fix(terminal): heap UAF if buffer deleted during TermRequest (#37612)

Problem:  Heap UAF if a terminal buffer is deleted during TermRequest in
          Normal mode.
Solution: Increment terminal refcount before triggering TermRequest, and
          destroy the terminal if the buffer is closed during that.

src/nvim/terminal.c

@@ -268,8 +268,10 @@ static void emit_termrequest(void **argv)
         terminator ==
         VTERM_TERMINATOR_BEL ? STATIC_CSTR_AS_OBJ("\x07") : STATIC_CSTR_AS_OBJ("\x1b\\"));
 
+  term->refcount++;
   apply_autocmds_group(EVENT_TERMREQUEST, NULL, NULL, true, AUGROUP_ALL, buf, NULL,
                        &DICT_OBJ(data));
+  term->refcount--;
   xfree(sequence);
 
   StringBuilder *term_pending_send = term->pending.send;
@@ -282,6 +284,13 @@ static void emit_termrequest(void **argv)
     term->pending.send = term_pending_send;
   }
   xfree(pending_send);
+
+  // Terminal buffer closed during TermRequest in Normal mode: destroy the terminal.
+  // In Terminal mode term->refcount should still be non-zero here.
+  if (term->buf_handle == 0 && !term->refcount) {
+    term->destroy = true;
+    term->opts.close_cb(term->opts.data);
+  }
 }
 
 static void schedule_termrequest(Terminal *term)

test/functional/autocmd/termxx_spec.lua

@@ -353,3 +353,64 @@ describe('autocmd TextChangedT,WinResized', function()
     eq({}, api.nvim_get_chan_info(term2)) -- Channel should've been cleaned up.
   end)
 end)
+
+describe('no crash if :bwipe from TermClose is processed by', function()
+  local oldwin --- @type integer
+  local chan --- @type integer
+
+  before_each(function()
+    clear()
+    command('autocmd! nvim.terminal')
+    oldwin = api.nvim_get_current_win()
+    command('new')
+    local buf = api.nvim_get_current_buf()
+    chan = api.nvim_open_term(buf, {})
+    api.nvim_set_var('chan', chan)
+    command(('autocmd TermClose <buffer> bwipe! %d'):format(buf))
+    command('let g:done = 0')
+    feed('i')
+    eq({ mode = 't', blocking = false }, api.nvim_get_mode())
+  end)
+
+  --- @param event string Event name.
+  --- @param trigger_cmd string The Ex command to trigger the event.
+  local function test_case(event, trigger_cmd)
+    api.nvim_create_autocmd(
+      event,
+      { nested = true, once = true, command = 'sleep 40m | let g:done = 1' }
+    )
+    exec_lua(function()
+      vim.cmd(trigger_cmd)
+      vim.defer_fn(function()
+        vim.fn.chanclose(chan)
+      end, 25)
+    end)
+    retry(nil, 1000, function()
+      eq(1, api.nvim_get_var('done'))
+    end)
+    assert_alive()
+    eq({ mode = 'n', blocking = false }, api.nvim_get_mode())
+    eq({ oldwin }, api.nvim_list_wins())
+    feed('<Ignore>') -- Add input to separate two RPC requests.
+    -- Channel should have been released.
+    eq({}, api.nvim_get_chan_info(chan))
+  end
+
+  it('WinResized autocommand in Terminal mode', function()
+    test_case('WinResized', 'vsplit')
+  end)
+
+  it('TextChangedT autocommand in Terminal mode', function()
+    test_case('TextChangedT', [[call chansend(g:chan, "foo\r\nbar")]])
+  end)
+
+  it('TermRequest autocommand in Terminal mode', function()
+    test_case('TermRequest', [[call chansend(g:chan, "\x1b]11;?\x1b\\")]])
+  end)
+
+  it('TermRequest autocommand in Normal mode', function()
+    feed([[<C-\><C-N>]])
+    eq({ mode = 'nt', blocking = false }, api.nvim_get_mode())
+    test_case('TermRequest', [[call chansend(g:chan, "\x1b]11;?\x1b\\")]])
+  end)
+end)