Improve control char rendering and escape button styling (#37094 )

Follow-up to #37078. - Use Unicode Control Pictures](U+2400-U+2421) to render C0 control characters - Make it work in diff view too - Replace escape warning emoji with SVG - Align escape warning button with code lines --------- Co-authored-by: wxiaoguang <wxiaoguang@gmail.com>
Add gpg signing for merge rebase and update by rebase (#36701 )
2026-04-06 15:48:45 +00:00 · 2026-04-06 11:07:33 +00:00 · 2026-04-05 13:37:35 -07:00 · 2026-04-06 03:51:51 +08:00 · 2026-04-05 19:13:34 +00:00 · 2026-04-05 18:25:27 +00:00
4347 changed files with 268282 additions and 246961 deletions
--- a/.air.toml
+++ b/.air.toml
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ tmp_dir = ".air"
 [build]
 pre_cmd = ["killall -9 gitea 2>/dev/null || true"] # kill off potential zombie processes from previous runs
 cmd = "make --no-print-directory backend"
-bin = "gitea"
+entrypoint = ["./gitea"]
 delay = 2000
 include_ext = ["go", "tmpl"]
 include_file = ["main.go"]
--- a/.changelog.yml
+++ b/.changelog.yml
@@ -22,20 +22,25 @@ groups:
    name: FEATURES
    labels:
      - type/feature
-  -
-    name: API
-    labels:
-      - modifies/api
  -
    name: ENHANCEMENTS
    labels:
      - type/enhancement
-      - type/refactoring
-      - topic/ui
+  -
+    name: PERFORMANCE
+    labels:
+      - performance/memory
+      - performance/speed
+      - performance/bigrepo
+      - performance/cpu
  -
    name: BUGFIXES
    labels:
      - type/bug
+  -
+    name: API
+    labels:
+      - modifies/api
  -
    name: TESTING
    labels:
--- a/.devcontainer/devcontainer.json
+++ b/.devcontainer/devcontainer.json
@@ -1,22 +1,25 @@
 {
  "name": "Gitea DevContainer",
-  "image": "mcr.microsoft.com/devcontainers/go:1.23-bookworm",
+  "image": "mcr.microsoft.com/devcontainers/go:1.25-trixie",
+  "containerEnv": {
+    // override "local" from packaged version
+    "GOTOOLCHAIN": "auto"
+  },
  "features": {
    // installs nodejs into container
    "ghcr.io/devcontainers/features/node:1": {
-      "version": "20"
+      "version": "latest"
    },
-    "ghcr.io/devcontainers/features/git-lfs:1.2.2": {},
-    "ghcr.io/devcontainers-contrib/features/poetry:2": {},
+    "ghcr.io/devcontainers/features/git-lfs:1.2.5": {},
+    "ghcr.io/jsburckhardt/devcontainer-features/uv:1": {},
    "ghcr.io/devcontainers/features/python:1": {
-      "version": "3.12"
+      "version": "3.14"
    },
    "ghcr.io/warrenbuckley/codespace-features/sqlite:1": {}
  },
  "customizations": {
    "vscode": {
      "settings": {},
-      // same extensions as Gitpod, should match /.gitpod.yml
      "extensions": [
        "editorconfig.editorconfig",
        "dbaeumer.vscode-eslint",
--- a/.dockerignore
+++ b/.dockerignore
@@ -36,15 +36,6 @@ _testmain.go
 coverage.all
 cpu.out

-/modules/migration/bindata.go
-/modules/migration/bindata.go.hash
-/modules/options/bindata.go
-/modules/options/bindata.go.hash
-/modules/public/bindata.go
-/modules/public/bindata.go.hash
-/modules/templates/bindata.go
-/modules/templates/bindata.go.hash
-
 *.db
 *.log

@@ -74,26 +65,18 @@ cpu.out
 /yarn.lock
 /yarn-error.log
 /npm-debug.log*
+/pnpm-debug.log*
 /public/assets/js
 /public/assets/css
 /public/assets/fonts
 /public/assets/img/avatar
 /vendor
-/web_src/fomantic/node_modules
-/web_src/fomantic/build/*
-!/web_src/fomantic/build/semantic.js
-!/web_src/fomantic/build/semantic.css
-!/web_src/fomantic/build/themes
-/web_src/fomantic/build/themes/*
-!/web_src/fomantic/build/themes/default
-/web_src/fomantic/build/themes/default/assets/*
-!/web_src/fomantic/build/themes/default/assets/fonts
-/web_src/fomantic/build/themes/default/assets/fonts/*
-!/web_src/fomantic/build/themes/default/assets/fonts/icons.woff2
-!/web_src/fomantic/build/themes/default/assets/fonts/outline-icons.woff2
 /VERSION
 /.air
 /.go-licenses
+/Dockerfile
+/Dockerfile.rootless
+/.venv

 # Files and folders that were previously generated
 /public/assets/img/webpack
--- a/.editorconfig
+++ b/.editorconfig
@@ -12,15 +12,23 @@ insert_final_newline = true
 [*.{go,tmpl,html}]
 indent_style = tab

+[go.*]
+indent_style = tab
+
 [templates/custom/*.tmpl]
 insert_final_newline = false

 [templates/swagger/v1_json.tmpl]
 indent_style = space
+insert_final_newline = false

 [templates/user/auth/oidc_wellknown.tmpl]
 indent_style = space

+[templates/shared/actions/runner_badge_*.tmpl]
+# editconfig lint requires these XML-like files to have charset defined, but the files don't have.
+charset = unset
+
 [Makefile]
 indent_style = tab

