir) -> (entry: Dirent, err: Errno, end_of_stream: bool) { + result: ^Dirent; + rc := _unix_readdir_r(dirp, &entry, &result); + + if rc != 0 { + err = Errno(get_last_error()); + return; + } + err = ERROR_NONE; + + if result == nil { + end_of_stream = true; + return; + } + end_of_stream = false; + + return; +} + +@private +_readlink :: proc(path: string) -> (string, Errno) { + path_cstr := strings.clone_to_cstring(path, context.temp_allocator); + + bufsz : uint = 256; + buf := make([]byte, bufsz); + for { + rc := _unix_readlink(path_cstr, &(buf[0]), bufsz); + if rc == -1 { + delete(buf); + return "", Errno(get_last_error()); + } else if rc == int(bufsz) { + // NOTE(laleksic, 2021-01-21): Any cleaner way to resize the slice? + bufsz *= 2; + delete(buf); + buf = make([]byte, bufsz); + } else { + return strings.string_from_ptr(&buf[0], rc), ERROR_NONE; + } + } +} + +absolute_path_from_handle :: proc(fd: Handle) -> (string, Errno) { + buf : [256]byte; + fd_str := strconv.itoa( buf[:], cast(int)fd ); + + procfs_path := strings.concatenate( []string{ "/proc/self/fd/", fd_str } ); + defer delete(procfs_path); + + return _readlink(procfs_path); +} + +absolute_path_from_relative :: proc(rel: string) -> (path: string, err: Errno) { + rel := rel; + if rel == "" { + rel = "."; + } + + rel_cstr := strings.clone_to_cstring(rel, context.temp_allocator); + + path_ptr := _unix_realpath(rel_cstr, nil); + if path_ptr == nil { + return "", Errno(get_last_error()); + } + defer _unix_free(path_ptr); + + path_cstr := transmute(cstring)path_ptr; + path = strings.clone( string(path_cstr) ); + + return path, ERROR_NONE; } access :: proc(path: string, mask: int) -> bool { - cstr := strings.clone_to_cstring(path); - defer delete(cstr); + cstr := strings.clone_to_cstring(path, context.temp_allocator); return _unix_access(cstr, mask) == 0; } @@ -392,8 +533,7 @@ heap_free :: proc(ptr: rawptr) { } getenv :: proc(name: string) -> (string, bool) { - path_str := strings.clone_to_cstring(name); - defer delete(path_str); + path_str := strings.clone_to_cstring(name, context.temp_allocator); cstr := _unix_getenv(path_str); if cstr == nil { return "", false; @@ -441,15 +581,13 @@ current_thread_id :: proc "contextless" () -> int { } dlopen :: proc(filename: string, flags: int) -> rawptr { - cstr := strings.clone_to_cstring(filename); - defer delete(cstr); + cstr := strings.clone_to_cstring(filename, context.temp_allocator); handle := _unix_dlopen(cstr, flags); return handle; } dlsym :: proc(handle: rawptr, symbol: string) -> rawptr { assert(handle != nil); - cstr := strings.clone_to_cstring(symbol); - defer delete(cstr); + cstr := strings.clone_to_cstring(symbol, context.temp_allocator); proc_handle := _unix_dlsym(handle, cstr); return proc_handle; } diff --git a/core/os/os_freebsd.odin b/core/os/os_freebsd.odin index 21b68f293..baef08f14 100644 --- a/core/os/os_freebsd.odin +++ b/core/os/os_freebsd.odin @@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ Unix_File_Time :: struct { pid_t :: u32; -Stat :: struct { +OS_Stat :: struct { device_id: u64, serial: u64, nlink: u64, @@ -235,8 +235,8 @@ foreign libc { @(link_name="lseek64") _unix_seek :: proc(fd: Handle, offset: i64, whence: c.int) -> i64 ---; @(link_name="gettid") _unix_gettid :: proc() -> u64 ---; @(link_name="getpagesize") _unix_getpagesize :: proc() -> c.int ---; - @(link_name="stat64") _unix_stat :: proc(path: cstring, stat: ^Stat) -> c.int ---; - @(link_name="fstat") _unix_fstat :: proc(fd: Handle, stat: ^Stat) -> c.int ---; + @(link_name="stat64") _unix_stat :: proc(path: cstring, stat: ^OS_Stat) -> c.int ---; + @(link_name="fstat") _unix_fstat :: proc(fd: Handle, stat: ^OS_Stat) -> c.int ---; @(link_name="access") _unix_access :: proc(path: cstring, mask: c.int) -> c.int ---; @(link_name="malloc") _unix_malloc :: proc(size: c.size_t) -> rawptr ---; @@ -341,11 +341,11 @@ last_write_time_by_name :: proc(name: string) -> (File_Time, Errno) { return File_Time(modified), ERROR_NONE; } -stat :: proc(path: string) -> (Stat, Errno) { +stat :: proc(path: string) -> (OS_Stat, Errno) { cstr := strings.clone_to_cstring(path); defer delete(cstr); - s: Stat; + s: OS_Stat; result := _unix_stat(cstr, &s); if result == -1 { return s, Errno(get_last_error()); @@ -353,8 +353,8 @@ stat :: proc(path: string) -> (Stat, Errno) { return s, ERROR_NONE; } -fstat :: proc(fd: Handle) -> (Stat, Errno) { - s: Stat; +fstat :: proc(fd: Handle) -> (OS_Stat, Errno) { + s: OS_Stat; result := _unix_fstat(fd, &s); if result == -1 { return s, Errno(get_last_error()); diff --git a/core/os/os_linux.odin b/core/os/os_linux.odin index eb2c6a663..2280f67c7 100644 --- a/core/os/os_linux.odin +++ b/core/os/os_linux.odin @@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ Unix_File_Time :: struct { nanoseconds: i64, } -Stat :: struct { +OS_Stat :: struct { device_id: u64, // ID of device containing file serial: u64, // File serial number nlink: u64, // Number of hard links @@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ Stat :: struct { _reserve3: i64, }; -// NOTE(laleksic, 2021-01-21): Comment and rename these to match Stat above +// NOTE(laleksic, 2021-01-21): Comment and rename these to match OS_Stat above Dirent :: struct { ino: u64, off: u64, @@ -278,9 +278,9 @@ foreign libc { @(link_name="lseek64") _unix_seek :: proc(fd: Handle, offset: i64, whence: c.int) -> i64 ---; @(link_name="gettid") _unix_gettid :: proc() -> u64 ---; @(link_name="getpagesize") _unix_getpagesize :: proc() -> c.int ---; - @(link_name="stat64") _unix_stat :: proc(path: cstring, stat: ^Stat) -> c.int ---; - @(link_name="lstat") _unix_lstat :: proc(path: cstring, stat: ^Stat) -> c.int ---; - @(link_name="fstat") _unix_fstat :: proc(fd: Handle, stat: ^Stat) -> c.int ---; + @(link_name="stat64") _unix_stat :: proc(path: cstring, stat: ^OS_Stat) -> c.int ---; + @(link_name="lstat") _unix_lstat :: proc(path: cstring, stat: ^OS_Stat) -> c.int ---; + @(link_name="fstat") _unix_fstat :: proc(fd: Handle, stat: ^OS_Stat) -> c.int ---; @(link_name="fdopendir") _unix_fdopendir :: proc(fd: Handle) -> Dir ---; @(link_name="closedir") _unix_closedir :: proc(dirp: Dir) -> c.int ---; @(link_name="rewinddir") _unix_rewinddir :: proc(dirp: Dir) ---; @@ -397,11 +397,11 @@ last_write_time_by_name :: proc(name: string) -> (File_Time, Errno) { } @private -_stat :: proc(path: string) -> (Stat, Errno) { +_stat :: proc(path: string) -> (OS_Stat, Errno) { cstr := strings.clone_to_cstring(path); defer delete(cstr); - s: Stat; + s: OS_Stat; result := _unix_stat(cstr, &s); if result == -1 { return s, Errno(get_last_error()); @@ -410,11 +410,11 @@ _stat :: proc(path: string) -> (Stat, Errno) { } @private -_lstat :: proc(path: string) -> (Stat, Errno) { +_lstat :: proc(path: string) -> (OS_Stat, Errno) { cstr := strings.clone_to_cstring(path); defer