Files
Odin/core/rexcode/isa/arm64/printer.odin
Brendan Punsky bba65df7ee rexcode/arm64: model the NEON register lists
LD1-4/ST1-4 write their registers as a list -- `ld2 {v0.16b, v1.16b},
[x1]` -- and none of that was modelled. LD2/LD3/LD4 named a single
register where the syntax names two, three or four, so every one of
their forms disassembled to something no assembler would take.

How many registers the list holds is fixed by the instruction form, not
chosen by the caller: LD2 always names two. So it rides on the encoding
(VD_LIST1..4, VN_LIST1..4, which pack exactly like VD/VN) rather than on
the operand type. Putting it in the type would have meant a type per
count per arrangement -- 32 of them -- and would have made the matcher
check something the caller cannot vary.

The operand carries the count, and the printer walks the run from the
first register, wrapping at v31. That replaces the V_LIST_16B one-off
added with the TBL/TBX fix, which could only ever express a
single-register list; TBL/TBX now go through the same path.

Operand grows a byte for the count, which comes out of the padding
Instruction already had -- it is still exactly one 64-byte cache line,
still aligned to one.

The arrangement codes were bare numbers repeated across four files, and
the generated builders would have grown more of them, so they are now
named constants (VSHAPE_16B and friends).

Verified against llvm-mc: 50 whole-register list forms byte-exact, and
all 51 lane-indexed forms byte-exact -- `ld2 {v0.b, v1.b}[1], [x1]` and
`ld1 {v0.16b}, [x1]` included. Before this and the lane-index change,
every one of those 101 printed something that would not assemble. The
vector sweep holds at 809 byte-exact with nothing unassemblable.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_018UmHLRF11EoWwNWCJ7JGaA
2026-08-27 23:58:38 -04:00

652 lines
21 KiB
Odin

// rexcode · Brendan Punsky (dotbmp@github), original author
package rexcode_arm64
import "core:strings"
import "core:reflect"
import "core:os"
import "core:io"
import "core:rexcode/isa"
// =============================================================================
// AArch64 PRINTER
// =============================================================================
//
// Canonical Arm assembly syntax:
//
// add x0, x1, x2 (R-type)
// add x0, x1, #16 (imm)
// add x0, x1, x2, lsl #3 (shifted register)
// add x0, x1, w2, sxtw #2 (extended register)
// ldr x0, [x1, #8] (offset)
// ldr x0, [x1, #-8]! (pre-index)
// ldr x0, [x1], #8 (post-index)
// ldr x0, [x1, x2, lsl #3] (register offset)
// ldr x0, [x1, w2, sxtw #2] (extended-register offset)
// b .L0 (relative)
// b.eq .L0 (B.cond with condition suffix)
// cbz x0, .L0
// tbz x0, #5, .L0
// fadd d0, d1, d2 (FP scalar)
// fmov w0, s0 (cross-class FMOV)
//
// FP mnemonics: the enum names already include the dot via the underscore-
// to-dot rule (FADD_S -> fadd.s). For the canonical assembly form we want
// no dot inside .S/.D (it's just `fadd s0, s0, s0`) -- the operand types
// disambiguate. So the printer special-cases the FP mnemonics.
Token :: isa.Token
Token_Kind :: isa.Token_Kind
Print_Options :: isa.Print_Options
Print_Result :: isa.Print_Result
DEFAULT_PRINT_OPTIONS :: isa.DEFAULT_PRINT_OPTIONS
@(rodata, private="file")
COND_NAMES := [16]string{
"eq", "ne", "cs", "cc", "mi", "pl", "vs", "vc",
"hi", "ls", "ge", "lt", "gt", "le", "al", "nv",
}
@(rodata, private="file")
SHIFT_NAMES := [4]string{ "lsl", "lsr", "asr", "ror" }
@(rodata, private="file")
EXTEND_NAMES := [8]string{
"uxtb", "uxth", "uxtw", "uxtx",
"sxtb", "sxth", "sxtw", "sxtx",
}
mnemonic_to_string :: proc(m: Mnemonic, lowercase: bool = true, allocator := context.temp_allocator) -> string {
sb := strings.builder_make(allocator)
write_mnemonic(&sb, m, !lowercase)
return strings.to_string(sb)
}
register_name :: proc(r: Register, lowercase: bool = true, allocator := context.temp_allocator) -> string {
sb := strings.builder_make(allocator)
write_register(&sb, r, !lowercase)
return strings.to_string(sb)
}
// =============================================================================
// Core sbprint
// =============================================================================
sbprint :: proc(
sb: ^strings.Builder,
instructions: []Instruction,
inst_info: []Instruction_Info,
label_defs: []Label_Definition,
tokens: ^[dynamic]Token = nil,
options: ^Print_Options = nil,
label_names: ^isa.Label_Names = nil,
) {
opts := options
if opts == nil {
@(static) defaults := DEFAULT_PRINT_OPTIONS
opts = &defaults
}
// Display-side label naming: numbers in ADDRESS order (independent of the internal ids'
// allocation order), caller names keyed by byte offset (isa.Label_Display).