--- a/.eslintrc.yaml
+++ b/.eslintrc.yaml
@@ -1,967 +0,0 @@
-root: true
-reportUnusedDisableDirectives: true
-
-ignorePatterns:
-  - /web_src/js/vendor
-  - /web_src/fomantic
-  - /public/assets/js
-
-parser: "@typescript-eslint/parser"
-
-parserOptions:
-  sourceType: module
-  ecmaVersion: latest
-  project: true
-  extraFileExtensions: [".vue"]
-  parser: "@typescript-eslint/parser" # for vue plugin - https://eslint.vuejs.org/user-guide/#how-to-use-a-custom-parser
-
-settings:
-  import-x/extensions: [".js", ".ts"]
-  import-x/parsers:
-    "@typescript-eslint/parser": [".js", ".ts"]
-  import-x/resolver:
-    typescript: true
-
-plugins:
-  - "@eslint-community/eslint-plugin-eslint-comments"
-  - "@stylistic/eslint-plugin-js"
-  - "@typescript-eslint/eslint-plugin"
-  - eslint-plugin-array-func
-  - eslint-plugin-github
-  - eslint-plugin-import-x
-  - eslint-plugin-no-jquery
-  - eslint-plugin-no-use-extend-native
-  - eslint-plugin-regexp
-  - eslint-plugin-sonarjs
-  - eslint-plugin-unicorn
-  - eslint-plugin-vitest
-  - eslint-plugin-vitest-globals
-  - eslint-plugin-wc
-
-env:
-  es2024: true
-  node: true
-
-overrides:
-  - files: ["web_src/**/*"]
-    globals:
-      __webpack_public_path__: true
-      process: false # https://github.com/webpack/webpack/issues/15833
-  - files: ["web_src/**/*", "docs/**/*"]
-    env:
-      browser: true
-      node: false
-  - files: ["web_src/**/*worker.*"]
-    env:
-      worker: true
-    rules:
-      no-restricted-globals: [2, addEventListener, blur, close, closed, confirm, defaultStatus, defaultstatus, error, event, external, find, focus, frameElement, frames, history, innerHeight, innerWidth, isFinite, isNaN, length, locationbar, menubar, moveBy, moveTo, name, onblur, onerror, onfocus, onload, onresize, onunload, open, opener, opera, outerHeight, outerWidth, pageXOffset, pageYOffset, parent, print, removeEventListener, resizeBy, resizeTo, screen, screenLeft, screenTop, screenX, screenY, scroll, scrollbars, scrollBy, scrollTo, scrollX, scrollY, status, statusbar, stop, toolbar, top]
-  - files: ["*.config.*"]
-    rules:
-      import-x/no-unused-modules: [0]
-  - files: ["**/*.d.ts"]
-    rules:
-      import-x/no-unused-modules: [0]
-      "@typescript-eslint/consistent-type-definitions": [0]
-      "@typescript-eslint/consistent-type-imports": [0]
-  - files: ["web_src/js/types.ts"]
-    rules:
-      import-x/no-unused-modules: [0]
-  - files: ["**/*.test.*", "web_src/js/test/setup.ts"]
-    env:
-      vitest-globals/env: true
-    rules:
-      vitest/consistent-test-filename: [0]
-      vitest/consistent-test-it: [0]
-      vitest/expect-expect: [0]
-      vitest/max-expects: [0]
-      vitest/max-nested-describe: [0]
-      vitest/no-alias-methods: [0]
-      vitest/no-commented-out-tests: [0]
-      vitest/no-conditional-expect: [0]
-      vitest/no-conditional-in-test: [0]
-      vitest/no-conditional-tests: [0]
-      vitest/no-disabled-tests: [0]
-      vitest/no-done-callback: [0]
-      vitest/no-duplicate-hooks: [0]
-      vitest/no-focused-tests: [0]
-      vitest/no-hooks: [0]
-      vitest/no-identical-title: [2]
-      vitest/no-interpolation-in-snapshots: [0]
-      vitest/no-large-snapshots: [0]
-      vitest/no-mocks-import: [0]
-      vitest/no-restricted-matchers: [0]
-      vitest/no-restricted-vi-methods: [0]
-      vitest/no-standalone-expect: [0]
-      vitest/no-test-prefixes: [0]
-      vitest/no-test-return-statement: [0]
-      vitest/prefer-called-with: [0]
-      vitest/prefer-comparison-matcher: [0]
-      vitest/prefer-each: [0]
-      vitest/prefer-equality-matcher: [0]
-      vitest/prefer-expect-resolves: [0]
-      vitest/prefer-hooks-in-order: [0]
-      vitest/prefer-hooks-on-top: [2]
-      vitest/prefer-lowercase-title: [0]
-      vitest/prefer-mock-promise-shorthand: [0]
-      vitest/prefer-snapshot-hint: [0]
-      vitest/prefer-spy-on: [0]
-      vitest/prefer-strict-equal: [0]
-      vitest/prefer-to-be: [0]
-      vitest/prefer-to-be-falsy: [0]
-      vitest/prefer-to-be-object: [0]
-      vitest/prefer-to-be-truthy: [0]
-      vitest/prefer-to-contain: [0]
-      vitest/prefer-to-have-length: [0]
-      vitest/prefer-todo: [0]
-      vitest/require-hook: [0]
-      vitest/require-to-throw-message: [0]
-      vitest/require-top-level-describe: [0]
-      vitest/valid-describe-callback: [2]
-      vitest/valid-expect: [2]
-      vitest/valid-title: [2]
-  - files: ["web_src/js/modules/fetch.ts", "web_src/js/standalone/**/*"]
-    rules:
-      no-restricted-syntax: [2, WithStatement, ForInStatement, LabeledStatement, SequenceExpression]
-  - files: ["**/*.vue"]
-    plugins:
-      - eslint-plugin-vue
-      - eslint-plugin-vue-scoped-css
-    extends:
-      - plugin:vue/vue3-recommended
-      - plugin:vue-scoped-css/vue3-recommended
-    rules:
-      vue/attributes-order: [0]
-      vue/html-closing-bracket-spacing: [2, {startTag: never, endTag: never, selfClosingTag: never}]
-      vue/max-attributes-per-line: [0]
-      vue/singleline-html-element-content-newline: [0]
-  - files: ["tests/e2e/**"]
-    plugins:
-      - eslint-plugin-playwright
-    extends: plugin:playwright/recommended
-
-rules:
-  "@eslint-community/eslint-comments/disable-enable-pair": [2]
-  "@eslint-community/eslint-comments/no-aggregating-enable": [2]
-  "@eslint-community/eslint-comments/no-duplicate-disable": [2]
-  "@eslint-community/eslint-comments/no-restricted-disable": [0]
-  "@eslint-community/eslint-comments/no-unlimited-disable": [2]
-  "@eslint-community/eslint-comments/no-unused-disable": [2]
-  "@eslint-community/eslint-comments/no-unused-enable": [2]
-  "@eslint-community/eslint-comments/no-use": [0]
-  "@eslint-community/eslint-comments/require-description": [0]
-  "@stylistic/js/array-bracket-newline": [0]
-  "@stylistic/js/array-bracket-spacing": [2, never]
-  "@stylistic/js/array-element-newline": [0]
-  "@stylistic/js/arrow-parens": [2, always]
-  "@stylistic/js/arrow-spacing": [2, {before: true, after: true}]
-  "@stylistic/js/block-spacing": [0]
-  "@stylistic/js/brace-style": [2, 1tbs, {allowSingleLine: true}]
-  "@stylistic/js/comma-dangle": [2, always-multiline]
-  "@stylistic/js/comma-spacing": [2, {before: false, after: true}]
-  "@stylistic/js/comma-style": [2, last]
-  "@stylistic/js/computed-property-spacing": [2, never]
-  "@stylistic/js/dot-location": [2, property]
-  "@stylistic/js/eol-last": [2]
-  "@stylistic/js/function-call-argument-newline": [0]
-  "@stylistic/js/function-call-spacing": [2, never]
-  "@stylistic/js/function-paren-newline": [0]
-  "@stylistic/js/generator-star-spacing": [0]
-  "@stylistic/js/implicit-arrow-linebreak": [0]
-  "@stylistic/js/indent": [2, 2, {ignoreComments: true, SwitchCase: 1}]
-  "@stylistic/js/key-spacing": [2]
-  "@stylistic/js/keyword-spacing": [2]
-  "@stylistic/js/line-comment-position": [0]
-  "@stylistic/js/linebreak-style": [2, unix]
-  "@stylistic/js/lines-around-comment": [0]
-  "@stylistic/js/lines-between-class-members": [0]
-  "@stylistic/js/max-len": [0]
-  "@stylistic/js/max-statements-per-line": [0]
-  "@stylistic/js/multiline-comment-style": [0]
-  "@stylistic/js/multiline-ternary": [0]
-  "@stylistic/js/new-parens": [2]
-  "@stylistic/js/newline-per-chained-call": [0]
-  "@stylistic/js/no-confusing-arrow": [0]
-  "@stylistic/js/no-extra-parens": [0]
-  "@stylistic/js/no-extra-semi": [2]
-  "@stylistic/js/no-floating-decimal": [0]
-  "@stylistic/js/no-mixed-operators": [0]
-  "@stylistic/js/no-mixed-spaces-and-tabs": [2]
-  "@stylistic/js/no-multi-spaces": [2, {ignoreEOLComments: true, exceptions: {Property: true}}]
-  "@stylistic/js/no-multiple-empty-lines": [2, {max: 1, maxEOF: 0, maxBOF: 0}]
-  "@stylistic/js/no-tabs": [2]
-  "@stylistic/js/no-trailing-spaces": [2]
-  "@stylistic/js/no-whitespace-before-property": [2]
-  "@stylistic/js/nonblock-statement-body-position": [2]
-  "@stylistic/js/object-curly-newline": [0]
-  "@stylistic/js/object-curly-spacing": [2, never]
-  "@stylistic/js/object-property-newline": [0]
-  "@stylistic/js/one-var-declaration-per-line": [0]
-  "@stylistic/js/operator-linebreak": [2, after]
-  "@stylistic/js/padded-blocks": [2, never]
-  "@stylistic/js/padding-line-between-statements": [0]
-  "@stylistic/js/quote-props": [0]
-  "@stylistic/js/quotes": [2, single, {avoidEscape: true, allowTemplateLiterals: true}]
-  "@stylistic/js/rest-spread-spacing": [2, never]
-  "@stylistic/js/semi": [2, always, {omitLastInOneLineBlock: true}]
-  "@stylistic/js/semi-spacing": [2, {before: false, after: true}]
-  "@stylistic/js/semi-style": [2, last]
-  "@stylistic/js/space-before-blocks": [2, always]
-  "@stylistic/js/space-before-function-paren": [2, {anonymous: ignore, named: never, asyncArrow: always}]
-  "@stylistic/js/space-in-parens": [2, never]
-  "@stylistic/js/space-infix-ops": [2]
-  "@stylistic/js/space-unary-ops": [2]
-  "@stylistic/js/spaced-comment": [2, always]
-  "@stylistic/js/switch-colon-spacing": [2]
-  "@stylistic/js/template-curly-spacing": [2, never]
-  "@stylistic/js/template-tag-spacing": [2, never]
-  "@stylistic/js/wrap-iife": [2, inside]
-  "@stylistic/js/wrap-regex": [0]
-  "@stylistic/js/yield-star-spacing": [2, after]
-  "@typescript-eslint/adjacent-overload-signatures": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/array-type": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/await-thenable": [2]
-  "@typescript-eslint/ban-ts-comment": [2, {'ts-expect-error': false, 'ts-ignore': true, 'ts-nocheck': false, 'ts-check': false}]
-  "@typescript-eslint/ban-tslint-comment": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/class-literal-property-style": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/class-methods-use-this": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/consistent-generic-constructors": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/consistent-indexed-object-style": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/consistent-return": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/consistent-type-assertions": [2, {assertionStyle: as, objectLiteralTypeAssertions: allow}]
-  "@typescript-eslint/consistent-type-definitions": [2, type]
-  "@typescript-eslint/consistent-type-exports": [2, {fixMixedExportsWithInlineTypeSpecifier: false}]
-  "@typescript-eslint/consistent-type-imports": [2, {prefer: type-imports, fixStyle: separate-type-imports, disallowTypeAnnotations: true}]
-  "@typescript-eslint/default-param-last": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/dot-notation": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/explicit-function-return-type": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/explicit-member-accessibility": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/explicit-module-boundary-types": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/init-declarations": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/max-params": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/member-ordering": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/method-signature-style": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/naming-convention": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/no-array-constructor": [2]
-  "@typescript-eslint/no-array-delete": [2]
-  "@typescript-eslint/no-base-to-string": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/no-confusing-non-null-assertion": [2]
-  "@typescript-eslint/no-confusing-void-expression": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/no-deprecated": [2]
-  "@typescript-eslint/no-dupe-class-members": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/no-duplicate-enum-values": [2]
-  "@typescript-eslint/no-duplicate-type-constituents": [2, {ignoreUnions: true}]
-  "@typescript-eslint/no-dynamic-delete": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/no-empty-function": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/no-empty-interface": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/no-empty-object-type": [2]
-  "@typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/no-extra-non-null-assertion": [2]
-  "@typescript-eslint/no-extraneous-class": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/no-floating-promises": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/no-for-in-array": [2]
-  "@typescript-eslint/no-implied-eval": [2]
-  "@typescript-eslint/no-import-type-side-effects": [0] # dupe with consistent-type-imports
-  "@typescript-eslint/no-inferrable-types": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/no-invalid-this": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/no-invalid-void-type": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/no-loop-func": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/no-loss-of-precision": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/no-magic-numbers": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/no-meaningless-void-operator": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/no-misused-new": [2]
-  "@typescript-eslint/no-misused-promises": [2, {checksVoidReturn: {attributes: false, arguments: false}}]
-  "@typescript-eslint/no-mixed-enums": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/no-namespace": [2]
-  "@typescript-eslint/no-non-null-asserted-nullish-coalescing": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/no-non-null-asserted-optional-chain": [2]
-  "@typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/no-redeclare": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/no-redundant-type-constituents": [2]
-  "@typescript-eslint/no-require-imports": [2]
-  "@typescript-eslint/no-restricted-imports": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/no-restricted-types": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/no-shadow": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/no-this-alias": [0] # handled by unicorn/no-this-assignment
-  "@typescript-eslint/no-unnecessary-boolean-literal-compare": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/no-unnecessary-condition": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/no-unnecessary-qualifier": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/no-unnecessary-template-expression": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/no-unnecessary-type-arguments": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/no-unnecessary-type-assertion": [2]
-  "@typescript-eslint/no-unnecessary-type-constraint": [2]
-  "@typescript-eslint/no-unsafe-argument": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/no-unsafe-assignment": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/no-unsafe-call": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/no-unsafe-declaration-merging": [2]
-  "@typescript-eslint/no-unsafe-enum-comparison": [2]
-  "@typescript-eslint/no-unsafe-function-type": [2]
-  "@typescript-eslint/no-unsafe-member-access": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/no-unsafe-return": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/no-unsafe-unary-minus": [2]
-  "@typescript-eslint/no-unused-expressions": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/no-unused-vars": [2, {vars: all, args: all, caughtErrors: all, ignoreRestSiblings: false, argsIgnorePattern: ^_, varsIgnorePattern: ^_, caughtErrorsIgnorePattern: ^_, destructuredArrayIgnorePattern: ^_}]
-  "@typescript-eslint/no-use-before-define": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/no-useless-constructor": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/no-useless-empty-export": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/no-wrapper-object-types": [2]
-  "@typescript-eslint/non-nullable-type-assertion-style": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/only-throw-error": [2]
-  "@typescript-eslint/parameter-properties": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/prefer-as-const": [2]
-  "@typescript-eslint/prefer-destructuring": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/prefer-enum-initializers": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/prefer-find": [2]
-  "@typescript-eslint/prefer-for-of": [2]
-  "@typescript-eslint/prefer-function-type": [2]
-  "@typescript-eslint/prefer-includes": [2]
-  "@typescript-eslint/prefer-literal-enum-member": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/prefer-namespace-keyword": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/prefer-nullish-coalescing": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/prefer-optional-chain": [2, {requireNullish: true}]
-  "@typescript-eslint/prefer-promise-reject-errors": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/prefer-readonly": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/prefer-readonly-parameter-types": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/prefer-reduce-type-parameter": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/prefer-regexp-exec": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/prefer-return-this-type": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/prefer-string-starts-ends-with": [2, {allowSingleElementEquality: always}]
-  "@typescript-eslint/promise-function-async": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/require-array-sort-compare": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/require-await": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/restrict-plus-operands": [2]
-  "@typescript-eslint/restrict-template-expressions": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/return-await": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/strict-boolean-expressions": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/switch-exhaustiveness-check": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/triple-slash-reference": [2]
-  "@typescript-eslint/typedef": [0]
-  "@typescript-eslint/unbound-method": [0] # too many false-positives
-  "@typescript-eslint/unified-signatures": [2]
-  accessor-pairs: [2]
-  array-callback-return: [2, {checkForEach: true}]
-  array-func/avoid-reverse: [2]
-  array-func/from-map: [2]
-  array-func/no-unnecessary-this-arg: [2]
-  array-func/prefer-array-from: [2]
-  array-func/prefer-flat-map: [0] # handled by unicorn/prefer-array-flat-map
-  array-func/prefer-flat: [0] # handled by unicorn/prefer-array-flat
-  arrow-body-style: [0]
-  block-scoped-var: [2]
-  camelcase: [0]
-  capitalized-comments: [0]
-  class-methods-use-this: [0]
-  complexity: [0]
-  consistent-return: [0]
-  consistent-this: [0]
-  constructor-super: [2]
-  curly: [0]
-  default-case-last: [2]
-  default-case: [0]
-  default-param-last: [0]
-  dot-notation: [0]
-  eqeqeq: [2]
-  for-direction: [2]
-  func-name-matching: [2]
-  func-names: [0]
-  func-style: [0]
-  getter-return: [2]
-  github/a11y-aria-label-is-well-formatted: [0]
-  github/a11y-no-title-attribute: [0]
-  github/a11y-no-visually-hidden-interactive-element: [0]
-  github/a11y-role-supports-aria-props: [0]
-  github/a11y-svg-has-accessible-name: [0]
-  github/array-foreach: [0]
-  github/async-currenttarget: [2]
-  github/async-preventdefault: [2]
-  github/authenticity-token: [0]
-  github/get-attribute: [0]
-  github/js-class-name: [0]
-  github/no-blur: [0]
-  github/no-d-none: [0]
-  github/no-dataset: [2]
-  github/no-dynamic-script-tag: [2]
-  github/no-implicit-buggy-globals: [2]
-  github/no-inner-html: [0]
-  github/no-innerText: [2]
-  github/no-then: [2]
-  github/no-useless-passive: [2]
-  github/prefer-observers: [2]
-  github/require-passive-events: [2]
-  github/unescaped-html-literal: [0]
-  grouped-accessor-pairs: [2]
-  guard-for-in: [0]
-  id-blacklist: [0]
-  id-length: [0]
-  id-match: [0]
-  import-x/consistent-type-specifier-style: [0]
-  import-x/default: [0]
-  import-x/dynamic-import-chunkname: [0]
-  import-x/export: [2]
-  import-x/exports-last: [0]
-  import-x/extensions: [2, always, {ignorePackages: true}]
-  import-x/first: [2]
-  import-x/group-exports: [0]
-  import-x/max-dependencies: [0]
-  import-x/named: [2]
-  import-x/namespace: [0]
-  import-x/newline-after-import: [0]
-  import-x/no-absolute-path: [0]
-  import-x/no-amd: [2]
-  import-x/no-anonymous-default-export: [0]
-  import-x/no-commonjs: [2]
-  import-x/no-cycle: [2, {ignoreExternal: true, maxDepth: 1}]
-  import-x/no-default-export: [0]
-  import-x/no-deprecated: [0]
-  import-x/no-dynamic-require: [0]
-  import-x/no-empty-named-blocks: [2]
-  import-x/no-extraneous-dependencies: [2]
-  import-x/no-import-module-exports: [0]
-  import-x/no-internal-modules: [0]
-  import-x/no-mutable-exports: [0]
-  import-x/no-named-as-default-member: [0]
-  import-x/no-named-as-default: [0]
-  import-x/no-named-default: [0]
-  import-x/no-named-export: [0]
-  import-x/no-namespace: [0]
-  import-x/no-nodejs-modules: [0]
-  import-x/no-relative-packages: [0]
-  import-x/no-relative-parent-imports: [0]
-  import-x/no-restricted-paths: [0]
-  import-x/no-self-import: [2]
-  import-x/no-unassigned-import: [0]
-  import-x/no-unresolved: [2, {commonjs: true, ignore: ["\\?.+$"]}]
-  import-x/no-unused-modules: [2, {unusedExports: true}]
-  import-x/no-useless-path-segments: [2, {commonjs: true}]
-  import-x/no-webpack-loader-syntax: [2]
-  import-x/order: [0]
-  import-x/prefer-default-export: [0]
-  import-x/unambiguous: [0]
-  init-declarations: [0]
-  line-comment-position: [0]
-  logical-assignment-operators: [0]
-  max-classes-per-file: [0]
-  max-depth: [0]
-  max-lines-per-function: [0]
-  max-lines: [0]
-  max-nested-callbacks: [0]
-  max-params: [0]
-  max-statements: [0]
-  multiline-comment-style: [2, separate-lines]
-  new-cap: [0]
-  no-alert: [0]
-  no-array-constructor: [0] # handled by @typescript-eslint/no-array-constructor
-  no-async-promise-executor: [0]
-  no-await-in-loop: [0]
-  no-bitwise: [0]
-  no-buffer-constructor: [0]
-  no-caller: [2]
-  no-case-declarations: [2]
-  no-class-assign: [2]
-  no-compare-neg-zero: [2]
-  no-cond-assign: [2, except-parens]
-  no-console: [1, {allow: [debug, info, warn, error]}]
-  no-const-assign: [2]
-  no-constant-binary-expression: [2]
-  no-constant-condition: [0]
