diff --git a/runtime/doc/lua.txt b/runtime/doc/lua.txt
index aa9fb67ad6..c79366fcbb 100644
--- a/runtime/doc/lua.txt
+++ b/runtime/doc/lua.txt
@@ -2596,6 +2596,14 @@ vim.fs.dir({path}, {opts})                                      *vim.fs.dir()*
     Gets an iterator over items found in `path` (normalized via
     |vim.fs.normalize()|).
 
+    Example: >lua
+        for name, type, err in vim.fs.dir(path, { err = true }) do
+          if err then
+            -- Failed to scan directory {name} (may be the root {path} itself).
+          end
+        end
+<
+
     Attributes: ~
         Since: 0.8.0
 
@@ -2604,6 +2612,9 @@ vim.fs.dir({path}, {opts})                                      *vim.fs.dir()*
                 |vim.fs.normalize()|.
       • {opts}  (`table?`) Optional keyword arguments:
                 • {depth}? (`integer`, default: `1`) How deep to traverse.
+                • {err}? (`boolean`, default: `false`) Report errors via the
+                  iterator's third value ("err"), instead of silently
+                  skipping.
                 • {follow}? (`boolean`, default: `false`) Follow symbolic
                   links.
                 • {skip}? (`fun(dir_name: string): boolean`) Predicate to
@@ -2612,10 +2623,14 @@ vim.fs.dir({path}, {opts})                                      *vim.fs.dir()*
                   iterator over the items located in {path}
 
     Return: ~
-        (`Iterator`) over items in {path}. Each iteration yields two values:
-        "name" and "type". "name" is the basename of the item relative to
-        {path}. "type" is one of the following: "file", "directory", "link",
-        "fifo", "socket", "char", "block", "unknown".
+        (`fun(): string?, string?, string?`) Iterator over items in {path},
+        yielding (name, type, err):
+        • name: Basename of the item relative to {path}.
+        • type: One of: "file", "directory", "link", "fifo", "socket", "char",
+          "block", "unknown".
+        • err: Error string, or nil. Only if `opts.err=true`. If the root
+          {path} itself could not be scanned, yields a single (name, nil, err)
+          item.
 
 vim.fs.dirname({file})                                      *vim.fs.dirname()*
     Gets the parent directory of the given path (not expanded/resolved, the
@@ -2708,9 +2723,10 @@ vim.fs.find({names}, {opts})                                   *vim.fs.find()*
                    through parent directories. Otherwise, search child
                    directories (recursively).
 
-    Return: ~
+    Return (multiple): ~
         (`string[]`) Normalized paths |vim.fs.normalize()| of all matching
-        items
+        items.
+        (`string[]`) Errors collected while searching.
 
 vim.fs.joinpath({...})                                     *vim.fs.joinpath()*
     Concatenates partial paths (one absolute or relative path followed by zero
diff --git a/runtime/doc/news.txt b/runtime/doc/news.txt
index 09580a6644..5dee6ad646 100644
--- a/runtime/doc/news.txt
+++ b/runtime/doc/news.txt
@@ -253,6 +253,9 @@ LUA
 • |vim.net.request()| can now accept  `method` param overload for multiple HTTP methods.
 • |writefile()| treats Lua strings as "blob", so it can be used to write
   binary data.
+• |vim.fs.dir()| with `opts.err=true`, reports errors. An inaccessible root
+  dir yields a single (name, nil, err) item.
+• |vim.fs.find()| returns a list of errors as its second return value.
 • |vim.filetype.inspect()| returns a copy of the internal tables used for
   filetype detection.
 • Added `__eq` metamethod to |vim.VersionRange|. 2 distinct but representing
diff --git a/runtime/lua/nvim/dir.lua b/runtime/lua/nvim/dir.lua
index bd00b95cbe..cdc8713c77 100644
--- a/runtime/lua/nvim/dir.lua
+++ b/runtime/lua/nvim/dir.lua
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 
 local api = vim.api
 local fs = vim.fs
-local uv = vim.uv
 