display: isa.Label_Display
isa.label_display_init(&display, label_defs, label_names)
defer isa.label_display_destroy(&display)
for i in 0..<len(instructions) {
inst := &instructions[i]
offset := u32(i) * 4
if i < len(inst_info) {
offset = inst_info[i].offset
}
// A displayable label at this offset — a definition, or a caller-named offset?
if isa.label_display_at(&display, offset) {
isa.label_display_write(&display, sb, offset, opts.label_prefix)
strings.write_byte(sb, ':')
strings.write_string(sb, opts.separator)
}
strings.write_string(sb, opts.indent)
if opts.show_offsets {
isa.print_hex(sb, u64(offset), opts)
strings.write_string(sb, ": ")
}
write_full_mnemonic(sb, inst, opts.uppercase)
// MOVZ/MOVN/MOVK store the shift as an hw index (0..3 = LSL #0/16/32/48),
// which assemblers write as `lsl #16` and omit entirely when it is zero.
mov_wide := inst.mnemonic == .MOVZ || inst.mnemonic == .MOVN || inst.mnemonic == .MOVK
end_slot := int(inst.operand_count)
if mov_wide && end_slot == 3 && inst.ops[2].kind == .IMMEDIATE && inst.ops[2].immediate == 0 {
end_slot = 2
}
if end_slot > 0 {
strings.write_byte(sb, ' ')
for slot in 0..<end_slot {
op := &inst.ops[slot]
// A lane index belongs to the register before it, so it is
// written `[3]` with no separator rather than as an operand.
lane_index := op.kind == .IMMEDIATE && op.size == LANE_INDEX
if slot > 0 && !lane_index {
strings.write_byte(sb, ',')
if opts.space_after_comma { strings.write_byte(sb, ' ') }
}
// A register the syntax writes as a list keeps its braces, and
// names every register in the run.
list := op.kind == .REGISTER && op.list_count > 0
switch {
case lane_index:
strings.write_byte(sb, '[')
write_decimal_u32(sb, u32(op.immediate))
strings.write_byte(sb, ']')
case mov_wide && slot == 2:
strings.write_string(sb, opts.uppercase ? "LSL #" : "lsl #")
write_decimal_u32(sb, u32(op.immediate) * 16)
case list:
strings.write_byte(sb, '{')
if opts.space_after_comma { strings.write_byte(sb, ' ') }
for n in 0 ..< op.list_count {
if n > 0 {
strings.write_byte(sb, ',')
if opts.space_after_comma { strings.write_byte(sb, ' ') }
}
// The run is consecutive and wraps at v31.
member := op^
member.reg = Register(reg_class(op.reg) | u16((reg_hw(op.reg) + n) & 0x1F))
write_operand(sb, &member, &display, opts)
}
if opts.space_after_comma { strings.write_byte(sb, ' ') }
strings.write_byte(sb, '}')
case:
write_operand(sb, op, &display, opts)
}
}
// CMLE/CMLT/FCMLE/FCMLT only ever compare against zero, and the
// zero is part of the syntax rather than an encoded operand -- an
// assembler will not take the instruction without it.