-  no-constructor-return: [2]
-  no-continue: [0]
-  no-control-regex: [0]
-  no-debugger: [1]
-  no-delete-var: [2]
-  no-div-regex: [0]
-  no-dupe-args: [2]
-  no-dupe-class-members: [2]
-  no-dupe-else-if: [2]
-  no-dupe-keys: [2]
-  no-duplicate-case: [2]
-  no-duplicate-imports: [0]
-  no-else-return: [2]
-  no-empty-character-class: [2]
-  no-empty-function: [0]
-  no-empty-pattern: [2]
-  no-empty-static-block: [2]
-  no-empty: [2, {allowEmptyCatch: true}]
-  no-eq-null: [2]
-  no-eval: [2]
-  no-ex-assign: [2]
-  no-extend-native: [2]
-  no-extra-bind: [2]
-  no-extra-boolean-cast: [2]
-  no-extra-label: [0]
-  no-fallthrough: [2]
-  no-func-assign: [2]
-  no-global-assign: [2]
-  no-implicit-coercion: [2]
-  no-implicit-globals: [0]
-  no-implied-eval: [0] # handled by @typescript-eslint/no-implied-eval
-  no-import-assign: [2]
-  no-inline-comments: [0]
-  no-inner-declarations: [2]
-  no-invalid-regexp: [2]
-  no-invalid-this: [0]
-  no-irregular-whitespace: [2]
-  no-iterator: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-ajax-events: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-ajax: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-and-self: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-animate-toggle: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-animate: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-append-html: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-attr: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-bind: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-box-model: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-browser: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-camel-case: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-class-state: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-class: [0]
-  no-jquery/no-clone: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-closest: [0]
-  no-jquery/no-constructor-attributes: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-contains: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-context-prop: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-css: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-data: [0]
-  no-jquery/no-deferred: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-delegate: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-done-fail: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-each-collection: [0]
-  no-jquery/no-each-util: [0]
-  no-jquery/no-each: [0]
-  no-jquery/no-error-shorthand: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-error: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-escape-selector: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-event-shorthand: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-extend: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-fade: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-filter: [0]
-  no-jquery/no-find-collection: [0]
-  no-jquery/no-find-util: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-find: [0]
-  no-jquery/no-fx-interval: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-fx: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-global-eval: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-global-selector: [0]
-  no-jquery/no-grep: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-has: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-hold-ready: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-html: [0]
-  no-jquery/no-in-array: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-is-array: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-is-empty-object: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-is-function: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-is-numeric: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-is-plain-object: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-is-window: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-is: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-jquery-constructor: [0]
-  no-jquery/no-live: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-load-shorthand: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-load: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-map-collection: [0]
-  no-jquery/no-map-util: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-map: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-merge: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-node-name: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-noop: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-now: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-on-ready: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-other-methods: [0]
-  no-jquery/no-other-utils: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-param: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-parent: [0]
-  no-jquery/no-parents: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-parse-html-literal: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-parse-html: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-parse-json: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-parse-xml: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-prop: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-proxy: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-ready-shorthand: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-ready: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-selector-prop: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-serialize: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-size: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-sizzle: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-slide: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-sub: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-support: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-text: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-trigger: [0]
-  no-jquery/no-trim: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-type: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-unique: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-unload-shorthand: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-val: [0]
-  no-jquery/no-visibility: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-when: [2]
-  no-jquery/no-wrap: [2]
-  no-jquery/variable-pattern: [2]
-  no-label-var: [2]
-  no-labels: [0] # handled by no-restricted-syntax
-  no-lone-blocks: [2]
-  no-lonely-if: [0]
-  no-loop-func: [0]
-  no-loss-of-precision: [2]
-  no-magic-numbers: [0]
-  no-misleading-character-class: [2]
-  no-multi-assign: [0]
-  no-multi-str: [2]
-  no-negated-condition: [0]
-  no-nested-ternary: [0]
-  no-new-func: [2]
-  no-new-native-nonconstructor: [2]
-  no-new-object: [2]
-  no-new-symbol: [2]
-  no-new-wrappers: [2]
-  no-new: [0]
-  no-nonoctal-decimal-escape: [2]
-  no-obj-calls: [2]
-  no-octal-escape: [2]
-  no-octal: [2]
-  no-param-reassign: [0]
-  no-plusplus: [0]
-  no-promise-executor-return: [0]
-  no-proto: [2]
-  no-prototype-builtins: [2]
-  no-redeclare: [0] # must be disabled for typescript overloads
-  no-regex-spaces: [2]
-  no-restricted-exports: [0]
-  no-restricted-globals: [2, addEventListener, blur, close, closed, confirm, defaultStatus, defaultstatus, error, event, external, find, focus, frameElement, frames, history, innerHeight, innerWidth, isFinite, isNaN, length, location, locationbar, menubar, moveBy, moveTo, name, onblur, onerror, onfocus, onload, onresize, onunload, open, opener, opera, outerHeight, outerWidth, pageXOffset, pageYOffset, parent, print, removeEventListener, resizeBy, resizeTo, screen, screenLeft, screenTop, screenX, screenY, scroll, scrollbars, scrollBy, scrollTo, scrollX, scrollY, self, status, statusbar, stop, toolbar, top, __dirname, __filename]
-  no-restricted-imports: [0]
-  no-restricted-syntax: [2, WithStatement, ForInStatement, LabeledStatement, SequenceExpression, {selector: "CallExpression[callee.name='fetch']", message: "use modules/fetch.ts instead"}]
-  no-return-assign: [0]
-  no-script-url: [2]
-  no-self-assign: [2, {props: true}]
-  no-self-compare: [2]
-  no-sequences: [2]
-  no-setter-return: [2]
-  no-shadow-restricted-names: [2]
-  no-shadow: [0]
-  no-sparse-arrays: [2]
-  no-template-curly-in-string: [2]
-  no-ternary: [0]
-  no-this-before-super: [2]
-  no-throw-literal: [2]
-  no-undef-init: [2]
-  no-undef: [2, {typeof: true}] # TODO: disable this rule after tsc passes
-  no-undefined: [0]
-  no-underscore-dangle: [0]
-  no-unexpected-multiline: [2]
-  no-unmodified-loop-condition: [2]
-  no-unneeded-ternary: [2]
-  no-unreachable-loop: [2]
-  no-unreachable: [2]
-  no-unsafe-finally: [2]
-  no-unsafe-negation: [2]
-  no-unused-expressions: [2]
-  no-unused-labels: [2]
-  no-unused-private-class-members: [2]
-  no-unused-vars: [0] # handled by @typescript-eslint/no-unused-vars
-  no-use-before-define: [2, {functions: false, classes: true, variables: true, allowNamedExports: true}]
-  no-use-extend-native/no-use-extend-native: [2]
-  no-useless-backreference: [2]
-  no-useless-call: [2]
-  no-useless-catch: [2]
-  no-useless-computed-key: [2]
-  no-useless-concat: [2]
-  no-useless-constructor: [2]
-  no-useless-escape: [2]
-  no-useless-rename: [2]
-  no-useless-return: [2]
-  no-var: [2]
-  no-void: [2]
-  no-warning-comments: [0]
-  no-with: [0] # handled by no-restricted-syntax
-  object-shorthand: [2, always]
-  one-var-declaration-per-line: [0]
-  one-var: [0]
-  operator-assignment: [2, always]
-  operator-linebreak: [2, after]
-  prefer-arrow-callback: [2, {allowNamedFunctions: true, allowUnboundThis: true}]
-  prefer-const: [2, {destructuring: all, ignoreReadBeforeAssign: true}]
-  prefer-destructuring: [0]
-  prefer-exponentiation-operator: [2]
-  prefer-named-capture-group: [0]
-  prefer-numeric-literals: [2]
-  prefer-object-has-own: [2]
-  prefer-object-spread: [2]
-  prefer-promise-reject-errors: [2, {allowEmptyReject: false}]
-  prefer-regex-literals: [2]
-  prefer-rest-params: [2]
-  prefer-spread: [2]
-  prefer-template: [2]
-  radix: [2, as-needed]
-  regexp/confusing-quantifier: [2]
-  regexp/control-character-escape: [2]
-  regexp/hexadecimal-escape: [0]
-  regexp/letter-case: [0]
-  regexp/match-any: [2]
-  regexp/negation: [2]
-  regexp/no-contradiction-with-assertion: [0]
-  regexp/no-control-character: [0]
-  regexp/no-dupe-characters-character-class: [2]
-  regexp/no-dupe-disjunctions: [2]
-  regexp/no-empty-alternative: [2]
-  regexp/no-empty-capturing-group: [2]
-  regexp/no-empty-character-class: [0]
-  regexp/no-empty-group: [2]
-  regexp/no-empty-lookarounds-assertion: [2]
-  regexp/no-empty-string-literal: [2]
-  regexp/no-escape-backspace: [2]
-  regexp/no-extra-lookaround-assertions: [0]
-  regexp/no-invalid-regexp: [2]
-  regexp/no-invisible-character: [2]
-  regexp/no-lazy-ends: [2]
-  regexp/no-legacy-features: [2]
-  regexp/no-misleading-capturing-group: [0]
-  regexp/no-misleading-unicode-character: [0]
-  regexp/no-missing-g-flag: [2]
-  regexp/no-non-standard-flag: [2]
-  regexp/no-obscure-range: [2]
-  regexp/no-octal: [2]
-  regexp/no-optional-assertion: [2]
-  regexp/no-potentially-useless-backreference: [2]
-  regexp/no-standalone-backslash: [2]
-  regexp/no-super-linear-backtracking: [0]
-  regexp/no-super-linear-move: [0]
-  regexp/no-trivially-nested-assertion: [2]
-  regexp/no-trivially-nested-quantifier: [2]
-  regexp/no-unused-capturing-group: [0]
-  regexp/no-useless-assertions: [2]
-  regexp/no-useless-backreference: [2]
-  regexp/no-useless-character-class: [2]
-  regexp/no-useless-dollar-replacements: [2]
-  regexp/no-useless-escape: [2]
-  regexp/no-useless-flag: [2]
-  regexp/no-useless-lazy: [2]
-  regexp/no-useless-non-capturing-group: [2]
-  regexp/no-useless-quantifier: [2]
-  regexp/no-useless-range: [2]
-  regexp/no-useless-set-operand: [2]
-  regexp/no-useless-string-literal: [2]
-  regexp/no-useless-two-nums-quantifier: [2]
-  regexp/no-zero-quantifier: [2]
-  regexp/optimal-lookaround-quantifier: [2]
-  regexp/optimal-quantifier-concatenation: [0]
-  regexp/prefer-character-class: [0]
-  regexp/prefer-d: [0]
-  regexp/prefer-escape-replacement-dollar-char: [0]
-  regexp/prefer-lookaround: [0]
-  regexp/prefer-named-backreference: [0]
-  regexp/prefer-named-capture-group: [0]
-  regexp/prefer-named-replacement: [0]
-  regexp/prefer-plus-quantifier: [2]
-  regexp/prefer-predefined-assertion: [2]
-  regexp/prefer-quantifier: [0]
-  regexp/prefer-question-quantifier: [2]
-  regexp/prefer-range: [2]
-  regexp/prefer-regexp-exec: [2]
-  regexp/prefer-regexp-test: [2]
-  regexp/prefer-result-array-groups: [0]
-  regexp/prefer-set-operation: [2]
-  regexp/prefer-star-quantifier: [2]
-  regexp/prefer-unicode-codepoint-escapes: [2]
-  regexp/prefer-w: [0]
-  regexp/require-unicode-regexp: [0]
-  regexp/simplify-set-operations: [2]
-  regexp/sort-alternatives: [0]
-  regexp/sort-character-class-elements: [0]
-  regexp/sort-flags: [0]
-  regexp/strict: [2]
-  regexp/unicode-escape: [0]
-  regexp/use-ignore-case: [0]
-  require-atomic-updates: [0]
-  require-await: [0] # handled by @typescript-eslint/require-await
-  require-unicode-regexp: [0]
-  require-yield: [2]
-  sonarjs/cognitive-complexity: [0]
-  sonarjs/elseif-without-else: [0]
-  sonarjs/max-switch-cases: [0]
-  sonarjs/no-all-duplicated-branches: [2]
-  sonarjs/no-collapsible-if: [0]
-  sonarjs/no-collection-size-mischeck: [2]
-  sonarjs/no-duplicate-string: [0]
-  sonarjs/no-duplicated-branches: [0]
-  sonarjs/no-element-overwrite: [2]
-  sonarjs/no-empty-collection: [2]
-  sonarjs/no-extra-arguments: [2]
-  sonarjs/no-gratuitous-expressions: [2]
-  sonarjs/no-identical-conditions: [2]
-  sonarjs/no-identical-expressions: [2]
-  sonarjs/no-identical-functions: [2, 5]
-  sonarjs/no-ignored-return: [2]
-  sonarjs/no-inverted-boolean-check: [2]
-  sonarjs/no-nested-switch: [0]
-  sonarjs/no-nested-template-literals: [0]
-  sonarjs/no-one-iteration-loop: [2]
-  sonarjs/no-redundant-boolean: [2]
-  sonarjs/no-redundant-jump: [2]
-  sonarjs/no-same-line-conditional: [2]
-  sonarjs/no-small-switch: [0]
-  sonarjs/no-unused-collection: [2]
-  sonarjs/no-use-of-empty-return-value: [2]
-  sonarjs/no-useless-catch: [2]
-  sonarjs/non-existent-operator: [2]
-  sonarjs/prefer-immediate-return: [0]
-  sonarjs/prefer-object-literal: [0]
-  sonarjs/prefer-single-boolean-return: [0]
-  sonarjs/prefer-while: [2]
-  sort-imports: [0]
-  sort-keys: [0]
-  sort-vars: [0]
-  strict: [0]
-  symbol-description: [2]
-  unicode-bom: [2, never]
-  unicorn/better-regex: [0]
-  unicorn/catch-error-name: [0]
-  unicorn/consistent-destructuring: [2]
-  unicorn/consistent-empty-array-spread: [2]
-  unicorn/consistent-existence-index-check: [0]
-  unicorn/consistent-function-scoping: [0]
-  unicorn/custom-error-definition: [0]
-  unicorn/empty-brace-spaces: [2]
-  unicorn/error-message: [0]
-  unicorn/escape-case: [0]
-  unicorn/expiring-todo-comments: [0]
-  unicorn/explicit-length-check: [0]
-  unicorn/filename-case: [0]
-  unicorn/import-index: [0]
-  unicorn/import-style: [0]
-  unicorn/new-for-builtins: [2]
-  unicorn/no-abusive-eslint-disable: [0]
-  unicorn/no-anonymous-default-export: [0]
-  unicorn/no-array-callback-reference: [0]
-  unicorn/no-array-for-each: [2]
-  unicorn/no-array-method-this-argument: [2]
-  unicorn/no-array-push-push: [2]
-  unicorn/no-array-reduce: [2]
-  unicorn/no-await-expression-member: [0]
-  unicorn/no-await-in-promise-methods: [2]
-  unicorn/no-console-spaces: [0]
-  unicorn/no-document-cookie: [2]
-  unicorn/no-empty-file: [2]
-  unicorn/no-for-loop: [0]
-  unicorn/no-hex-escape: [0]
-  unicorn/no-instanceof-array: [0]
-  unicorn/no-invalid-fetch-options: [2]
-  unicorn/no-invalid-remove-event-listener: [2]
-  unicorn/no-keyword-prefix: [0]
-  unicorn/no-length-as-slice-end: [2]
-  unicorn/no-lonely-if: [2]
-  unicorn/no-magic-array-flat-depth: [0]
-  unicorn/no-negated-condition: [0]
-  unicorn/no-negation-in-equality-check: [2]
-  unicorn/no-nested-ternary: [0]
-  unicorn/no-new-array: [0]
-  unicorn/no-new-buffer: [0]
-  unicorn/no-null: [0]
-  unicorn/no-object-as-default-parameter: [0]
-  unicorn/no-process-exit: [0]
-  unicorn/no-single-promise-in-promise-methods: [2]
-  unicorn/no-static-only-class: [2]
-  unicorn/no-thenable: [2]
-  unicorn/no-this-assignment: [2]
-  unicorn/no-typeof-undefined: [2]
-  unicorn/no-unnecessary-await: [2]
-  unicorn/no-unnecessary-polyfills: [2]
-  unicorn/no-unreadable-array-destructuring: [0]
-  unicorn/no-unreadable-iife: [2]
-  unicorn/no-unused-properties: [2]
-  unicorn/no-useless-fallback-in-spread: [2]
-  unicorn/no-useless-length-check: [2]
-  unicorn/no-useless-promise-resolve-reject: [2]
-  unicorn/no-useless-spread: [2]
-  unicorn/no-useless-switch-case: [2]
-  unicorn/no-useless-undefined: [0]
-  unicorn/no-zero-fractions: [2]
-  unicorn/number-literal-case: [0]
-  unicorn/numeric-separators-style: [0]
-  unicorn/prefer-add-event-listener: [2]
-  unicorn/prefer-array-find: [2]
-  unicorn/prefer-array-flat-map: [2]
-  unicorn/prefer-array-flat: [2]
-  unicorn/prefer-array-index-of: [2]
-  unicorn/prefer-array-some: [2]
-  unicorn/prefer-at: [0]
-  unicorn/prefer-blob-reading-methods: [2]
-  unicorn/prefer-code-point: [0]
-  unicorn/prefer-date-now: [2]
-  unicorn/prefer-default-parameters: [0]
-  unicorn/prefer-dom-node-append: [2]
-  unicorn/prefer-dom-node-dataset: [0]
-  unicorn/prefer-dom-node-remove: [2]
-  unicorn/prefer-dom-node-text-content: [2]
-  unicorn/prefer-event-target: [2]
-  unicorn/prefer-export-from: [0]
-  unicorn/prefer-global-this: [0]
-  unicorn/prefer-includes: [2]
-  unicorn/prefer-json-parse-buffer: [0]
-  unicorn/prefer-keyboard-event-key: [2]
-  unicorn/prefer-logical-operator-over-ternary: [2]
-  unicorn/prefer-math-min-max: [2]
-  unicorn/prefer-math-trunc: [2]
-  unicorn/prefer-modern-dom-apis: [0]
-  unicorn/prefer-modern-math-apis: [2]
-  unicorn/prefer-module: [2]
-  unicorn/prefer-native-coercion-functions: [2]
-  unicorn/prefer-negative-index: [2]
-  unicorn/prefer-node-protocol: [2]
-  unicorn/prefer-number-properties: [0]
-  unicorn/prefer-object-from-entries: [2]
-  unicorn/prefer-object-has-own: [0]
-  unicorn/prefer-optional-catch-binding: [2]
-  unicorn/prefer-prototype-methods: [0]
-  unicorn/prefer-query-selector: [2]
-  unicorn/prefer-reflect-apply: [0]
-  unicorn/prefer-regexp-test: [2]
-  unicorn/prefer-set-has: [0]
-  unicorn/prefer-set-size: [2]
-  unicorn/prefer-spread: [0]
-  unicorn/prefer-string-raw: [0]
-  unicorn/prefer-string-replace-all: [0]
-  unicorn/prefer-string-slice: [0]
-  unicorn/prefer-string-starts-ends-with: [2]
-  unicorn/prefer-string-trim-start-end: [2]
-  unicorn/prefer-structured-clone: [2]
-  unicorn/prefer-switch: [0]
-  unicorn/prefer-ternary: [0]
-  unicorn/prefer-text-content: [2]
-  unicorn/prefer-top-level-await: [0]
-  unicorn/prefer-type-error: [0]
-  unicorn/prevent-abbreviations: [0]
-  unicorn/relative-url-style: [2]
-  unicorn/require-array-join-separator: [2]
-  unicorn/require-number-to-fixed-digits-argument: [2]
-  unicorn/require-post-message-target-origin: [0]
-  unicorn/string-content: [0]
-  unicorn/switch-case-braces: [0]
-  unicorn/template-indent: [2]
-  unicorn/text-encoding-identifier-case: [0]
-  unicorn/throw-new-error: [2]
-  use-isnan: [2]
-  valid-typeof: [2, {requireStringLiterals: true}]
-  vars-on-top: [0]
-  wc/attach-shadow-constructor: [2]
-  wc/define-tag-after-class-definition: [0]
-  wc/expose-class-on-global: [0]
-  wc/file-name-matches-element: [2]
-  wc/guard-define-call: [0]
-  wc/guard-super-call: [2]
-  wc/max-elements-per-file: [0]
-  wc/no-child-traversal-in-attributechangedcallback: [2]
-  wc/no-child-traversal-in-connectedcallback: [2]
-  wc/no-closed-shadow-root: [2]
-  wc/no-constructor-attributes: [2]
-  wc/no-constructor-params: [2]
-  wc/no-constructor: [2]
-  wc/no-customized-built-in-elements: [2]
-  wc/no-exports-with-element: [0]
-  wc/no-invalid-element-name: [2]
-  wc/no-invalid-extends: [2]
-  wc/no-method-prefixed-with-on: [2]
-  wc/no-self-class: [2]
-  wc/no-typos: [2]
-  wc/require-listener-teardown: [2]
-  wc/tag-name-matches-class: [2]
-  yoda: [2, never]
--- a/.gitattributes
+++ b/.gitattributes
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@
 /assets/*.json linguist-generated
 /public/assets/img/svg/*.svg linguist-generated
 /templates/swagger/v1_json.tmpl linguist-generated
+/options/fileicon/** linguist-generated
 /vendor/** -text -eol linguist-vendored
-/web_src/fomantic/build/** linguist-generated
-/web_src/fomantic/_site/globals/site.variables linguist-language=Less
 /web_src/js/vendor/** -text -eol linguist-vendored
 Dockerfile.* linguist-language=Dockerfile
+Makefile.* linguist-language=Makefile
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/config.yml
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/config.yml
@@ -13,5 +13,5 @@ contact_links:
    url: https://docs.gitea.com/help/faq
    about: Please check if your question isn't mentioned here.
  - name: Crowdin Translations
-    url: https://crowdin.com/project/gitea
+    url: https://translate.gitea.com
    about: Translations are managed here.
--- a/.github/dependabot.yml
+++ b/.github/dependabot.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+version: 2
+
+updates:
+  - package-ecosystem: github-actions
+    labels: [modifies/dependencies]
+    directory: /
+    schedule:
+      interval: daily
+    cooldown:
+      default-days: 5
--- a/.github/labeler.yml
+++ b/.github/labeler.yml
@@ -41,17 +41,15 @@ modifies/internal:
          - ".dockerignore"
          - "docker/**"
          - ".editorconfig"
-          - ".eslintrc.yaml"
+          - ".eslintrc.cjs"
          - ".golangci.yml"
-          - ".gitpod.yml"
          - ".markdownlint.yaml"
          - ".spectral.yaml"
-          - "stylelint.config.js"
+          - "stylelint.config.*"
          - ".yamllint.yaml"
          - ".github/**"
-          - ".gitea/"
+          - ".gitea/**"
          - ".devcontainer/**"
-          - "build.go"
          - "build/**"
          - "contrib/**"