delete(cstr); - s: Stat; + s: OS_Stat; result := _unix_lstat(cstr, &s); if result == -1 { return s, Errno(get_last_error()); @@ -423,8 +423,8 @@ _lstat :: proc(path: string) -> (Stat, Errno) { } @private -_fstat :: proc(fd: Handle) -> (Stat, Errno) { - s: Stat; +_fstat :: proc(fd: Handle) -> (OS_Stat, Errno) { + s: OS_Stat; result := _unix_fstat(fd, &s); if result == -1 { return s, Errno(get_last_error()); diff --git a/core/os/stat_linux.odin b/core/os/stat_unix.odin similarity index 94% rename from core/os/stat_linux.odin rename to core/os/stat_unix.odin index 31ac8f6f1..fa013cefb 100644 --- a/core/os/stat_linux.odin +++ b/core/os/stat_unix.odin @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +//+build linux, darwin, freebsd package os import "core:time" @@ -58,10 +59,10 @@ _make_time_from_unix_file_time :: proc(uft: Unix_File_Time) -> time.Time { } @private -_fill_file_info_from_stat :: proc(fi: ^File_Info, s: Stat) { +_fill_file_info_from_stat :: proc(fi: ^File_Info, s: OS_Stat) { fi.size = s.size; fi.mode = cast(File_Mode)s.mode; - fi.is_dir = S_ISDIR(s.mode); + fi.is_dir = S_ISDIR(auto_cast s.mode); // NOTE(laleksic, 2021-01-21): Not really creation time, but closest we can get (maybe better to leave it 0?) fi.creation_time = _make_time_from_unix_file_time(s.status_change); @@ -74,7 +75,7 @@ lstat :: proc(name: string, allocator := context.allocator) -> (fi: File_Info, e context.allocator = allocator; - s: Stat; + s: OS_Stat; s, err = _lstat(name); if err != ERROR_NONE { return fi, err; @@ -92,7 +93,7 @@ stat :: proc(name: string, allocator := context.allocator) -> (fi: File_Info, er context.allocator = allocator; - s: Stat; + s: OS_Stat; s, err = _stat(name); if err != ERROR_NONE { return fi, err; @@ -110,7 +111,7 @@ fstat :: proc(fd: Handle, allocator := context.allocator) -> (fi: File_Info, err context.allocator = allocator; - s: Stat; + s: OS_Stat; s, err = _fstat(fd); if err != ERROR_NONE { return fi, err; diff --git a/core/path/filepath/path.odin b/core/path/filepath/path.odin index f19a10d46..5ec28c2ec 100644 --- a/core/path/filepath/path.odin +++ b/core/path/filepath/path.odin @@ -32,36 +32,38 @@ volume_name :: proc(path: string) -> string { } volume_name_len :: proc(path: string) -> int { - if len(path) < 2 { - return 0; - } - c := path[0]; - if path[1] == ':' { - switch c { - case 'a'..'z', 'A'..'Z': - return 2; + if ODIN_OS == "windows" { + if len(path) < 2 { + return 0; } - } - - // URL: https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa365247(v=vs.85).aspx - if l := len(path); l >= 5 && is_slash(path[0]) && is_slash(path[1]) && - !is_slash(path[2]) && path[2] != '.' { - for n := 3; n < l-1; n += 1 { - if is_slash(path[n]) { - n += 1; - if !is_slash(path[n]) { - if path[n] == '.' { - break; - } - } - for ; n < l; n += 1 { - if is_slash(path[n]) { - break; - } - } - return n; + c := path[0]; + if path[1] == ':' { + switch c { + case 'a'..'z', 'A'..'Z': + return 2; + } + } + + // URL: https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa365247(v=vs.85).aspx + if l := len(path); l >= 5 && is_slash(path[0]) && is_slash(path[1]) && + !is_slash(path[2]) && path[2] != '.' { + for n := 3; n < l-1; n += 1 { + if is_slash(path[n]) { + n += 1; + if !is_slash(path[n]) { + if path[n] == '.' { + break; + } + } + for ; n < l; n += 1 { + if is_slash(path[n]) { + break; + } + } + return n; + } + break; } - break; } } return 0; @@ -296,6 +298,57 @@ dir :: proc(path: string, allocator := context.allocator) -> string { +split_list :: proc(path: string, allocator := context.allocator) -> []string { + if path == "" { + return nil; + } + + start: int; + quote: bool; + + start, quote = 0, false; + count := 0; + + for i := 0; i < len(path); i += 1 { + c := path[i]; + switch { + case c == '"': + quote = !quote; + case c == LIST_SEPARATOR && !quote: + count += 1; + } + } + + start, quote = 0, false; + list := make([]string, count, allocator); + index := 0; + for i := 0; i < len(path); i += 1 { + c := path[i]; + switch { + case c == '"': + quote = !quote; + case c == LIST_SEPARATOR && !quote: + list[index] = path[start:i]; + index += 1; + start = i + 1; + } + } + assert(index == count); + + for s0, i in list { + s, new := strings.replace_all(s0, `"`, ``, allocator); + if !new { + s = strings.clone(s, allocator); + } + list[i] = s; + } + + return list; +} + + + + /* Lazy_Buffer is a lazily made path buffer When it does allocate, it uses the context.allocator diff --git a/core/path/filepath/path_unix.odin b/core/path/filepath/path_unix.odin index faf1d9568..8db5064d2 100644 --- a/core/path/filepath/path_unix.odin +++ b/core/path/filepath/path_unix.odin @@ -8,6 +8,14 @@ SEPARATOR :: '/'; SEPARATOR_STRING :: `/`; LIST_SEPARATOR :: ':'; +is_reserved_name :: proc(path: string) -> bool { + return false; +} + +is_abs :: proc(path: string) -> bool { + return strings.has_prefix(path, "/"); +} + abs :: proc(path: string, allocator := context.allocator) -> (string, bool) { full_path, err := os.absolute_path_from_relative(path); if err != os.ERROR_NONE { @@ -17,10 +25,11 @@ abs :: proc(path: string, allocator := context.allocator) -> (string, bool) { } join :: proc(elems: ..string, allocator := context.allocator) -> string { - s := strings.join(elems, SEPARATOR_STRING); - return s; -} - -is_abs :: proc(path: string) -> bool { - return (path[0] == '/'); -} + for e, i in elems { + if e != "" { + p := strings.join(elems[i:], SEPARATOR_STRING, context.temp_allocator); + return clean(p, allocator); + } + } + return ""; +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/core/path/filepath/path_windows.odin b/core/path/filepath/path_windows.odin index 39db7de14..a0908be67 100644 --- a/core/path/filepath/path_windows.odin +++ b/core/path/filepath/path_windows.odin @@ -87,56 +87,6 @@ abs :: proc(path: string, allocator := context.allocator) -> (string, bool) { return p, true; } -split_list :: proc(path: string, allocator := context.allocator) -> []string { - if path == "" { - return nil; - } - - start: int; - quote: bool; - - start, quote = 0, false; - count := 0; - - for i := 0; i < len(path); i += 1 { - c := path[i]; - switch { - case c == '"': - quote = !quote; - case c == LIST_SEPARATOR && !quote: - count += 1; - } - } - - start, quote = 0, false; - list := make([]string, count, allocator); - index := 0; - for i := 0; i < len(path); i += 1 { - c := path[i]; - switch { - case c == '"': - quote = !quote; - case c == LIST_SEPARATOR && !quote: - list[index] = path[start:i]; - index += 1; - start = i + 1; - } - } - assert(index == count); - - for s0, i in list { - s, new := strings.replace_all(s0, `"`, ``, allocator); - if !new { - s = strings.clone(s, allocator); - } - list[i] = s; - } - - return list; -} - - - join :: proc(elems: ..string, allocator := context.allocator) -> string { for e, i in elems {