 local M = {}
 
@@ -50,17 +49,13 @@ end
 ---@param dir string
 ---@return boolean
 local function render(buf, dir)
-  -- TODO(#39878): drop this scandir probe once vim.fs.dir() can report
-  -- traversal errors.
-  local handle, err = uv.fs_scandir(dir)
-  if not handle then
-    vim.notify('dir: ' .. (err or ('cannot read directory: ' .. dir)), vim.log.levels.ERROR)
-    return false
-  end
-
   ---@type { name: string, dir: boolean }[]
   local items = {}
-  for name, type in fs.dir(dir) do
+  for name, type, err in fs.dir(dir, { err = true }) do
+    if err then
+      vim.notify('dir: ' .. err, vim.log.levels.ERROR)
+      return false
+    end
     if type == 'link' and vim.fn.isdirectory(fs.joinpath(dir, name)) == 1 then
       type = 'directory'
     end
diff --git a/runtime/lua/vim/fs.lua b/runtime/lua/vim/fs.lua
index 7e85e80056..fc18d525dd 100644
--- a/runtime/lua/vim/fs.lua
+++ b/runtime/lua/vim/fs.lua
@@ -177,6 +177,10 @@ end
 --- (default: `1`)
 --- @field depth? integer
 ---
+--- Report errors via the iterator's third value ("err"), instead of silently skipping.
+--- (default: `false`)
+--- @field err? boolean
+---
 --- Predicate to control traversal.
 --- Return false to stop searching the current directory.
 --- Only useful when depth > 1
@@ -187,51 +191,73 @@ end
 --- (default: `false`)
 --- @field follow? boolean
 
----@alias Iterator fun(): string?, string?
-
 --- Gets an iterator over items found in `path` (normalized via |vim.fs.normalize()|).
 ---
+--- Example:
+---
+--- ```lua
+--- for name, type, err in vim.fs.dir(path, { err = true }) do
+---   if err then
+---     -- Failed to scan directory {name} (may be the root {path} itself).
+---   end
+--- end
+--- ```
+---
 ---@since 10
 ---@param path (string) Directory to iterate over, normalized via |vim.fs.normalize()|.
 ---@param opts? vim.fs.dir.Opts Optional keyword arguments:
----@return Iterator over items in {path}. Each iteration yields two values: "name" and "type".
----        "name" is the basename of the item relative to {path}.
----        "type" is one of the following:
----        "file", "directory", "link", "fifo", "socket", "char", "block", "unknown".
+---@return fun(): string?, string?, string? # Iterator over items in {path}, yielding (name, type, err):
+---        - name: Basename of the item relative to {path}.
+---        - type: One of: "file", "directory", "link", "fifo", "socket", "char", "block", "unknown".
+---        - err: Error string, or nil. Only if `opts.err=true`. If the root {path} itself could not
+---          be scanned, yields a single (name, nil, err) item.
 function M.dir(path, opts)
   opts = opts or {}
 
   vim.validate('path', path, 'string')
   vim.validate('depth', opts.depth, 'number', true)
-  vim.validate('skip', opts.skip, 'function', true)
+  vim.validate('err', opts.err, 'boolean', true)
   vim.validate('follow', opts.follow, 'boolean', true)
+  vim.validate('skip', opts.skip, 'function', true)
 
   path = M.normalize(path)
-  if not opts.depth or opts.depth == 1 then
-    local fs = uv.fs_scandir(path)
+
+  local rootfs, rooterr = uv.fs_scandir(path)
+
+  if not rootfs then
+    -- Root scan failed:
+    -- - If opts.err=false, behave as an empty listing (back-compat).
+    -- - If opts.err=true, surface yield a single (name, nil, err) result.
+    local done = not opts.err
     return function()
-      if not fs then
-        return
+      if done then
+        return nil
       end
-      return fs_scandir_next(fs, path)
+      done = true
+      return path, nil, rooterr
+    end
+  end
+
+  if not opts.depth or opts.depth == 1 then
+    return function()
+      return fs_scandir_next(rootfs, path)
     end
   end
 
   --- @async
   return coroutine.wrap(function()
-    local dirs = { { path, 1 } }
+    local dirs = { { path, 1, rootfs } }
     while #dirs > 0 do
-      --- @type string, integer
-      local dir0, level = unpack(table.remove(dirs, 1))
+      --- @type string, integer, any
+      local dir0, level, fs = unpack(table.remove(dirs, 1))
       local dir = level == 1 and dir0 or M.joinpath(path, dir0)
-      local fs = uv.fs_scandir(dir)
       while fs do
         local name, t = fs_scandir_next(fs, dir)
         if not name then
           break
         end
         local f = level == 1 and name or M.joinpath(dir0, name)
-        coroutine.yield(f, t)
+        local err_scan = nil
         if
           opts.depth
           and level < opts.depth
@@ -240,8 +266,14 @@ function M.dir(path, opts)
           ).type == 'directory'))
           and (not opts.skip or opts.skip(f) ~= false)
         then
-          dirs[#dirs + 1] = { f, level + 1 }
+          local fs_next, err = uv.fs_scandir(M.joinpath(path, f))
+          if not fs_next then
+            err_scan = opts.err and err or nil
+          else
+            dirs[#dirs + 1] = { f, level + 1, fs_next }
+          end
         end
+        coroutine.yield(f, t, err_scan)
       end
     end
   end)
@@ -308,7 +340,8 @@ end
 ---             The function should return `true` if the given item is considered a match.
 ---
 ---@param opts? vim.fs.find.Opts Optional keyword arguments:
----@return (string[]) # Normalized paths |vim.fs.normalize()| of all matching items
+---@return string[] # Normalized paths |vim.fs.normalize()| of all matching items.
+---@return string[] # Errors collected while searching.
 function M.find(names, opts)
   opts = opts or {}
   vim.validate('names', names, { 'string', 'table', 'function' })
@@ -328,6 +361,7 @@ function M.find(names, opts)
   local limit = opts.limit or 1
 