@@ -59,9 +57,9 @@ modifies/dependencies:
  - changed-files:
      - any-glob-to-any-file:
          - "package.json"
-          - "package-lock.json"
+          - "pnpm-lock.yaml"
          - "pyproject.toml"
-          - "poetry.lock"
+          - "uv.lock"
          - "go.mod"
          - "go.sum"

@@ -73,11 +71,21 @@ modifies/go:
 modifies/frontend:
  - changed-files:
      - any-glob-to-any-file:
-          - "**/*.js"
-          - "**/*.ts"
-          - "**/*.vue"
+          - "*.js"
+          - "*.ts"
+          - "web_src/**"

 docs-update-needed:
  - changed-files:
      - any-glob-to-any-file:
          - "custom/conf/app.example.ini"
+
+topic/code-linting:
+  - changed-files:
+      - any-glob-to-any-file:
+          - ".golangci.yml"
+          - ".markdownlint.yaml"
+          - ".spectral.yaml"
+          - ".yamllint.yaml"
+          - "eslint*.config.*"
+          - "stylelint.config.*"
--- a/.github/workflows/cron-flake-updater.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/cron-flake-updater.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+name: cron-flake-updater
+
+on:
+  workflow_dispatch:
+  schedule:
+    - cron: '0 0 * * 0' # runs weekly on Sunday at 00:00
+
+jobs:
+  nix-flake-update:
+    permissions:
+      contents: write
+      issues: write
+      pull-requests: write
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: DeterminateSystems/determinate-nix-action@v3
+      - uses: DeterminateSystems/update-flake-lock@main
+        with:
+          pr-title: "Update Nix flake"
+          pr-labels: |
+            dependencies
--- a/.github/workflows/cron-licenses.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/cron-licenses.yml
@@ -1,24 +1,26 @@
 name: cron-licenses

 on:
-  schedule:
-    - cron: "7 0 * * 1" # every Monday at 00:07 UTC
+  # schedule:
+  #   - cron: "7 0 * * 1" # every Monday at 00:07 UTC
  workflow_dispatch:

 jobs:
  cron-licenses:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    if: github.repository == 'go-gitea/gitea'
+    permissions:
+      contents: write
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
        with:
          go-version-file: go.mod
          check-latest: true
-      - run: make generate-license generate-gitignore
+      - run: make generate-gitignore
        timeout-minutes: 40
      - name: push translations to repo
-        uses: appleboy/git-push-action@v0.0.3
+        uses: appleboy/git-push-action@v1.2.0
        with:
          author_email: "teabot@gitea.io"
          author_name: GiteaBot
--- a/.github/workflows/cron-translations.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/cron-translations.yml
@@ -9,9 +9,11 @@ jobs:
  crowdin-pull:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    if: github.repository == 'go-gitea/gitea'
+    permissions:
+      contents: write
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: crowdin/github-action@v1
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: crowdin/github-action@v2
        with:
          upload_sources: true
          upload_translations: false
@@ -27,7 +29,7 @@ jobs:
      - name: update locales
        run: ./build/update-locales.sh
      - name: push translations to repo
-        uses: appleboy/git-push-action@v0.0.3
+        uses: appleboy/git-push-action@v1.2.0
        with:
          author_email: "teabot@gitea.io"
          author_name: GiteaBot
--- a/.github/workflows/files-changed.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/files-changed.yml
@@ -19,11 +19,15 @@ on:
        value: ${{ jobs.detect.outputs.swagger }}
      yaml:
        value: ${{ jobs.detect.outputs.yaml }}
+      json:
+        value: ${{ jobs.detect.outputs.json }}

 jobs:
  detect:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    timeout-minutes: 3
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
    outputs:
      backend: ${{ steps.changes.outputs.backend }}
      frontend: ${{ steps.changes.outputs.frontend }}
@@ -33,9 +37,10 @@ jobs:
      docker: ${{ steps.changes.outputs.docker }}
      swagger: ${{ steps.changes.outputs.swagger }}
      yaml: ${{ steps.changes.outputs.yaml }}
+      json: ${{ steps.changes.outputs.json }}
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: dorny/paths-filter@v3
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: dorny/paths-filter@v4
        id: changes
        with:
          filters: |
@@ -48,24 +53,26 @@ jobs:
              - "Makefile"
              - ".golangci.yml"
              - ".editorconfig"
-              - "options/locale/locale_en-US.ini"
+              - "options/locale/locale_en-US.json"

            frontend:
-              - "**/*.js"
+              - "*.js"
+              - "*.ts"
              - "web_src/**"
+              - "tools/*.js"
+              - "tools/*.ts"
              - "assets/emoji.json"
              - "package.json"
-              - "package-lock.json"
+              - "pnpm-lock.yaml"
              - "Makefile"
-              - ".eslintrc.yaml"
-              - "stylelint.config.js"
+              - ".eslintrc.cjs"
              - ".npmrc"

            docs:
              - "**/*.md"
              - ".markdownlint.yaml"
              - "package.json"
-              - "package-lock.json"
+              - "pnpm-lock.yaml"

            actions:
              - ".github/workflows/*"
@@ -75,9 +82,10 @@ jobs:
              - "tools/lint-templates-*.js"
              - "templates/**/*.tmpl"
              - "pyproject.toml"
-              - "poetry.lock"
+              - "uv.lock"

            docker:
+              - ".github/workflows/pull-docker-dryrun.yml"
              - "Dockerfile"
              - "Dockerfile.rootless"
              - "docker/**"
@@ -85,9 +93,10 @@ jobs:

            swagger:
              - "templates/swagger/v1_json.tmpl"
+              - "templates/swagger/v1_input.json"
              - "Makefile"
              - "package.json"
-              - "package-lock.json"
+              - "pnpm-lock.yaml"
              - ".spectral.yaml"

            yaml:
@@ -95,4 +104,6 @@ jobs:
              - "**/*.yaml"
              - ".yamllint.yaml"
              - "pyproject.toml"
-              - "poetry.lock"
+
+            json:
+              - "**/*.json"
--- a/.github/workflows/pull-compliance.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/pull-compliance.yml
@@ -10,14 +10,18 @@ concurrency:
 jobs:
  files-changed:
    uses: ./.github/workflows/files-changed.yml
+    permissions:
+      contents: read

  lint-backend:
    if: needs.files-changed.outputs.backend == 'true' || needs.files-changed.outputs.actions == 'true'
    needs: files-changed
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
        with:
          go-version-file: go.mod
          check-latest: true
@@ -30,17 +34,18 @@ jobs:
    if: needs.files-changed.outputs.templates == 'true'
    needs: files-changed
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v8.0.0
+      - run: uv python install 3.14
+      - uses: pnpm/action-setup@v5
+      - uses: actions/setup-node@v6
        with:
-          python-version: "3.12"
-      - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
-        with:
-          node-version: 22
-          cache: npm
-          cache-dependency-path: package-lock.json
-      - run: pip install poetry
+          node-version: 24
+          cache: pnpm
+          cache-dependency-path: pnpm-lock.yaml
      - run: make deps-py
      - run: make deps-frontend
      - run: make lint-templates
@@ -49,26 +54,44 @@ jobs:
    if: needs.files-changed.outputs.yaml == 'true'
    needs: files-changed
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
-        with:
-          python-version: "3.12"
-      - run: pip install poetry
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v8.0.0
+      - run: uv python install 3.14
      - run: make deps-py
      - run: make lint-yaml

+  lint-json:
+    if: needs.files-changed.outputs.json == 'true'
+    needs: files-changed
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: pnpm/action-setup@v5
+      - uses: actions/setup-node@v5
+        with:
+          node-version: 24
+      - run: make deps-frontend
+      - run: make lint-json
+
  lint-swagger:
    if: needs.files-changed.outputs.swagger == 'true'
    needs: files-changed
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: pnpm/action-setup@v5
+      - uses: actions/setup-node@v6
        with:
-          node-version: 22
-          cache: npm
-          cache-dependency-path: package-lock.json
+          node-version: 24
+          cache: pnpm
+          cache-dependency-path: pnpm-lock.yaml
      - run: make deps-frontend
      - run: make lint-swagger

@@ -76,9 +99,11 @@ jobs:
    if: needs.files-changed.outputs.backend == 'true' || needs.files-changed.outputs.frontend == 'true' || needs.files-changed.outputs.actions == 'true' || needs.files-changed.outputs.docs == 'true' || needs.files-changed.outputs.templates == 'true'
    needs: files-changed
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
        with:
          go-version-file: go.mod
          check-latest: true
@@ -88,14 +113,16 @@ jobs:
    if: needs.files-changed.outputs.backend == 'true' || needs.files-changed.outputs.actions == 'true'
    needs: files-changed
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
        with:
          go-version-file: go.mod
          check-latest: true
      - run: make deps-backend deps-tools
-      - run: make lint-go-windows lint-go-vet
+      - run: make lint-go-windows lint-go-gitea-vet
        env:
          TAGS: bindata sqlite sqlite_unlock_notify
          GOOS: windows
@@ -105,9 +132,11 @@ jobs:
    if: needs.files-changed.outputs.backend == 'true' || needs.files-changed.outputs.actions == 'true'
    needs: files-changed
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
        with:
          go-version-file: go.mod
          check-latest: true
@@ -120,9 +149,11 @@ jobs:
    if: needs.files-changed.outputs.backend == 'true' || needs.files-changed.outputs.actions == 'true'
    needs: files-changed
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
        with:
          go-version-file: go.mod
          check-latest: true
@@ -133,13 +164,16 @@ jobs:
    if: needs.files-changed.outputs.frontend == 'true' || needs.files-changed.outputs.actions == 'true'
    needs: files-changed
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: pnpm/action-setup@v5
+      - uses: actions/setup-node@v6
        with:
-          node-version: 22
-          cache: npm
-          cache-dependency-path: package-lock.json
+          node-version: 24
+          cache: pnpm
+          cache-dependency-path: pnpm-lock.yaml
      - run: make deps-frontend
      - run: make lint-frontend
      - run: make checks-frontend
@@ -150,9 +184,11 @@ jobs:
    if: needs.files-changed.outputs.backend == 'true' || needs.files-changed.outputs.actions == 'true'
    needs: files-changed
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
        with:
          go-version-file: go.mod
          check-latest: true
@@ -182,13 +218,16 @@ jobs:
    if: needs.files-changed.outputs.docs == 'true' || needs.files-changed.outputs.actions == 'true'
    needs: files-changed
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: pnpm/action-setup@v5
+      - uses: actions/setup-node@v6
        with:
-          node-version: 22
-          cache: npm
-          cache-dependency-path: package-lock.json
+          node-version: 24
+          cache: pnpm
+          cache-dependency-path: pnpm-lock.yaml
      - run: make deps-frontend
      - run: make lint-md