if inst.mnemonic == .CMLE || inst.mnemonic == .CMLT {
strings.write_string(sb, opts.space_after_comma ? ", #0" : ",#0")
} else if inst.mnemonic == .FCMLE || inst.mnemonic == .FCMLT {
strings.write_string(sb, opts.space_after_comma ? ", #0.0" : ",#0.0")
}
}
strings.write_string(sb, opts.separator)
}
}
sbprintln :: proc(
sb: ^strings.Builder,
instructions: []Instruction,
inst_info: []Instruction_Info,
label_defs: []Label_Definition,
tokens: ^[dynamic]Token = nil,
options: ^Print_Options = nil,
label_names: ^isa.Label_Names = nil,
) {
sbprint(sb, instructions, inst_info, label_defs, tokens, options, label_names)
strings.write_byte(sb, '\n')
}
// =============================================================================
// Sink wrappers
// =============================================================================
print :: proc(
instructions: []Instruction, inst_info: []Instruction_Info, label_defs: []Label_Definition,
tokens: ^[dynamic]Token = nil, options: ^Print_Options = nil, label_names: ^isa.Label_Names = nil,
) {
sb := strings.builder_make(context.temp_allocator)
sbprint(&sb, instructions, inst_info, label_defs, tokens, options, label_names)
os.write_string(os.stdout, strings.to_string(sb))
}
println :: proc(
instructions: []Instruction, inst_info: []Instruction_Info, label_defs: []Label_Definition,
tokens: ^[dynamic]Token = nil, options: ^Print_Options = nil, label_names: ^isa.Label_Names = nil,
) {
sb := strings.builder_make(context.temp_allocator)
sbprintln(&sb, instructions, inst_info, label_defs, tokens, options, label_names)
os.write_string(os.stdout, strings.to_string(sb))
}
aprint :: proc(
instructions: []Instruction, inst_info: []Instruction_Info, label_defs: []Label_Definition,
tokens: ^[dynamic]Token = nil, options: ^Print_Options = nil, label_names: ^isa.Label_Names = nil,
allocator := context.allocator,
) -> string {
sb := strings.builder_make(allocator)
sbprint(&sb, instructions, inst_info, label_defs, tokens, options, label_names)
return strings.to_string(sb)
}
aprintln :: proc(
instructions: []Instruction, inst_info: []Instruction_Info, label_defs: []Label_Definition,
tokens: ^[dynamic]Token = nil, options: ^Print_Options = nil, label_names: ^isa.Label_Names = nil,
allocator := context.allocator,
) -> string {
sb := strings.builder_make(allocator)
sbprintln(&sb, instructions, inst_info, label_defs, tokens, options, label_names)
return strings.to_string(sb)
}
tprint :: proc(
instructions: []Instruction, inst_info: []Instruction_Info, label_defs: []Label_Definition,
tokens: ^[dynamic]Token = nil, options: ^Print_Options = nil, label_names: ^isa.Label_Names = nil,
) -> string {
sb := strings.builder_make(context.temp_allocator)
sbprint(&sb, instructions, inst_info, label_defs, tokens, options, label_names)
return strings.to_string(sb)
}
tprintln :: proc(
instructions: []Instruction, inst_info: []Instruction_Info, label_defs: []Label_Definition,
tokens: ^[dynamic]Token = nil, options: ^Print_Options = nil, label_names: ^isa.Label_Names = nil,
) -> string {
sb := strings.builder_make(context.temp_allocator)
sbprintln(&sb, instructions, inst_info, label_defs, tokens, options, label_names)
return strings.to_string(sb)
}
bprint :: proc(
buf: []u8,
instructions: []Instruction, inst_info: []Instruction_Info, label_defs: []Label_Definition,
tokens: ^[dynamic]Token = nil, options: ^Print_Options = nil, label_names: ^isa.Label_Names = nil,
) -> string {
sb := strings.builder_from_bytes(buf)
sbprint(&sb, instructions, inst_info, label_defs, tokens, options, label_names)
return strings.to_string(sb)
}
bprintln :: proc(
buf: []u8,
instructions: []Instruction, inst_info: []Instruction_Info, label_defs: []Label_Definition,
tokens: ^[dynamic]Token = nil, options: ^Print_Options = nil, label_names: ^isa.Label_Names = nil,
) -> string {
sb := strings.builder_from_bytes(buf)
sbprintln(&sb, instructions, inst_info, label_defs, tokens, options, label_names)
return strings.to_string(sb)
}
fprint :: proc(
fd: ^os.File,