   local matches = {} --- @type string[]
+  local errors = {} --- @type string[]
 
   local function add(match)
     matches[#matches + 1] = M.normalize(match)
@@ -342,8 +376,10 @@ function M.find(names, opts)
     if type(names) == 'function' then
       test = function(p)
         local t = {}
-        for name, type in M.dir(p) do
-          if (not opts.type or opts.type == type) and names(name, p) then
+        for name, type, err in M.dir(p, { err = true }) do
+          if err ~= nil then
+            table.insert(errors, err)
+          elseif (not opts.type or opts.type == type) and names(name, p) then
             table.insert(t, M.joinpath(p, name))
           end
         end
@@ -352,6 +388,11 @@ function M.find(names, opts)
     else
       test = function(p)
         local t = {} --- @type string[]
+        local ok, aerr = uv.fs_access(p, 'R') -- Check if the root dir is readable.
+        if not ok then
+          table.insert(errors, aerr)
+          return t
+        end
         for _, name in ipairs(names) do
           local f = M.joinpath(p, name)
           local stat = uv.fs_stat(f)
@@ -366,7 +407,7 @@ function M.find(names, opts)
 
     for _, match in ipairs(test(path)) do
       if add(match) then
-        return matches
+        return matches, errors
       end
     end
 
@@ -377,7 +418,7 @@ function M.find(names, opts)
 
       for _, match in ipairs(test(parent)) do
         if add(match) then
-          return matches
+          return matches, errors
         end
       end
     end
@@ -389,35 +430,39 @@ function M.find(names, opts)
         break
       end
 
-      for other, type_ in M.dir(dir) do
-        local f = M.joinpath(dir, other)
-        if type(names) == 'function' then
-          if (not opts.type or opts.type == type_) and names(other, dir) then
-            if add(f) then
-              return matches
-            end
-          end
+      for other, type_, err in M.dir(dir, { err = true }) do
+        if err ~= nil then
+          table.insert(errors, err)
         else
-          for _, name in ipairs(names) do
-            if name == other and (not opts.type or opts.type == type_) then
+          local f = M.joinpath(dir, other)
+          if type(names) == 'function' then
+            if (not opts.type or opts.type == type_) and names(other, dir) then
               if add(f) then
-                return matches
+                return matches, errors
+              end
+            end
+          else
+            for _, name in ipairs(names) do
+              if name == other and (not opts.type or opts.type == type_) then
+                if add(f) then
+                  return matches, errors
+                end
               end
             end
           end
-        end
 
-        if
-          type_ == 'directory'
-          or (type_ == 'link' and opts.follow and (uv.fs_stat(f) or {}).type == 'directory')
-        then
-          dirs[#dirs + 1] = f
+          if
+            type_ == 'directory'
+            or (type_ == 'link' and opts.follow and (uv.fs_stat(f) or {}).type == 'directory')
+          then
+            dirs[#dirs + 1] = f
+          end
         end
       end
     end
   end
 