@@ -196,9 +235,11 @@ jobs:
    if: needs.files-changed.outputs.actions == 'true' || needs.files-changed.outputs.actions == 'true'
    needs: files-changed
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
        with:
          go-version-file: go.mod
          check-latest: true
--- a/.github/workflows/pull-db-tests.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/pull-db-tests.yml
@@ -10,14 +10,18 @@ concurrency:
 jobs:
  files-changed:
    uses: ./.github/workflows/files-changed.yml
+    permissions:
+      contents: read

  test-pgsql:
    if: needs.files-changed.outputs.backend == 'true' || needs.files-changed.outputs.actions == 'true'
    needs: files-changed
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
    services:
      pgsql:
-        image: postgres:12
+        image: postgres:14
        env:
          POSTGRES_DB: test
          POSTGRES_PASSWORD: postgres
@@ -31,15 +35,15 @@ jobs:
      minio:
        # as github actions doesn't support "entrypoint", we need to use a non-official image
        # that has a custom entrypoint set to "minio server /data"
-        image: bitnami/minio:2023.8.31
+        image: bitnamilegacy/minio:2023.8.31
        env:
          MINIO_ROOT_USER: 123456
          MINIO_ROOT_PASSWORD: 12345678
        ports:
          - "9000:9000"
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
        with:
          go-version-file: go.mod
          check-latest: true
@@ -59,37 +63,39 @@ jobs:
          RACE_ENABLED: true
          TEST_TAGS: gogit
          TEST_LDAP: 1
-          USE_REPO_TEST_DIR: 1

  test-sqlite:
    if: needs.files-changed.outputs.backend == 'true' || needs.files-changed.outputs.actions == 'true'
    needs: files-changed
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
        with:
          go-version-file: go.mod
          check-latest: true
      - run: make deps-backend
-      - run: make backend
+      - run: GOEXPERIMENT='' make backend
        env:
          TAGS: bindata gogit sqlite sqlite_unlock_notify
      - name: run migration tests
        run: make test-sqlite-migration
      - name: run tests
-        run: make test-sqlite
+        run: GOEXPERIMENT='' make test-sqlite
        timeout-minutes: 50
        env:
          TAGS: bindata gogit sqlite sqlite_unlock_notify
          RACE_ENABLED: true
          TEST_TAGS: gogit sqlite sqlite_unlock_notify
-          USE_REPO_TEST_DIR: 1

  test-unit:
    if: needs.files-changed.outputs.backend == 'true' || needs.files-changed.outputs.actions == 'true'
    needs: files-changed
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
    services:
      elasticsearch:
        image: elasticsearch:7.5.0
@@ -98,7 +104,7 @@ jobs:
        ports:
          - "9200:9200"
      meilisearch:
-        image: getmeili/meilisearch:v1.2.0
+        image: getmeili/meilisearch:v1
        env:
          MEILI_ENV: development # disable auth
        ports:
@@ -113,7 +119,7 @@ jobs:
        ports:
          - 6379:6379
      minio:
-        image: bitnami/minio:2021.3.17
+        image: bitnamilegacy/minio:2021.3.17
        env:
          MINIO_ACCESS_KEY: 123456
          MINIO_SECRET_KEY: 12345678
@@ -124,8 +130,8 @@ jobs:
        ports:
          - 10000:10000
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
        with:
          go-version-file: go.mod
          check-latest: true
@@ -142,7 +148,7 @@ jobs:
          RACE_ENABLED: true
          GITHUB_READ_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_READ_TOKEN }}
      - name: unit-tests-gogit
-        run: make unit-test-coverage test-check
+        run: GOEXPERIMENT='' make unit-test-coverage test-check
        env:
          TAGS: bindata gogit
          RACE_ENABLED: true
@@ -152,10 +158,12 @@ jobs:
    if: needs.files-changed.outputs.backend == 'true' || needs.files-changed.outputs.actions == 'true'
    needs: files-changed
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
    services:
      mysql:
        # the bitnami mysql image has more options than the official one, it's easier to customize
-        image: bitnami/mysql:8.0
+        image: bitnamilegacy/mysql:8.0
        env:
          ALLOW_EMPTY_PASSWORD: true
          MYSQL_DATABASE: testgitea
@@ -177,8 +185,8 @@ jobs:
          - "587:587"
          - "993:993"
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
        with:
          go-version-file: go.mod
          check-latest: true
@@ -196,18 +204,17 @@ jobs:
        env:
          TAGS: bindata
          RACE_ENABLED: true
-          USE_REPO_TEST_DIR: 1
          TEST_INDEXER_CODE_ES_URL: "http://elastic:changeme@elasticsearch:9200"

  test-mssql:
    if: needs.files-changed.outputs.backend == 'true' || needs.files-changed.outputs.actions == 'true'
    needs: files-changed
-    # specifying the version of ubuntu in use as mssql fails on newer kernels
-    # pending resolution from vendor
-    runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
    services:
      mssql:
-        image: mcr.microsoft.com/mssql/server:2017-latest
+        image: mcr.microsoft.com/mssql/server:2019-latest
        env:
          ACCEPT_EULA: Y
          MSSQL_PID: Standard
@@ -219,8 +226,8 @@ jobs:
        ports:
          - 10000:10000
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
        with:
          go-version-file: go.mod
          check-latest: true
@@ -236,4 +243,3 @@ jobs:
        timeout-minutes: 50
        env:
          TAGS: bindata
-          USE_REPO_TEST_DIR: 1
--- a/.github/workflows/pull-docker-dryrun.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/pull-docker-dryrun.yml
@@ -10,26 +10,31 @@ concurrency:
 jobs:
  files-changed:
    uses: ./.github/workflows/files-changed.yml
+    permissions:
+      contents: read

-  regular:
-    if: needs.files-changed.outputs.docker == 'true' || needs.files-changed.outputs.actions == 'true'
+  container:
+    if: needs.files-changed.outputs.docker == 'true'
    needs: files-changed
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
    steps:
-      - uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
-      - uses: docker/build-push-action@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v4
+      - uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v4
+      - name: Build regular container image
+        uses: docker/build-push-action@v7
        with:
+          context: .
+          platforms: linux/amd64,linux/arm64,linux/riscv64
          push: false
-          tags: gitea/gitea:linux-amd64
-
-  rootless:
-    if: needs.files-changed.outputs.docker == 'true' || needs.files-changed.outputs.actions == 'true'
-    needs: files-changed
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
-      - uses: docker/build-push-action@v5
+          cache-from: type=registry,ref=ghcr.io/go-gitea/gitea:buildcache-rootful
+      - name: Build rootless container image
+        uses: docker/build-push-action@v7
        with:
+          context: .
          push: false
+          platforms: linux/amd64,linux/arm64,linux/riscv64
          file: Dockerfile.rootless
-          tags: gitea/gitea:linux-amd64
+          cache-from: type=registry,ref=ghcr.io/go-gitea/gitea:buildcache-rootless
--- a/.github/workflows/pull-e2e-tests.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/pull-e2e-tests.yml
@@ -10,25 +10,34 @@ concurrency:
 jobs:
  files-changed:
    uses: ./.github/workflows/files-changed.yml
+    permissions:
+      contents: read