instructions: []Instruction, inst_info: []Instruction_Info, label_defs: []Label_Definition,
tokens: ^[dynamic]Token = nil, options: ^Print_Options = nil, label_names: ^isa.Label_Names = nil,
) {
sb := strings.builder_make(context.temp_allocator)
sbprint(&sb, instructions, inst_info, label_defs, tokens, options, label_names)
os.write_string(fd, strings.to_string(sb))
}
fprintln :: proc(
fd: ^os.File,
instructions: []Instruction, inst_info: []Instruction_Info, label_defs: []Label_Definition,
tokens: ^[dynamic]Token = nil, options: ^Print_Options = nil, label_names: ^isa.Label_Names = nil,
) {
sb := strings.builder_make(context.temp_allocator)
sbprintln(&sb, instructions, inst_info, label_defs, tokens, options, label_names)
os.write_string(fd, strings.to_string(sb))
}
wprint :: proc(
w: io.Writer,
instructions: []Instruction, inst_info: []Instruction_Info, label_defs: []Label_Definition,
tokens: ^[dynamic]Token = nil, options: ^Print_Options = nil, label_names: ^isa.Label_Names = nil,
) {
sb := strings.builder_make(context.temp_allocator)
sbprint(&sb, instructions, inst_info, label_defs, tokens, options, label_names)
io.write_string(w, strings.to_string(sb))
}
wprintln :: proc(
w: io.Writer,
instructions: []Instruction, inst_info: []Instruction_Info, label_defs: []Label_Definition,
tokens: ^[dynamic]Token = nil, options: ^Print_Options = nil, label_names: ^isa.Label_Names = nil,
) {
sb := strings.builder_make(context.temp_allocator)
sbprintln(&sb, instructions, inst_info, label_defs, tokens, options, label_names)
io.write_string(w, strings.to_string(sb))
}
// =============================================================================
// Internal writers
// =============================================================================
// Every mnemonic now prints straight from its name -- the conditional
// branches carry their condition in the name (B_LE -> `b.le`), so there is
// no operand to fold in.
@(private="file")
write_full_mnemonic :: proc(sb: ^strings.Builder, inst: ^Instruction, uppercase: bool) {
write_mnemonic(sb, inst.mnemonic, uppercase)
}
@(private="file")
write_mnemonic :: proc(sb: ^strings.Builder, m: Mnemonic, uppercase: bool) {
name, ok := reflect.enum_name_from_value(m)
if !ok { strings.write_string(sb, "<?>"); return }
// Enum names are the assembler mnemonics, so this is a straight
// transliteration -- with one exception. The system instructions below
// are written by assemblers as a mnemonic plus an op-name token
// (`dc zva`, `tlbi vae1`, `bti j`), which we store as one enum member,
// so for those the first underscore prints as a space. Every other
// underscore is kept: AMX_LDX is an undocumented Apple coprocessor op
// with no assembler spelling at all, and printing it `amx ldx` would
// imply a two-token syntax that does not exist.
split, sep := -1, byte(' ')
for prefix in ([]string{"DC_", "IC_", "AT_", "TLBI_", "BTI_", "PSB_", "TSB_"}) {
if len(name) > len(prefix) && name[:len(prefix)] == prefix {
split = len(prefix) - 1
break
}
}
// Conditional branches spell the separator as a dot: B_LE -> `b.le`.
// BC_ is checked first, since it also starts with B.
if split < 0 {
for prefix in ([]string{"BC_", "B_"}) {
if len(name) > len(prefix) && name[:len(prefix)] == prefix {
split, sep = len(prefix) - 1, '.'
break
}
}
}
for i in 0..<len(name) {
c := name[i]
if i == split {
strings.write_byte(sb, sep)
} else if !uppercase && c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z' {
strings.write_byte(sb, c + 32)
} else {
strings.write_byte(sb, c)
}
}
}
// NEON arrangement (`.4s`), element view (`.d`) or SVE element width (`.s`)
// suffix. Vector operands carry the shape in op.size using the codes
// op_v_*/op_z_* produce and the decoder restores (see operands.odin);
// arrangements are multiples of 8, element views are odd, and the neutral 4
// that every scalar class uses prints nothing.
//
// A lane index arrives as its own immediate operand carrying the LANE_INDEX
// marker; the operand loop glues it to the register it indexes (`v0.s[2]`)
// instead of writing it as a separate `#2`.
