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244 lines
10 KiB
Plaintext
244 lines
10 KiB
Plaintext
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NVIM REFERENCE MANUAL by Thiago de Arruda
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RPC API for Nvim *RPC* *rpc* *msgpack-rpc*
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Type |gO| to see the table of contents.
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==============================================================================
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1. Introduction *rpc-intro*
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The primary way to control Nvim programmatically is the RPC API, which speaks
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MessagePack-RPC ("msgpack-rpc"), a messaging protocol that uses the
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MessagePack serialization format:
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https://github.com/msgpack/msgpack/blob/0b8f5ac/spec.md
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All kinds of Nvim "clients" use the RPC API: user interfaces (GUIs), remote
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plugins, scripts like "nvr" (https://github.com/mhinz/neovim-remote), and even
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`nvim` itself can control other `nvim` instances. By connecting to the RPC API
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programs can:
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- Call any API function
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- Listen for events
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- Receive remote calls from Nvim
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The RPC API is like a more powerful version of Vim's `clientserver` feature.
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==============================================================================
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2. API mapping *rpc-api*
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The Nvim C |API| is automatically exposed to the RPC API by the build system,
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which parses headers at src/nvim/api/*. A dispatch function is generated which
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matches RPC API method names with public API functions, converting/validating
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arguments and return values back to msgpack.
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Client libraries (|api-client|s) normally provide wrappers that hide
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msgpack-rpc details from application developers. The wrappers can be
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automatically generated by reading bundled API metadata from a compiled Nvim
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instance.
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There are three ways to obtain API metadata:
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1. Connect to a running Nvim instance and call `nvim_get_api_info` via
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msgpack-rpc. This is best for clients written in dynamic languages which
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can define functions at runtime.
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2. Start Nvim with the |--api-info| option. Useful for clients written in
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statically-compiled languages.
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3. Use the |api_info()| vimscript function.
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To get a human-readable list of API functions: >
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:new|put =map(api_info().functions, 'v:val.name')
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<
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To get a formatted dump of the API using python (requires the `pyyaml` and
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`msgpack-python` packages): >
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nvim --api-info | python -c 'import msgpack, sys, yaml; print yaml.dump(msgpack.unpackb(sys.stdin.read()))'
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<
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==============================================================================
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3. Connecting *rpc-connecting*
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See |channel-intro|, for various ways to open a channel. Most of the channel
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opening functions take an `rpc` key in the options dictionary, to enable RPC.
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Additionally, RPC channels can be opened by other processes connecting to
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TCP/IP sockets or named pipes listened to by nvim.
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Nvim creates a default RPC socket at |startup|, given by |v:servername|. To
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start with a TCP/IP socket instead, use |--listen| with a TCP-style address: >
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nvim --listen 127.0.0.1:6666
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Additional sockets and named pipes can be started with |serverstart()|.
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Note that localhost TCP sockets are generally less secure than named pipes,
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and can lead to vunerabilities like remote code execution.
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Connecting to the socket is the easiest way a programmer can test the API,
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which can be done through any msgpack-rpc client library or full-featured
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|api-client|. Here's a Ruby script that prints 'hello world!' in the current
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Nvim instance:
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>
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#!/usr/bin/env ruby
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# Requires msgpack-rpc: gem install msgpack-rpc
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#
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# To run this script, execute it from a running Nvim instance (notice the
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# trailing '&' which is required since Nvim won't process events while
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# running a blocking command):
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#
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# :!./hello.rb &
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#
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# Or from another shell by setting NVIM_LISTEN_ADDRESS:
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# $ NVIM_LISTEN_ADDRESS=[address] ./hello.rb
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require 'msgpack/rpc'
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require 'msgpack/rpc/transport/unix'
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nvim = MessagePack::RPC::Client.new(MessagePack::RPC::UNIXTransport.new, ENV['NVIM_LISTEN_ADDRESS'])
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result = nvim.call(:nvim_command, 'echo "hello world!"')
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<
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A better way is to use the Python REPL with the `neovim` package, where API
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functions can be called interactively:
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>
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>>> from neovim import attach
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>>> nvim = attach('socket', path='[address]')
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>>> nvim.command('echo "hello world!"')
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<
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You can also embed an Nvim instance via |jobstart()|, and communicate using
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|rpcrequest()| and |rpcnotify()|:
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>
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let nvim = jobstart(['nvim', '--embed'], {'rpc': v:true})
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echo rpcrequest(nvim, 'nvim_eval', '"Hello " . "world!"')
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call jobstop(nvim)
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<
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==============================================================================
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4. Implementing API clients *rpc-api-client* *api-client*
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"API clients" wrap the Nvim API to provide idiomatic "SDKs" for their
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respective platforms (see |dev-jargon|). You can build a new API client for
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your favorite platform or programming language.