  test-e2e:
-    if: needs.files-changed.outputs.backend == 'true' || needs.files-changed.outputs.frontend == 'true' || needs.files-changed.outputs.actions == 'true'
+    if: needs.files-changed.outputs.backend == 'true' || needs.files-changed.outputs.frontend == 'true'
    needs: files-changed
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
        with:
          go-version-file: go.mod
          check-latest: true
-      - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
+      - uses: pnpm/action-setup@v5
+      - uses: actions/setup-node@v6
        with:
-          node-version: 22
-          cache: npm
-          cache-dependency-path: package-lock.json
-      - run: make deps-frontend frontend deps-backend
-      - run: npx playwright install --with-deps
-      - run: make test-e2e-sqlite
-        timeout-minutes: 40
+          node-version: 24
+          cache: pnpm
+          cache-dependency-path: pnpm-lock.yaml
+      - run: make deps-frontend
+      - run: make frontend
+      - run: make deps-backend
+      - run: make gitea-e2e
+      - run: make playwright
+      - run: make test-e2e
+        timeout-minutes: 10
        env:
-          USE_REPO_TEST_DIR: 1
+          FORCE_COLOR: 1
+          GITEA_TEST_E2E_DEBUG: 1
--- a/.github/workflows/pull-labeler.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/pull-labeler.yml
@@ -15,6 +15,6 @@ jobs:
      contents: read
      pull-requests: write
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/labeler@v5
+      - uses: actions/labeler@v6
        with:
          sync-labels: true
--- a/.github/workflows/release-nightly.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/release-nightly.yml
@@ -11,20 +11,23 @@ concurrency:
 jobs:
  nightly-binary:
    runs-on: namespace-profile-gitea-release-binary
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
      # fetch all commits instead of only the last as some branches are long lived and could have many between versions
      # fetch all tags to ensure that "git describe" reports expected Gitea version, eg. v1.21.0-dev-1-g1234567
      - run: git fetch --unshallow --quiet --tags --force
-      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+      - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
        with:
          go-version-file: go.mod
          check-latest: true
-      - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
+      - uses: pnpm/action-setup@v5
+      - uses: actions/setup-node@v6
        with:
-          node-version: 22
-          cache: npm
-          cache-dependency-path: package-lock.json
+          node-version: 24
+          cache: pnpm
+          cache-dependency-path: pnpm-lock.yaml
      - run: make deps-frontend deps-backend
      # xgo build
      - run: make release
@@ -32,7 +35,7 @@ jobs:
          TAGS: bindata sqlite sqlite_unlock_notify
      - name: import gpg key
        id: import_gpg
-        uses: crazy-max/ghaction-import-gpg@v6
+        uses: crazy-max/ghaction-import-gpg@v7
        with:
          gpg_private_key: ${{ secrets.GPGSIGN_KEY }}
          passphrase: ${{ secrets.GPGSIGN_PASSPHRASE }}
@@ -49,7 +52,7 @@ jobs:
          echo "Cleaned name is ${REF_NAME}"
          echo "branch=${REF_NAME}-nightly" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
      - name: configure aws
-        uses: aws-actions/configure-aws-credentials@v4
+        uses: aws-actions/configure-aws-credentials@v6
        with:
          aws-region: ${{ secrets.AWS_REGION }}
          aws-access-key-id: ${{ secrets.AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID }}
@@ -57,78 +60,76 @@ jobs:
      - name: upload binaries to s3
        run: |
          aws s3 sync dist/release s3://${{ secrets.AWS_S3_BUCKET }}/gitea/${{ steps.clean_name.outputs.branch }} --no-progress
-  nightly-docker-rootful:
+
+  nightly-container:
    runs-on: namespace-profile-gitea-release-docker
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
+      packages: write # to publish to ghcr.io
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
      # fetch all commits instead of only the last as some branches are long lived and could have many between versions
      # fetch all tags to ensure that "git describe" reports expected Gitea version, eg. v1.21.0-dev-1-g1234567
      - run: git fetch --unshallow --quiet --tags --force
-      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
-        with:
-          go-version-file: go.mod
-          check-latest: true
-      - uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v3
-      - uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
+      - uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v4
+      - uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v4
      - name: Get cleaned branch name
        id: clean_name
        run: |
-          # if main then say nightly otherwise cleanup name
-          if [ "${{ github.ref }}" = "refs/heads/main" ]; then
-            echo "branch=nightly" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
-            exit 0
-          fi
          REF_NAME=$(echo "${{ github.ref }}" | sed -e 's/refs\/heads\///' -e 's/refs\/tags\///' -e 's/release\/v//')
          echo "branch=${REF_NAME}-nightly" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+      - uses: docker/metadata-action@v6
+        id: meta
+        with:
+          images: |-
+            gitea/gitea
+            ghcr.io/go-gitea/gitea
+          tags: |
+            type=raw,value=${{ steps.clean_name.outputs.branch }}
+          annotations: |
+            org.opencontainers.image.authors="maintainers@gitea.io"
+      - uses: docker/metadata-action@v6
+        id: meta_rootless
+        with:
+          images: |-
+            gitea/gitea
+            ghcr.io/go-gitea/gitea
+          # each tag below will have the suffix of -rootless
+          flavor: |
+            suffix=-rootless
+          tags: |
+            type=raw,value=${{ steps.clean_name.outputs.branch }}
+          annotations: |
+            org.opencontainers.image.authors="maintainers@gitea.io"
      - name: Login to Docker Hub
-        uses: docker/login-action@v3
+        uses: docker/login-action@v4
        with:
          username: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_USERNAME }}
          password: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_TOKEN }}
-      - name: fetch go modules
-        run: make vendor
-      - name: build rootful docker image
-        uses: docker/build-push-action@v5
+      - name: Login to GHCR using PAT
+        uses: docker/login-action@v4
+        with:
+          registry: ghcr.io
+          username: ${{ github.repository_owner }}
+          password: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+      - name: build regular docker image
+        uses: docker/build-push-action@v7
        with:
          context: .
-          platforms: linux/amd64,linux/arm64
+          platforms: linux/amd64,linux/arm64,linux/riscv64
          push: true
-          tags: gitea/gitea:${{ steps.clean_name.outputs.branch }}
-  nightly-docker-rootless:
-    runs-on: namespace-profile-gitea-release-docker
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      # fetch all commits instead of only the last as some branches are long lived and could have many between versions
-      # fetch all tags to ensure that "git describe" reports expected Gitea version, eg. v1.21.0-dev-1-g1234567
-      - run: git fetch --unshallow --quiet --tags --force
-      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
-        with:
-          go-version-file: go.mod
-          check-latest: true
-      - uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v3
-      - uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
-      - name: Get cleaned branch name
-        id: clean_name
-        run: |
-          # if main then say nightly otherwise cleanup name
-          if [ "${{ github.ref }}" = "refs/heads/main" ]; then
-            echo "branch=nightly" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
-            exit 0
-          fi
-          REF_NAME=$(echo "${{ github.ref }}" | sed -e 's/refs\/heads\///' -e 's/refs\/tags\///' -e 's/release\/v//')
-          echo "branch=${REF_NAME}-nightly" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
-      - name: Login to Docker Hub
-        uses: docker/login-action@v3
-        with:
-          username: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_USERNAME }}
-          password: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_TOKEN }}
-      - name: fetch go modules
-        run: make vendor
+          tags: ${{ steps.meta.outputs.tags }}
+          annotations: ${{ steps.meta.outputs.annotations }}
+          cache-from: type=registry,ref=ghcr.io/go-gitea/gitea:buildcache-rootful
+          cache-to: type=registry,ref=ghcr.io/go-gitea/gitea:buildcache-rootful,mode=max
      - name: build rootless docker image
-        uses: docker/build-push-action@v5
+        uses: docker/build-push-action@v7
        with:
          context: .
-          platforms: linux/amd64,linux/arm64
+          platforms: linux/amd64,linux/arm64,linux/riscv64
          push: true
          file: Dockerfile.rootless
-          tags: gitea/gitea:${{ steps.clean_name.outputs.branch }}-rootless
+          tags: ${{ steps.meta_rootless.outputs.tags }}
+          annotations: ${{ steps.meta_rootless.outputs.annotations }}
+          cache-from: type=registry,ref=ghcr.io/go-gitea/gitea:buildcache-rootless
+          cache-to: type=registry,ref=ghcr.io/go-gitea/gitea:buildcache-rootless,mode=max
--- a/.github/workflows/release-tag-rc.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/release-tag-rc.yml
@@ -12,20 +12,23 @@ concurrency:
 jobs:
  binary:
    runs-on: namespace-profile-gitea-release-binary
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
      # fetch all commits instead of only the last as some branches are long lived and could have many between versions
      # fetch all tags to ensure that "git describe" reports expected Gitea version, eg. v1.21.0-dev-1-g1234567
      - run: git fetch --unshallow --quiet --tags --force
-      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+      - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
        with:
          go-version-file: go.mod
          check-latest: true
-      - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
+      - uses: pnpm/action-setup@v5
+      - uses: actions/setup-node@v6
        with:
-          node-version: 22
-          cache: npm
-          cache-dependency-path: package-lock.json
+          node-version: 24
+          cache: pnpm
+          cache-dependency-path: pnpm-lock.yaml
      - run: make deps-frontend deps-backend
      # xgo build
      - run: make release
@@ -33,7 +36,7 @@ jobs:
          TAGS: bindata sqlite sqlite_unlock_notify
      - name: import gpg key
        id: import_gpg
-        uses: crazy-max/ghaction-import-gpg@v6
+        uses: crazy-max/ghaction-import-gpg@v7
        with:
          gpg_private_key: ${{ secrets.GPGSIGN_KEY }}
          passphrase: ${{ secrets.GPGSIGN_PASSPHRASE }}
@@ -50,7 +53,7 @@ jobs:
          echo "Cleaned name is ${REF_NAME}"
          echo "branch=${REF_NAME}" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
      - name: configure aws
-        uses: aws-actions/configure-aws-credentials@v4
+        uses: aws-actions/configure-aws-credentials@v6
        with:
          aws-region: ${{ secrets.AWS_REGION }}
          aws-access-key-id: ${{ secrets.AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID }}
@@ -59,7 +62,7 @@ jobs:
        run: |
          aws s3 sync dist/release s3://${{ secrets.AWS_S3_BUCKET }}/gitea/${{ steps.clean_name.outputs.branch }} --no-progress
      - name: Install GH CLI
-        uses: dev-hanz-ops/install-gh-cli-action@v0.1.0
+        uses: dev-hanz-ops/install-gh-cli-action@v0.2.1
        with:
          gh-cli-version: 2.39.1
      - name: create github release
@@ -67,50 +70,38 @@ jobs:
          gh release create ${{ github.ref_name }} --title ${{ github.ref_name }} --draft --notes-from-tag dist/release/*
        env:
          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.RELEASE_TOKEN }}
-  docker-rootful:
+
+  container:
    runs-on: namespace-profile-gitea-release-docker
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
+      packages: write # to publish to ghcr.io
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
      # fetch all commits instead of only the last as some branches are long lived and could have many between versions
      # fetch all tags to ensure that "git describe" reports expected Gitea version, eg. v1.21.0-dev-1-g1234567
      - run: git fetch --unshallow --quiet --tags --force
-      - uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v3
-      - uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
-      - uses: docker/metadata-action@v5
+      - uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v4
+      - uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v4
+      - uses: docker/metadata-action@v6
        id: meta
        with:
-          images: gitea/gitea
+          images: |-
+            gitea/gitea
+            ghcr.io/go-gitea/gitea
          flavor: |
            latest=false
          # 1.2.3-rc0
          tags: |
            type=semver,pattern={{version}}
-      - name: Login to Docker Hub
-        uses: docker/login-action@v3
+          annotations: |
+            org.opencontainers.image.authors="maintainers@gitea.io"
+      - uses: docker/metadata-action@v6
+        id: meta_rootless
        with:
-          username: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_USERNAME }}
-          password: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_TOKEN }}
-      - name: build rootful docker image
-        uses: docker/build-push-action@v5
-        with:
-          context: .
-          platforms: linux/amd64,linux/arm64
-          push: true
-          tags: ${{ steps.meta.outputs.tags }}
-          labels: ${{ steps.meta.outputs.labels }}
-  docker-rootless:
-    runs-on: namespace-profile-gitea-release-docker
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      # fetch all commits instead of only the last as some branches are long lived and could have many between versions
-      # fetch all tags to ensure that "git describe" reports expected Gitea version, eg. v1.21.0-dev-1-g1234567
-      - run: git fetch --unshallow --quiet --tags --force
-      - uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v3
-      - uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
-      - uses: docker/metadata-action@v5
-        id: meta
-        with:
-          images: gitea/gitea
+          images: |-
+            gitea/gitea
+            ghcr.io/go-gitea/gitea
          # each tag below will have the suffix of -rootless
          flavor: |
            latest=false
@@ -118,17 +109,33 @@ jobs:
          # 1.2.3-rc0
          tags: |
            type=semver,pattern={{version}}
+          annotations: |
+            org.opencontainers.image.authors="maintainers@gitea.io"
      - name: Login to Docker Hub
-        uses: docker/login-action@v3
+        uses: docker/login-action@v4
        with:
          username: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_USERNAME }}
          password: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_TOKEN }}
-      - name: build rootless docker image
-        uses: docker/build-push-action@v5
+      - name: Login to GHCR using PAT
+        uses: docker/login-action@v4
+        with:
+          registry: ghcr.io
+          username: ${{ github.repository_owner }}
+          password: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+      - name: build regular container image
+        uses: docker/build-push-action@v7
        with:
          context: .
-          platforms: linux/amd64,linux/arm64
+          platforms: linux/amd64,linux/arm64,linux/riscv64
+          push: true
+          tags: ${{ steps.meta.outputs.tags }}
+          annotations: ${{ steps.meta.outputs.annotations }}
+      - name: build rootless container image
+        uses: docker/build-push-action@v7
+        with:
+          context: .
+          platforms: linux/amd64,linux/arm64,linux/riscv64
          push: true
          file: Dockerfile.rootless
-          tags: ${{ steps.meta.outputs.tags }}
-          labels: ${{ steps.meta.outputs.labels }}
+          tags: ${{ steps.meta_rootless.outputs.tags }}
+          annotations: ${{ steps.meta_rootless.outputs.annotations }}
--- a/.github/workflows/release-tag-version.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/release-tag-version.yml
@@ -14,20 +14,24 @@ concurrency:
 jobs:
  binary:
    runs-on: namespace-profile-gitea-release-binary
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
+      packages: write # to publish to ghcr.io
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
      # fetch all commits instead of only the last as some branches are long lived and could have many between versions
      # fetch all tags to ensure that "git describe" reports expected Gitea version, eg. v1.21.0-dev-1-g1234567
      - run: git fetch --unshallow --quiet --tags --force
-      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+      - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
        with:
          go-version-file: go.mod
          check-latest: true
-      - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
+      - uses: pnpm/action-setup@v5
+      - uses: actions/setup-node@v6
        with:
-          node-version: 22
-          cache: npm
-          cache-dependency-path: package-lock.json
+          node-version: 24
+          cache: pnpm
+          cache-dependency-path: pnpm-lock.yaml
      - run: make deps-frontend deps-backend
      # xgo build
      - run: make release
@@ -35,7 +39,7 @@ jobs:
          TAGS: bindata sqlite sqlite_unlock_notify
      - name: import gpg key
        id: import_gpg
-        uses: crazy-max/ghaction-import-gpg@v6
+        uses: crazy-max/ghaction-import-gpg@v7
        with:
          gpg_private_key: ${{ secrets.GPGSIGN_KEY }}
          passphrase: ${{ secrets.GPGSIGN_PASSPHRASE }}
@@ -52,7 +56,7 @@ jobs:
          echo "Cleaned name is ${REF_NAME}"
          echo "branch=${REF_NAME}" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
      - name: configure aws
-        uses: aws-actions/configure-aws-credentials@v4
+        uses: aws-actions/configure-aws-credentials@v6
        with:
          aws-region: ${{ secrets.AWS_REGION }}
          aws-access-key-id: ${{ secrets.AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID }}
@@ -61,7 +65,7 @@ jobs:
        run: |
          aws s3 sync dist/release s3://${{ secrets.AWS_S3_BUCKET }}/gitea/${{ steps.clean_name.outputs.branch }} --no-progress
      - name: Install GH CLI
-        uses: dev-hanz-ops/install-gh-cli-action@v0.1.0
+        uses: dev-hanz-ops/install-gh-cli-action@v0.2.1
        with:
          gh-cli-version: 2.39.1
      - name: create github release
@@ -69,54 +73,42 @@ jobs:
          gh release create ${{ github.ref_name }} --title ${{ github.ref_name }} --notes-from-tag dist/release/*
        env:
          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.RELEASE_TOKEN }}
-  docker-rootful:
+
+  container:
    runs-on: namespace-profile-gitea-release-docker
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
+      packages: write # to publish to ghcr.io
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
      # fetch all commits instead of only the last as some branches are long lived and could have many between versions
      # fetch all tags to ensure that "git describe" reports expected Gitea version, eg. v1.21.0-dev-1-g1234567
      - run: git fetch --unshallow --quiet --tags --force
-      - uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v3
-      - uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
-      - uses: docker/metadata-action@v5
+      - uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v4
+      - uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v4
+      - uses: docker/metadata-action@v6
        id: meta
        with:
-          images: gitea/gitea
+          images: |-
+            gitea/gitea
+            ghcr.io/go-gitea/gitea
          # this will generate tags in the following format:
          # latest
          # 1
          # 1.2
          # 1.2.3
          tags: |
+            type=semver,pattern={{version}}
            type=semver,pattern={{major}}
            type=semver,pattern={{major}}.{{minor}}
-            type=semver,pattern={{version}}
-      - name: Login to Docker Hub
-        uses: docker/login-action@v3
+          annotations: |
+            org.opencontainers.image.authors="maintainers@gitea.io"
+      - uses: docker/metadata-action@v6
+        id: meta_rootless
        with:
-          username: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_USERNAME }}
-          password: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_TOKEN }}
-      - name: build rootful docker image
-        uses: docker/build-push-action@v5
-        with:
-          context: .
-          platforms: linux/amd64,linux/arm64
-          push: true
-          tags: ${{ steps.meta.outputs.tags }}
-          labels: ${{ steps.meta.outputs.labels }}
-  docker-rootless:
-    runs-on: namespace-profile-gitea-release-docker
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      # fetch all commits instead of only the last as some branches are long lived and could have many between versions
-      # fetch all tags to ensure that "git describe" reports expected Gitea version, eg. v1.21.0-dev-1-g1234567
-      - run: git fetch --unshallow --quiet --tags --force
-      - uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v3
-      - uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
-      - uses: docker/metadata-action@v5
-        id: meta
-        with:
-          images: gitea/gitea
+          images: |-
+            gitea/gitea
+            ghcr.io/go-gitea/gitea
          # each tag below will have the suffix of -rootless
          flavor: |
            suffix=-rootless,onlatest=true
@@ -126,20 +118,36 @@ jobs:
          # 1.2
          # 1.2.3
          tags: |
+            type=semver,pattern={{version}}
            type=semver,pattern={{major}}
            type=semver,pattern={{major}}.{{minor}}
-            type=semver,pattern={{version}}
+          annotations: |
+            org.opencontainers.image.authors="maintainers@gitea.io"
      - name: Login to Docker Hub
-        uses: docker/login-action@v3
+        uses: docker/login-action@v4
        with:
          username: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_USERNAME }}
          password: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_TOKEN }}
-      - name: build rootless docker image
-        uses: docker/build-push-action@v5
+      - name: Login to GHCR using PAT
+        uses: docker/login-action@v4
+        with:
+          registry: ghcr.io
+          username: ${{ github.repository_owner }}
+          password: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+      - name: build regular container image
+        uses: docker/build-push-action@v7
        with:
          context: .
-          platforms: linux/amd64,linux/arm64
+          platforms: linux/amd64,linux/arm64,linux/riscv64
+          push: true
+          tags: ${{ steps.meta.outputs.tags }}
+          annotations: ${{ steps.meta.outputs.annotations }}
+      - name: build rootless container image
+        uses: docker/build-push-action@v7
+        with:
+          context: .
+          platforms: linux/amd64,linux/arm64,linux/riscv64
          push: true
          file: Dockerfile.rootless
-          tags: ${{ steps.meta.outputs.tags }}
-          labels: ${{ steps.meta.outputs.labels }}
+          tags: ${{ steps.meta_rootless.outputs.tags }}
+          annotations: ${{ steps.meta_rootless.outputs.annotations }}
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -9,6 +9,11 @@ _test

 # IntelliJ
 .idea
+.run
+
+# IntelliJ Gateway
+.uuid
+
 # Goland's output filename can not be set manually
 /go_build_*
 /gitea_*
@@ -17,6 +22,12 @@ _test
 .vscode
 __debug_bin*

+# Visual Studio
+/.vs/
+
+# mise version managment tool
+mise.toml
+
 *.cgo1.go
 *.cgo2.c
 _cgo_defun.c
@@ -34,20 +45,17 @@ _testmain.go
 coverage.all
 cpu.out

-/modules/migration/bindata.go
-/modules/migration/bindata.go.hash
-/modules/options/bindata.go
-/modules/options/bindata.go.hash
-/modules/public/bindata.go
-/modules/public/bindata.go.hash
-/modules/templates/bindata.go
-/modules/templates/bindata.go.hash
+/modules/migration/bindata.*
+/modules/options/bindata.*
+/modules/public/bindata.*
+/modules/templates/bindata.*

 *.db
 *.log
 *.log.*.gz

 /gitea
+/gitea-e2e
 /gitea-vet
 /debug
 /integrations.test
@@ -60,13 +68,9 @@ cpu.out
 /indexers
 /log
 /public/assets/img/avatar
+/tests/e2e-output
 /tests/integration/gitea-integration-*
 /tests/integration/indexers-*
-/tests/e2e/gitea-e2e-*
-/tests/e2e/indexers-*
-/tests/e2e/reports
-/tests/e2e/test-artifacts
-/tests/e2e/test-snapshots
 /tests/*.ini
 /tests/**/*.git/**/*.sample
 /node_modules
@@ -74,29 +78,16 @@ cpu.out
 /yarn.lock
 /yarn-error.log
 /npm-debug.log*
+/.pnpm-store
+/public/assets/.vite
 /public/assets/js
 /public/assets/css
 /public/assets/fonts
 /public/assets/licenses.txt
 /vendor
-/web_src/fomantic/node_modules
-/web_src/fomantic/build/*
-!/web_src/fomantic/build/semantic.js
-!/web_src/fomantic/build/semantic.css
-!/web_src/fomantic/build/themes
-/web_src/fomantic/build/themes/*
-!/web_src/fomantic/build/themes/default
-/web_src/fomantic/build/themes/default/assets/*
-!/web_src/fomantic/build/themes/default/assets/fonts
-/web_src/fomantic/build/themes/default/assets/fonts/*
-!/web_src/fomantic/build/themes/default/assets/fonts/icons.woff2
-!/web_src/fomantic/build/themes/default/assets/fonts/outline-icons.woff2
 /VERSION
 /.air
-/.go-licenses