// A system register by name (`cntvct_el0`), falling back to the raw field
// when it is not one we know.
@(private="file")
write_sysreg :: proc(sb: ^strings.Builder, sr: System_Register, uppercase: bool) {
name, ok := sysreg_name(sr)
if !ok {
strings.write_byte(sb, '#')
write_signed_decimal(sb, i64(sr))
return
}
for i in 0 ..< len(name) {
c := name[i]
if uppercase && c >= 'a' && c <= 'z' {
strings.write_byte(sb, c - 'a' + 'A')
} else {
strings.write_byte(sb, c)
}
}
}
@(private="file")
write_vector_shape :: proc(sb: ^strings.Builder, r: Register, size: u8, uppercase: bool) {
shape := ""
switch reg_class(r) {
case REG_V:
switch size {
case 8: shape = "8b"
case 16: shape = "16b"
case 24: shape = "4h"
case 32: shape = "8h"
case 40: shape = "2s"
case 48: shape = "4s"
case 56: shape = "1d"
case 64: shape = "2d"
case 72: shape = "1q"
case 1: shape = "b"
case 3: shape = "h"
case 5: shape = "s"
case 7: shape = "d"
}
case REG_Z:
switch size {
case 1: shape = "b"
case 2: shape = "h"
case 4: shape = "s"
case 8: shape = "d"
}
}
if shape == "" {
return
}
strings.write_byte(sb, '.')
for i in 0..<len(shape) {
c := shape[i]
if uppercase && c >= 'a' && c <= 'z' {
strings.write_byte(sb, c - 32)
} else {
strings.write_byte(sb, c)
}
}
}
@(private="file")
write_register :: proc(sb: ^strings.Builder, r: Register, uppercase: bool) {
if r == NONE { strings.write_string(sb, "<none>"); return }
cls := reg_class(r)
hw := reg_hw(r)
// SP and ZR have named forms; the rest are letter+number.
switch cls {
case REG_XSP:
strings.write_string(sb, uppercase ? "SP" : "sp")
return
case REG_WSP:
strings.write_string(sb, uppercase ? "WSP" : "wsp")
return
case REG_X:
if hw == 31 {
strings.write_string(sb, uppercase ? "XZR" : "xzr")
return
}
strings.write_byte(sb, uppercase ? 'X' : 'x')
write_decimal_u32(sb, u32(hw))
case REG_W:
if hw == 31 {
strings.write_string(sb, uppercase ? "WZR" : "wzr")
return
}
strings.write_byte(sb, uppercase ? 'W' : 'w')
write_decimal_u32(sb, u32(hw))
case REG_B:
strings.write_byte(sb, uppercase ? 'B' : 'b')
write_decimal_u32(sb, u32(hw))
case REG_H:
strings.write_byte(sb, uppercase ? 'H' : 'h')
write_decimal_u32(sb, u32(hw))
case REG_S:
strings.write_byte(sb, uppercase ? 'S' : 's')
write_decimal_u32(sb, u32(hw))
case REG_D:
strings.write_byte(sb, uppercase ? 'D' : 'd')
write_decimal_u32(sb, u32(hw))
case REG_Q:
strings.write_byte(sb, uppercase ? 'Q' : 'q')
write_decimal_u32(sb, u32(hw))
case REG_V:
strings.write_byte(sb, uppercase ? 'V' : 'v')
write_decimal_u32(sb, u32(hw))
case REG_Z:
strings.write_byte(sb, uppercase ? 'Z' : 'z')
write_decimal_u32(sb, u32(hw))
case REG_P:
strings.write_byte(sb, uppercase ? 'P' : 'p')
write_decimal_u32(sb, u32(hw))
}
}
@(private="file")
write_operand :: proc(
sb: ^strings.Builder,
op: ^Operand,
display: ^isa.Label_Display,
opts: ^Print_Options,
) {
switch op.kind {
case .NONE:
case .REGISTER:
write_register(sb, op.reg, opts.uppercase)
write_vector_shape(sb, op.reg, op.size, opts.uppercase)
case .IMMEDIATE:
strings.write_byte(sb, '#')
write_signed_decimal(sb, op.immediate)
case .SYSTEM_REGISTER:
write_sysreg(sb, op.sysreg, opts.uppercase)
case .COND:
c := op.cond & 0xF
s := COND_NAMES[c]