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Existing API clients are listed here:
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https://github.com/neovim/neovim/wiki/Related-projects#api-clients
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The Python client is the reference implementation for API clients. It is
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always up-to-date with the Nvim API, so its source code and test suite are
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authoritative references.
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https://github.com/neovim/python-client
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API client implementation guidelines ~
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- Separate the transport layer from the rest of the library. See
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|rpc-connecting| for details on how clients can connect to Nvim.
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- Use a MessagePack library that implements at least version 5 of the
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MessagePack spec, which supports the `bin` and `ext` types used by Nvim.
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- Read API metadata in order to create client-side wrappers for all
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msgpack-rpc methods.
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- Use a single-threaded event loop library/pattern.
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- Use a fiber/coroutine library for the language being used for implementing
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a client. These greatly simplify concurrency and allow the library to
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expose a blocking API on top of a non-blocking event loop without the
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complexity that comes with preemptive multitasking.
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- Don't assume anything about the order that responses to msgpack-rpc
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requests will arrive.
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- Clients should expect msgpack-rpc requests, which need to be handled
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immediately because Nvim is blocked while waiting for the client response.
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- Clients should expect to receive msgpack-rpc notifications, but these
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don't need to be handled immediately because they won't block Nvim
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(although they should probably be handled immediately anyway).
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Note: Most of the complexity could be handled by a msgpack-rpc library that
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supports server to client requests and notifications, but it's not clear if
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this is part of the msgpack-rpc spec. At least the Ruby msgpack-rpc library
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does not seem to support it:
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https://github.com/msgpack-rpc/msgpack-rpc-ruby/blob/master/lib/msgpack/rpc/transport/tcp.rb#L150-L158
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API metadata object ~
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API clients exist to hide msgpack-rpc details. The API metadata object
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contains information that makes this task easier (see also |rpc-types|):
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- The "version" key contains the Nvim version, API level, and API
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backwards-compatibility level.
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- The "functions" key contains a list of metadata objects for individual
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functions.
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- Each function metadata object has |rpc-types| information about the return
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value and parameters. These can be used for generating strongly-typed APIs
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in static languages.
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- Container types may be decorated with type/size constraints, e.g.
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ArrayOf(Buffer) or ArrayOf(Integer, 2). This can be useful to generate
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even more strongly-typed APIs.
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- Functions that are considered to be methods that operate on instances of
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Nvim special types (msgpack EXT) will have the `"method"` attribute set to
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`true`. The receiver type is the type of the first argument. The method
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names are prefixed with `nvim_` plus a shortened type name, e.g.
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`nvim_buf_get_lines` represents the `get_lines` method of a Buffer instance.
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- Global functions have `"method"` set to `false` and are prefixed with just
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`nvim_`, e.g. `nvim_get_buffers`.
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So for an object-oriented language, an API client contains the classes
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representing Nvim special types, and the methods of each class could be
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defined by stripping the prefix for the type as defined in the `types` metadata
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(this will always be the first two "_"-separated parts of the function name).
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There could also be a singleton Vim class with methods where the `nvim_`
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prefix is stripped off.
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==============================================================================
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5. Types *rpc-types*
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The Nvim C API uses custom types for all functions. |api-types|
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At the RPC layer, types form two groups:
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- Basic types that map natively to msgpack (and have a default
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representation in most msgpack-supported programming languages)
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- Special Nvim types that map to msgpack EXT with custom type codes.
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Basic types ~
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Nil -> msgpack nil
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Boolean -> msgpack boolean
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Integer (signed 64-bit integer) -> msgpack integer
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Float (IEEE 754 double precision) -> msgpack float
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String -> msgpack string
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Array -> msgpack array
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Dictionary -> msgpack map
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Note: in function calls, empty Array is accepted for Dictionary parameter.
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Special types (msgpack EXT) ~
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Buffer -> enum value kObjectTypeBuffer
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Window -> enum value kObjectTypeWindow
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Tabpage -> enum value kObjectTypeTabpage
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API functions expecting one of the special EXT types may be passed an integer
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instead, but not another EXT type. E.g. Buffer may be passed as an integer but
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not as a Window or Tabpage. The EXT object data is the object id encoded as
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a msgpack integer: For buffers this is the |bufnr()| and for windows the
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|window-ID|. For tabpages the id is an internal handle, not the tabpage
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number.
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To determine the type codes of the special EXT types, inspect the `types` key
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of the |api-metadata| at runtime. Example JSON representation: >
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"types": {
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"Buffer": {
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"id": 0,
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"prefix": "nvim_buf_"
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},
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"Window": {
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"id": 1,
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"prefix": "nvim_win_"
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},
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"Tabpage": {
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"id": 2,
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"prefix": "nvim_tabpage_"
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}
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}
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Even for statically compiled clients it is good practice to avoid hardcoding
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the type codes, because a client may be built against one Nvim version but
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connect to another with different type codes.
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vim:tw=78:ts=8:ft=help:norl:
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