-# Files and folders that were previously generated
-/public/assets/img/webpack

 # Snapcraft
 /gitea_a*.txt
@@ -117,3 +108,18 @@ prime/

 # Manpage
 /man
+
+# Ignore AI/LLM instruction files
+/.claude/
+/.cursorrules
+/.cursor/
+/.goosehints
+/.windsurfrules
+/.github/copilot-instructions.md
+/llms.txt
+
+# Ignore worktrees when working on multiple branches
+.worktrees/
+
+# A Makefile for custom make targets
+Makefile.local
--- a/.gitpod.yml
+++ b/.gitpod.yml
@@ -1,51 +0,0 @@
-tasks:
-  - name: Setup
-    init: |
-      cp -r contrib/ide/vscode .vscode
-      make deps
-      make build
-    command: |
-      gp sync-done setup
-      exit 0
-  - name: Run backend
-    command: |
-      gp sync-await setup
-
-      # Get the URL and extract the domain
-      url=$(gp url 3000)
-      domain=$(echo $url | awk -F[/:] '{print $4}')
-
-      if [ -f custom/conf/app.ini ]; then
-        sed -i "s|^ROOT_URL =.*|ROOT_URL = ${url}/|" custom/conf/app.ini
-        sed -i "s|^DOMAIN =.*|DOMAIN = ${domain}|" custom/conf/app.ini
-        sed -i "s|^SSH_DOMAIN =.*|SSH_DOMAIN = ${domain}|" custom/conf/app.ini
-        sed -i "s|^NO_REPLY_ADDRESS =.*|SSH_DOMAIN = noreply.${domain}|" custom/conf/app.ini
-      else
-        mkdir -p custom/conf/
-        echo -e "[server]\nROOT_URL = ${url}/" > custom/conf/app.ini
-        echo -e "\n[database]\nDB_TYPE = sqlite3\nPATH = $GITPOD_REPO_ROOT/data/gitea.db" >> custom/conf/app.ini
-      fi
-      export TAGS="sqlite sqlite_unlock_notify"
-      make watch-backend
-  - name: Run frontend
-    command: |
-      gp sync-await setup
-      make watch-frontend
-    openMode: split-right
-
-vscode:
-  extensions:
-    - editorconfig.editorconfig
-    - dbaeumer.vscode-eslint
-    - golang.go
-    - stylelint.vscode-stylelint
-    - DavidAnson.vscode-markdownlint
-    - Vue.volar
-    - ms-azuretools.vscode-docker
-    - vitest.explorer
-    - cweijan.vscode-database-client2
-    - GitHub.vscode-pull-request-github
-
-ports:
-  - name: Gitea
-    port: 3000
--- a/.golangci.yml
+++ b/.golangci.yml
@@ -1,147 +1,178 @@
+version: "2"
+output:
+  sort-order:
+    - file
 linters:
-  enable-all: false
-  disable-all: true
-  fast: false
+  default: none
  enable:
    - bidichk
+    - bodyclose
    - depguard
    - dupl
    - errcheck
    - forbidigo
+    - gocheckcompilerdirectives
    - gocritic
-    - gofmt
-    - gofumpt
-    - gosimple
    - govet
    - ineffassign
+    - mirror
+    - modernize
    - nakedret
+    - nilnil
    - nolintlint
+    - perfsprint
    - revive
    - staticcheck
-    - stylecheck
-    - tenv
    - testifylint
-    - typecheck
    - unconvert
-    - unused
    - unparam
+    - unused
+    - usestdlibvars
+    - usetesting
    - wastedassign
-
-run:
-  timeout: 10m
-
-output:
-  sort-results: true
-  sort-order: [file]
-  show-stats: true
-
-linters-settings:
-  testifylint:
-    disable:
-      - go-require
-      - require-error
-  stylecheck:
-    checks: ["all", "-ST1005", "-ST1003"]
-  nakedret:
-    max-func-lines: 0
-  gocritic:
-    disabled-checks:
-      - ifElseChain
-      - singleCaseSwitch # Every time this occurred in the code, there  was no other way.
-  revive:
-    severity: error
+  settings:
+    depguard:
+      rules:
+        main:
+          deny:
+            - pkg: encoding/json
+              desc: use gitea's modules/json instead of encoding/json
+            - pkg: github.com/unknwon/com
+              desc: use gitea's util and replacements
+            - pkg: io/ioutil
+              desc: use os or io instead
+            - pkg: golang.org/x/exp
+              desc: it's experimental and unreliable
+            - pkg: code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/git/internal
+              desc: do not use the internal package, use AddXxx function instead
+            - pkg: gopkg.in/ini.v1
+              desc: do not use the ini package, use gitea's config system instead
+            - pkg: gitea.com/go-chi/cache
+              desc: do not use the go-chi cache package, use gitea's cache system
+            - pkg: github.com/pkg/errors
+              desc: use builtin errors package instead
+    nolintlint:
+      allow-unused: false
+      require-explanation: true
+      require-specific: true
+    gocritic:
+      enabled-checks:
+        - equalFold
+      disabled-checks:
+        - ifElseChain
+        - singleCaseSwitch # Every time this occurred in the code, there was no other way.
+        - deprecatedComment # conflicts with go-swagger comments
+    revive:
+      severity: error
+      rules:
+        - name: blank-imports
+        - name: constant-logical-expr
+        - name: context-as-argument
+        - name: context-keys-type
+        - name: dot-imports
+        - name: empty-lines
+        - name: error-return
+        - name: error-strings
+        - name: exported
+        - name: identical-branches
+        - name: if-return
+        - name: increment-decrement
+        - name: modifies-value-receiver
+        - name: package-comments
+        - name: redefines-builtin-id
+        - name: superfluous-else
+        - name: time-naming
+        - name: unexported-return
+        - name: var-declaration
+        - name: var-naming
+          arguments:
+            - [] # AllowList - do not remove as args for the rule are positional and won't work without lists first
+            - [] # DenyList
+            - - skip-package-name-checks: true # supress errors from underscore in migration packages
+    staticcheck:
+      checks:
+        - all
+        - -ST1003
+        - -ST1005
+        - -QF1001
+        - -QF1006
+        - -QF1008
+    testifylint:
+      disable:
+        - go-require
+        - require-error
+    usetesting:
+      os-temp-dir: true
+    perfsprint:
+      concat-loop: false
+    govet:
+      enable:
+        - nilness
+        - unusedwrite
+  exclusions:
+    generated: lax
+    presets:
+      - comments
+      - common-false-positives
+      - legacy
+      - std-error-handling
    rules:
-      - name: atomic
-      - name: bare-return
-      - name: blank-imports
-      - name: constant-logical-expr
-      - name: context-as-argument
-      - name: context-keys-type
-      - name: dot-imports
-      - name: duplicated-imports
-      - name: empty-lines
-      - name: error-naming
-      - name: error-return
-      - name: error-strings
-      - name: errorf
-      - name: exported
-      - name: identical-branches
-      - name: if-return
-      - name: increment-decrement
-      - name: indent-error-flow
-      - name: modifies-value-receiver
-      - name: package-comments
-      - name: range
-      - name: receiver-naming
-      - name: redefines-builtin-id
-      - name: string-of-int
-      - name: superfluous-else
-      - name: time-naming
-      - name: unconditional-recursion
-      - name: unexported-return
-      - name: unreachable-code
-      - name: var-declaration
-      - name: var-naming
-  gofumpt:
-    extra-rules: true
-  depguard:
-    rules:
-      main:
-        deny:
-          - pkg: encoding/json
-            desc: use gitea's modules/json instead of encoding/json
-          - pkg: github.com/unknwon/com
-            desc: use gitea's util and replacements
-          - pkg: io/ioutil
-            desc: use os or io instead
-          - pkg: golang.org/x/exp
-            desc: it's experimental and unreliable
-          - pkg: code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/git/internal
-            desc: do not use the internal package, use AddXxx function instead
-          - pkg: gopkg.in/ini.v1
-            desc: do not use the ini package, use gitea's config system instead
-          - pkg: gitea.com/go-chi/cache
-            desc: do not use the go-chi cache package, use gitea's cache system
-
+      - linters:
+          - dupl
+          - errcheck
+          - staticcheck
+          - unparam
+        path: _test\.go
+      - linters:
+          - dupl
+          - errcheck
+        path: models/migrations/v
+      - linters:
+          - forbidigo
+        path: cmd
+      - linters:
+          - dupl
+        text: (?i)webhook
+      - linters:
+          - gocritic
+        text: (?i)`ID' should not be capitalized
+      - linters:
+          - unused
+        text: (?i)swagger
+      - linters:
+          - gocritic
+        text: '(?i)commentFormatting: put a space between `//` and comment text'
+      - linters:
+          - gocritic
+        text: '(?i)exitAfterDefer:'
+    paths:
+      - node_modules
+      - .venv
+      - public
+      - web_src
+      - third_party$
+      - builtin$
+      - examples$
 issues:
  max-issues-per-linter: 0
  max-same-issues: 0
-  exclude-dirs: [node_modules, public, web_src]
-  exclude-case-sensitive: true
-  exclude-rules:
-    - path: _test\.go
-      linters:
-        - gocyclo
-        - errcheck
-        - dupl
-        - gosec
-        - unparam
-        - staticcheck
-    - path: models/migrations/v
-      linters:
-        - gocyclo
-        - errcheck
-        - dupl
-        - gosec
-    - path: cmd
-      linters:
-        - forbidigo
-    - text: "webhook"
-      linters:
-        - dupl
-    - text: "`ID' should not be capitalized"
-      linters:
-        - gocritic
-    - text: "swagger"
-      linters:
-        - unused
-        - deadcode
-    - text: "argument x is overwritten before first use"
-      linters:
-        - staticcheck
-    - text: "commentFormatting: put a space between `//` and comment text"
-      linters:
-        - gocritic
-    - text: "exitAfterDefer:"
-      linters:
-        - gocritic
+formatters:
+  enable:
+    - gofmt
+    - gofumpt
+  settings:
+    gofumpt:
+      extra-rules: true
+  exclusions:
+    generated: lax
+    paths:
+      - node_modules
+      - .venv
+      - public
+      - web_src
+      - third_party$
+      - builtin$
+      - examples$
+
+run:
+  timeout: 10m
--- a/.ignore
+++ b/.ignore
@@ -1,9 +1,6 @@
 *.min.css
 *.min.js
 /assets/*.json
-/modules/options/bindata.go
-/modules/public/bindata.go
-/modules/templates/bindata.go
 /options/gitignore
 /options/license
 /public/assets
--- a/.mailmap
+++ b/.mailmap
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Unknwon <u@gogs.io> <joe2010xtmf@163.com>
+Unknwon <u@gogs.io> 无闻 <u@gogs.io>
--- a/.npmrc
+++ b/.npmrc
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 audit=false
 fund=false
 update-notifier=false
-package-lock=true
 save-exact=true
-lockfile-version=3
+auto-install-peers=true
+dedupe-peer-dependents=false
+enable-pre-post-scripts=true
--- a/.yamllint.yaml
+++ b/.yamllint.yaml
@@ -21,9 +21,7 @@ rules:
  comments-indentation:
    level: error

-  document-start:
-    level: error
-    present: false
+  document-start: disable

  document-end:
    present: false
--- a/AGENTS.md
+++ b/AGENTS.md
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+- Use `make help` to find available development targets
+- Run `make fmt` to format `.go` files, and run `make lint-go` to lint them
+- Run `make lint-js` to lint `.ts` files
+- Run `make tidy` after any `go.mod` changes
+- Add the current year into the copyright header of new `.go` files
+- Ensure no trailing whitespace in edited files
+- Never force-push, amend, or squash unless asked. Use new commits and normal push for pull request updates
+- Preserve existing code comments, do not remove or rewrite comments that are still relevant
+- In TypeScript, use `!` (non-null assertion) instead of `?.`/`??` when a value is known to always exist
+- Include authorship attribution in issue and pull request comments
+- Add `Co-Authored-By` lines to all commits, indicating name and model used
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
--- a/CLAUDE.md
+++ b/CLAUDE.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+@AGENTS.md
--- a/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md
+++ b/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ These are the values to which people in the Gitea community should aspire.
 - **Be constructive.**
  - Avoid derailing: stay on topic; if you want to talk about something else, start a new conversation.
  - Avoid unconstructive criticism: don't merely decry the current state of affairs; offer—or at least solicit—suggestions as to how things may be improved.
-  - Avoid snarking (pithy, unproductive, sniping comments)
+  - Avoid snarking (pithy, unproductive, sniping comments).
  - Avoid discussing potentially offensive or sensitive issues; this all too often leads to unnecessary conflict.
  - Avoid microaggressions (brief and commonplace verbal, behavioral and environmental indignities that communicate hostile, derogatory or negative slights and insults to a person or group).
 - **Be responsible.**
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ People are complicated. You should expect to be misunderstood and to misundersta

 ### Our Pledge

-In the interest of fostering an open and welcoming environment, we as contributors and maintainers pledge to making participation in our project and our community a harassment-free experience for everyone, regardless of age, body size, disability, ethnicity, gender identity and expression, level of experience, education, socio-economic status, nationality, personal appearance, race, religion, or sexual identity and orientation.
+In the interest of fostering an open and welcoming environment, we as contributors and maintainers pledge to make participation in our project and our community a harassment-free experience for everyone, regardless of age, body size, disability, ethnicity, gender identity and expression, level of experience, education, socio-economic status, nationality, personal appearance, race, religion, or sexual identity and orientation.

 ### Our Standards

--- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@

 - [Contribution Guidelines](#contribution-guidelines)
  - [Introduction](#introduction)
+  - [AI Contribution Policy](#ai-contribution-policy)
  - [Issues](#issues)
    - [How to report issues](#how-to-report-issues)
    - [Types of issues](#types-of-issues)
@@ -67,6 +68,21 @@ Sensitive security-related issues should be reported to [security@gitea.io](mail

 For configuring IDEs for Gitea development, see the [contributed IDE configurations](contrib/ide/).