if opts.uppercase {
for i in 0..<len(s) {
ch := s[i]
if ch >= 'a' && ch <= 'z' { strings.write_byte(sb, ch - 32) } else { strings.write_byte(sb, ch) }
}
} else {
strings.write_string(sb, s)
}
case .SHIFTED_REG:
write_register(sb, op.shifted.reg, opts.uppercase)
if op.shifted.amount != 0 || op.shifted.type != .LSL {
if opts.space_after_comma {
strings.write_string(sb, ", ")
} else {
strings.write_byte(sb, ',')
}
strings.write_string(sb, SHIFT_NAMES[u8(op.shifted.type) & 0x3])
strings.write_string(sb, " #")
write_decimal_u32(sb, u32(op.shifted.amount))
}
case .EXTENDED_REG:
write_register(sb, op.extended.reg, opts.uppercase)
if opts.space_after_comma {
strings.write_string(sb, ", ")
} else {
strings.write_byte(sb, ',')
}
strings.write_string(sb, EXTEND_NAMES[u8(op.extended.extend) & 0x7])
if op.extended.amount != 0 {
strings.write_string(sb, " #")
write_decimal_u32(sb, u32(op.extended.amount))
}
case .MEMORY:
write_memory(sb, op.mem, opts)
case .RELATIVE:
target := u32(op.relative)
if isa.label_display_at(display, target) {
isa.label_display_write(display, sb, target, opts.label_prefix)
} else {
isa.print_hex(sb, u64(target), opts)
}
}
}
@(private="file")
write_memory :: proc(sb: ^strings.Builder, m: Memory, opts: ^Print_Options) {
strings.write_byte(sb, '[')
write_register(sb, m.base, opts.uppercase)
switch m.mode {
case .OFFSET:
if m.disp != 0 {
if opts.space_after_comma {
strings.write_string(sb, ", #")
} else {
strings.write_string(sb, ",#")
}
write_signed_decimal(sb, i64(m.disp))
}
strings.write_byte(sb, ']')
case .PRE_INDEXED:
if opts.space_after_comma {
strings.write_string(sb, ", #")
} else {
strings.write_string(sb, ",#")
}
write_signed_decimal(sb, i64(m.disp))
strings.write_string(sb, "]!")
case .POST_INDEXED:
strings.write_string(sb, "], #")
write_signed_decimal(sb, i64(m.disp))
case .REG_OFFSET:
strings.write_string(sb, ", ")
write_register(sb, m.index, opts.uppercase)
if m.shift != 0 {
strings.write_string(sb, ", lsl #")
write_decimal_u32(sb, u32(m.shift))
}
strings.write_byte(sb, ']')
case .EXT_REG_OFFSET:
strings.write_string(sb, ", ")
write_register(sb, m.index, opts.uppercase)
strings.write_string(sb, ", ")
strings.write_string(sb, EXTEND_NAMES[u8(m.extend) & 0x7])
if m.shift != 0 {
strings.write_string(sb, " #")
write_decimal_u32(sb, u32(m.shift))
}
strings.write_byte(sb, ']')
case .LITERAL:
strings.write_byte(sb, ']') // shouldn't normally appear
}
}
@(private="file")
write_decimal_u32 :: proc(sb: ^strings.Builder, v: u32) {
if v == 0 { strings.write_byte(sb, '0'); return }
buf: [10]u8
i := 0
n := v
for n > 0 { buf[i] = '0' + u8(n % 10); n /= 10; i += 1 }
for j := i - 1; j >= 0; j -= 1 { strings.write_byte(sb, buf[j]) }
}
@(private="file")
write_signed_decimal :: proc(sb: ^strings.Builder, v: i64) {
if v < 0 {
strings.write_byte(sb, '-')
n := u64(-(v + 1)) + 1
write_decimal_u64(sb, n)
} else {
write_decimal_u64(sb, u64(v))
}
}
@(private="file")
write_decimal_u64 :: proc(sb: ^strings.Builder, v: u64) {
if v == 0 { strings.write_byte(sb, '0'); return }
buf: [20]u8
i := 0
n := v
for n > 0 { buf[i] = '0' + u8(n % 10); n /= 10; i += 1 }
for j := i - 1; j >= 0; j -= 1 { strings.write_byte(sb, buf[j]) }
}