-  return matches
+  return matches, errors
 end
 
 --- Find the first parent directory containing a specific "marker", relative to a file path or
diff --git a/test/functional/lua/fs_spec.lua b/test/functional/lua/fs_spec.lua
index 8434a36373..4a88e4b6d1 100644
--- a/test/functional/lua/fs_spec.lua
+++ b/test/functional/lua/fs_spec.lua
@@ -287,6 +287,61 @@ describe('vim.fs', function()
         eq('file', result['test.txt'])
       end)
     end)
+
+    it('reports errors', function()
+      mkdir('testdir')
+      mkdir('testdir/noaccess')
+      mkdir('testdir/a')
+      mkdir('testdir/a/noaccess')
+      finally(function()
+        rmdir('testdir')
+      end)
+
+      -- With opts.err=false: errors are silent, unreadable root looks empty.
+      eq(
+        0,
+        exec_lua(function()
+          local n0 = 0
+          for _ in vim.fs.dir('does-not-exist') do
+            n0 = n0 + 1
+          end
+          return n0
+        end)
+      )
+
+      -- With opts.err=true: unreadable root dir yields a single (name, nil, err).
+      eq(
+        { name = 'does-not-exist', err = 'ENOENT: no such file or directory: does-not-exist' },
+        exec_lua(function()
+          for name, type, err in vim.fs.dir('does-not-exist', { err = true }) do
+            return { name = name, type = type, err = err }
+          end
+        end)
+      )
+
+      -- With opts.err=true: unreadable child dir.
+      local result = exec_lua(function()
+        -- Stub fs_scandir since chmod doesn't work reliably on Windows.
+        local orig_scandir = vim.uv.fs_scandir
+        vim.uv.fs_scandir = function(path, ...)
+          if path == 'testdir/noaccess' then
+            return nil, 'EACCES: permission denied: testdir/noaccess'
+          end
+          return orig_scandir(path, ...)
+        end
+
+        local errors = {} ---@type table<string, string>
+        for f, _, err in vim.fs.dir('testdir', { depth = 2, err = true }) do
+          errors[f] = err
+        end
+
+        vim.uv.fs_scandir = orig_scandir
+        return errors
+      end)
+      eq('EACCES: permission denied: testdir/noaccess', result['noaccess'])
+      -- nil: with depth=2 we don't scan testdir/a/noaccess.
+      eq(nil, result['a/noaccess'])
+    end)
   end)
 
   describe('find()', function()
@@ -394,6 +449,83 @@ describe('vim.fs', function()
         )
       )
     end)
+
+    it('reports errors', function()
+      mkdir('testdir')
+      mkdir('testdir/noaccess')
+      mkdir('testdir/a')
+      mkdir('testdir/a/noaccess')
+      t.write_file('testdir/a/match.lua', '')
+      finally(function()
+        rmdir('testdir')
+      end)
+
+      -- Scenarios run in a shared setup(clear) so the fs_scandir/fs_access stubs (chmod is unreliable on
+      -- Windows) are installed and restored.
+      local res = exec_lua(function()
+        local orig_scandir = vim.uv.fs_scandir
+        local orig_access = vim.uv.fs_access
+        local function is_blocked(path)
+          for _, prefix in ipairs({ 'testdir/noaccess', 'testdir/a/noaccess' }) do
+            if path == prefix or vim.startswith(path, prefix .. '/') then
+              return true
+            end
+          end
+          return false
+        end
+        vim.uv.fs_scandir = function(path, ...)
+          if is_blocked(path) then
+            return nil, 'EACCES: permission denied: ' .. path
+          end
+          return orig_scandir(path, ...)
+        end
+        vim.uv.fs_access = function(path, ...)
+          if is_blocked(path) then
+            return nil, 'EACCES: permission denied: ' .. path
+          end
+          return orig_access(path, ...)
+        end
+
+        local r = {}
+        r.nonexistent = { vim.fs.find('foo', { path = 'does-not-exist' }) }
+        r.unreadable_root = { vim.fs.find('foo', { path = 'testdir/noaccess' }) }
+        local dmatches, derrors =
+          vim.fs.find('match.lua', { path = 'testdir', limit = math.huge, type = 'file' })
+        table.sort(derrors) -- readdir order is not deterministic
+        r.downward = { dmatches, derrors }
+        r.upward = select(
+          2,
+          vim.fs.find('match.lua', {
+            path = 'testdir/noaccess/x',
+            upward = true,
+            stop = 'testdir',
+          })
+        )
+
+        vim.uv.fs_scandir = orig_scandir
+        vim.uv.fs_access = orig_access
+        return r
+      end)
+
+      -- Nonexistent / unreadable root path: no matches, one error.
+      eq({ {}, { 'ENOENT: no such file or directory: does-not-exist' } }, res.nonexistent)
+      eq({ {}, { 'EACCES: permission denied: testdir/noaccess' } }, res.unreadable_root)
+
+      -- Downward search collects child errors, yet still returns the match found elsewhere.
+      eq({
+        { 'testdir/a/match.lua' },
+        {
+          'EACCES: permission denied: testdir/a/noaccess',
+          'EACCES: permission denied: testdir/noaccess',
+        },
+      }, res.downward)
+
+      -- Upward search reports an error for each unreadable ancestor, in traversal order.
+      eq({
+        'EACCES: permission denied: testdir/noaccess/x',
+        'EACCES: permission denied: testdir/noaccess',
+      }, res.upward)
+    end)
   end)
 
   describe('root()', function()