+## AI Contribution Policy
+
+Contributions made with the assistance of AI tools are welcome, but contributors must use them responsibly and disclose that use clearly.
+
+1. Review AI-generated code closely before marking a pull request ready for review.
+2. Manually test the changes and add appropriate automated tests where feasible.
+3. Only use AI to assist in contributions that you understand well enough to explain, defend, and revise yourself during review.
+4. Disclose AI-assisted content clearly.
+5. Do not use AI to reply to questions about your issue or pull request. The questions are for you, not an AI model.
+6. AI may be used to help draft issues and pull requests, but contributors remain responsible for the accuracy, completeness, and intent of what they submit.
+
+Maintainers reserve the right to close pull requests and issues that do not disclose AI assistance, that appear to be low-quality AI-generated content, or where the contributor cannot explain or defend the proposed changes themselves.
+
+We welcome new contributors, but cannot sustain the effort of supporting contributors who primarily defer to AI rather than engaging substantively with the review process.
+
 ## Issues

 ### How to report issues
@@ -80,7 +96,7 @@ The more detailed and specific you are, the faster we can fix the issue. \
 It is really helpful if you can reproduce your problem on a site running on the latest commits, i.e. <https://demo.gitea.com>, as perhaps your problem has already been fixed on a current version. \
 Please follow the guidelines described in [How to Report Bugs Effectively](http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/bugs.html) for your report.

-Please be kind, remember that Gitea comes at no cost to you, and you're getting free help.
+Please be kind—remember that Gitea comes at no cost to you, and you're getting free help.

 ### Types of issues

@@ -166,24 +182,32 @@ Here's how to run the test suite:

 - code lint

-|                       |                                                                   |
-| :-------------------- | :---------------------------------------------------------------- |
+|                       |                                                                              |
+| :-------------------- | :--------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
 |``make lint``          | lint everything (not needed if you only change the front- **or** backend)    |
-|``make lint-frontend`` | lint frontend files  |
-|``make lint-backend``  | lint backend files   |
+|``make lint-frontend`` | lint frontend files                                                          |
+|``make lint-backend``  | lint backend files                                                           |

 - run tests (we suggest running them on Linux)

-|  Command                               | Action                                           |              |
-| :------------------------------------- | :----------------------------------------------- | ------------ |
-|``make test[\#SpecificTestName]``       |  run unit test(s)  | |
-|``make test-sqlite[\#SpecificTestName]``|  run [integration](tests/integration) test(s) for SQLite |[More details](tests/integration/README.md)  |
-|``make test-e2e-sqlite[\#SpecificTestName]``|  run [end-to-end](tests/e2e) test(s) for SQLite |[More details](tests/e2e/README.md)  |
+|  Command                                    | Action                                                   |                                             |
+| :------------------------------------------ | :------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------- |
+|``make test[\#SpecificTestName]``            |  run unit test(s)                                        |                                             |
+|``make test-sqlite[\#SpecificTestName]``     |  run [integration](tests/integration) test(s) for SQLite | [More details](tests/integration/README.md) |
+|``make test-e2e``                            |  run [end-to-end](tests/e2e) test(s) using Playwright    |                                             |
+
+- E2E test environment variables
+
+| Variable                          | Description                                                 |
+| :-------------------------------- | :---------------------------------------------------------- |
+| ``GITEA_TEST_E2E_DEBUG``          | When set, show Gitea server output                          |
+| ``GITEA_TEST_E2E_FLAGS``          | Additional flags passed to Playwright, for example ``--ui`` |
+| ``GITEA_TEST_E2E_TIMEOUT_FACTOR`` | Timeout multiplier (default: 3 on CI, 1 locally)            |

 ## Translation

-All translation work happens on [Crowdin](https://crowdin.com/project/gitea).
-The only translation that is maintained in this repository is [the English translation](https://github.com/go-gitea/gitea/blob/main/options/locale/locale_en-US.ini).
+All translation work happens on [Crowdin](https://translate.gitea.com).
+The only translation that is maintained in this repository is [the English translation](https://github.com/go-gitea/gitea/blob/main/options/locale/locale_en-US.json).
 It is synced regularly with Crowdin. \
 Other locales on main branch **should not** be updated manually as they will be overwritten with each sync. \
 Once a language has reached a **satisfactory percentage** of translated keys (~25%), it will be synced back into this repo and included in the next released version.
@@ -591,7 +615,7 @@ be reviewed by two maintainers and must pass the automatic tests.
 ## Releasing Gitea

 - Let $vmaj, $vmin and $vpat be Major, Minor and Patch version numbers, $vpat should be rc1, rc2, 0, 1, ...... $vmaj.$vmin will be kept the same as milestones on github or gitea in future.
- Before releasing, confirm all the version's milestone issues or PRs has been resolved. Then discuss the release on Discord channel #maintainers and get agreed with almost all the owners and mergers. Or you can declare the version and if nobody against in about serval hours.
+- Before releasing, confirm all the version's milestone issues or PRs has been resolved. Then discuss the release on Discord channel #maintainers and get agreed with almost all the owners and mergers. Or you can declare the version and if nobody is against it in about several hours.
 - If this is a big version first you have to create PR for changelog on branch `main` with PRs with label `changelog` and after it has been merged do following steps:
  - Create `-dev` tag as `git tag -s -F release.notes v$vmaj.$vmin.0-dev` and push the tag as `git push origin v$vmaj.$vmin.0-dev`.
  - When CI has finished building tag then you have to create a new branch named `release/v$vmaj.$vmin`
--- a/64
+++ b/64
@@ -1,8 +1,15 @@
-# Build stage
-FROM docker.io/library/golang:1.23-alpine3.20 AS build-env
+# syntax=docker/dockerfile:1
+# Build frontend on the native platform to avoid QEMU-related issues with nodejs ecosystem
+FROM --platform=$BUILDPLATFORM docker.io/library/golang:1.26-alpine3.23 AS frontend-build
+RUN apk --no-cache add build-base git nodejs pnpm
+WORKDIR /src
+COPY package.json pnpm-lock.yaml .npmrc ./
+RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.local/share/pnpm/store pnpm install --frozen-lockfile
+COPY --exclude=.git/ . .
+RUN make frontend

-ARG GOPROXY
-ENV GOPROXY=${GOPROXY:-direct}
+# Build backend for each target platform
+FROM docker.io/library/golang:1.26-alpine3.23 AS build-env

 ARG GITEA_VERSION
 ARG TAGS="sqlite sqlite_unlock_notify"
@@ -12,37 +19,32 @@ ARG CGO_EXTRA_CFLAGS
 # Build deps
 RUN apk --no-cache add \
    build-base \
-    git \
-    nodejs \
-    npm \
-    && rm -rf /var/cache/apk/*
+    git

-# Setup repo
-COPY . ${GOPATH}/src/code.gitea.io/gitea
 WORKDIR ${GOPATH}/src/code.gitea.io/gitea
+COPY go.mod go.sum ./
+RUN go mod download
+# Use COPY instead of bind mount as read-only one breaks makefile state tracking and read-write one needs binary to be moved as it's discarded.
+# ".git" directory is mounted separately later only for version data extraction.
+COPY --exclude=.git/ . .
+COPY --from=frontend-build /src/public/assets public/assets

-# Checkout version if set
-RUN if [ -n "${GITEA_VERSION}" ]; then git checkout "${GITEA_VERSION}"; fi \
- && make clean-all build
+# Build gitea, .git mount is required for version data
+RUN --mount=type=cache,target="/root/.cache/go-build" \
+    --mount=type=bind,source=".git/",target=".git/" \
+    make backend

-# Begin env-to-ini build
-RUN go build contrib/environment-to-ini/environment-to-ini.go
-
-# Copy local files
 COPY docker/root /tmp/local

-# Set permissions
+# Set permissions for builds that made under windows which strips the executable bit from file
 RUN chmod 755 /tmp/local/usr/bin/entrypoint \
-              /tmp/local/usr/local/bin/gitea \
+              /tmp/local/usr/local/bin/* \
              /tmp/local/etc/s6/gitea/* \
              /tmp/local/etc/s6/openssh/* \
              /tmp/local/etc/s6/.s6-svscan/* \
-              /go/src/code.gitea.io/gitea/gitea \
-              /go/src/code.gitea.io/gitea/environment-to-ini
-RUN chmod 644 /go/src/code.gitea.io/gitea/contrib/autocompletion/bash_autocomplete
+              /go/src/code.gitea.io/gitea/gitea

-FROM docker.io/library/alpine:3.20
-LABEL maintainer="maintainers@gitea.io"
+FROM docker.io/library/alpine:3.23 AS gitea

 EXPOSE 22 3000

@@ -57,8 +59,7 @@ RUN apk --no-cache add \
    s6 \
    sqlite \
    su-exec \
-    gnupg \
-    && rm -rf /var/cache/apk/*
+    gnupg

 RUN addgroup \
    -S -g 1000 \
@@ -72,15 +73,14 @@ RUN addgroup \
    git && \
  echo "git:*" | chpasswd -e

+COPY --from=build-env /tmp/local /
+COPY --from=build-env /go/src/code.gitea.io/gitea/gitea /app/gitea/gitea
+
 ENV USER=git
 ENV GITEA_CUSTOM=/data/gitea

 VOLUME ["/data"]

+# HINT: HEALTH-CHECK-ENDPOINT: don't use HEALTHCHECK, search this hint keyword for more information
 ENTRYPOINT ["/usr/bin/entrypoint"]
-CMD ["/bin/s6-svscan", "/etc/s6"]
-
-COPY --from=build-env /tmp/local /
-COPY --from=build-env /go/src/code.gitea.io/gitea/gitea /app/gitea/gitea
-COPY --from=build-env /go/src/code.gitea.io/gitea/environment-to-ini /usr/local/bin/environment-to-ini
-COPY --from=build-env /go/src/code.gitea.io/gitea/contrib/autocompletion/bash_autocomplete /etc/profile.d/gitea_bash_autocomplete.sh
+CMD ["/usr/bin/s6-svscan", "/etc/s6"]
--- a/Dockerfile.rootless
+++ b/Dockerfile.rootless
@@ -1,46 +1,45 @@
-# Build stage
-FROM docker.io/library/golang:1.23-alpine3.20 AS build-env
+# syntax=docker/dockerfile:1
+# Build frontend on the native platform to avoid QEMU-related issues with nodejs ecosystem
+FROM --platform=$BUILDPLATFORM docker.io/library/golang:1.26-alpine3.23 AS frontend-build
+RUN apk --no-cache add build-base git nodejs pnpm
+WORKDIR /src
+COPY package.json pnpm-lock.yaml .npmrc ./
+RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.local/share/pnpm/store pnpm install --frozen-lockfile
+COPY --exclude=.git/ . .
+RUN make frontend

-ARG GOPROXY
-ENV GOPROXY=${GOPROXY:-direct}
+# Build backend for each target platform
+FROM docker.io/library/golang:1.26-alpine3.23 AS build-env

 ARG GITEA_VERSION
 ARG TAGS="sqlite sqlite_unlock_notify"
 ENV TAGS="bindata timetzdata $TAGS"
 ARG CGO_EXTRA_CFLAGS

-#Build deps
+# Build deps
 RUN apk --no-cache add \
    build-base \
-    git \
-    nodejs \
-    npm \
-    && rm -rf /var/cache/apk/*
+    git

-# Setup repo
-COPY . ${GOPATH}/src/code.gitea.io/gitea
 WORKDIR ${GOPATH}/src/code.gitea.io/gitea
+COPY go.mod go.sum ./
+RUN go mod download
+# See the comments in Dockerfile
+COPY --exclude=.git/ . .
+COPY --from=frontend-build /src/public/assets public/assets

-# Checkout version if set
-RUN if [ -n "${GITEA_VERSION}" ]; then git checkout "${GITEA_VERSION}"; fi \
- && make clean-all build
+# Build gitea, .git mount is required for version data
+RUN --mount=type=cache,target="/root/.cache/go-build" \
+    --mount=type=bind,source=".git/",target=".git/" \
+    make backend

-# Begin env-to-ini build
-RUN go build contrib/environment-to-ini/environment-to-ini.go
-
-# Copy local files
 COPY docker/rootless /tmp/local

-# Set permissions
-RUN chmod 755 /tmp/local/usr/local/bin/docker-entrypoint.sh \
-              /tmp/local/usr/local/bin/docker-setup.sh \
-              /tmp/local/usr/local/bin/gitea \
-              /go/src/code.gitea.io/gitea/gitea \
-              /go/src/code.gitea.io/gitea/environment-to-ini
-RUN chmod 644 /go/src/code.gitea.io/gitea/contrib/autocompletion/bash_autocomplete
+# Set permissions for builds that made under windows which strips the executable bit from file
+RUN chmod 755 /tmp/local/usr/local/bin/* \
+              /go/src/code.gitea.io/gitea/gitea

-FROM docker.io/library/alpine:3.20
-LABEL maintainer="maintainers@gitea.io"
+FROM docker.io/library/alpine:3.23 AS gitea-rootless

 EXPOSE 2222 3000

@@ -52,7 +51,7 @@ RUN apk --no-cache add \
    git \
    curl \
    gnupg \
-    && rm -rf /var/cache/apk/*
+    openssh-keygen

 RUN addgroup \
    -S -g 1000 \
@@ -70,8 +69,6 @@ RUN chown git:git /var/lib/gitea /etc/gitea

 COPY --from=build-env /tmp/local /
 COPY --from=build-env --chown=root:root /go/src/code.gitea.io/gitea/gitea /app/gitea/gitea
-COPY --from=build-env --chown=root:root /go/src/code.gitea.io/gitea/environment-to-ini /usr/local/bin/environment-to-ini
-COPY --from=build-env /go/src/code.gitea.io/gitea/contrib/autocompletion/bash_autocomplete /etc/profile.d/gitea_bash_autocomplete.sh

 # git:git
 USER 1000:1000
@@ -86,5 +83,6 @@ ENV HOME="/var/lib/gitea/git"
 VOLUME ["/var/lib/gitea", "/etc/gitea"]
 WORKDIR /var/lib/gitea

+# HINT: HEALTH-CHECK-ENDPOINT: don't use HEALTHCHECK, search this hint keyword for more information
 ENTRYPOINT ["/usr/bin/dumb-init", "--", "/usr/local/bin/docker-entrypoint.sh"]
 CMD []
--- a/8
+++ b/8
@@ -31,15 +31,12 @@ Gary Kim <gary@garykim.dev> (@gary-kim)
 Guillermo Prandi <gitea.maint@mailfilter.com.ar> (@guillep2k)
 Mura Li <typeless@ctli.io> (@typeless)
 6543 <6543@obermui.de> (@6543)
-jaqra <jaqra@hotmail.com> (@jaqra)
 David Svantesson <davidsvantesson@gmail.com> (@davidsvantesson)
 a1012112796 <1012112796@qq.com> (@a1012112796)
 Karl Heinz Marbaise <kama@soebes.de> (@khmarbaise)
 Norwin Roosen <git@nroo.de> (@noerw)
 Kyle Dumont <kdumontnu@gmail.com> (@kdumontnu)
-Patrick Schratz <patrick.schratz@gmail.com> (@pat-s)
 Janis Estelmann <admin@oldschoolhack.me> (@KN4CK3R)
-Steven Kriegler <sk.bunsenbrenner@gmail.com> (@justusbunsi)
 Jimmy Praet <jimmy.praet@telenet.be> (@jpraet)
 Leon Hofmeister <dev.lh@web.de> (@delvh)
 Wim <wim@42.be> (@42wim)
@@ -63,3 +60,8 @@ Yu Liu <1240335630@qq.com> (@HEREYUA)
 Kemal Zebari <kemalzebra@gmail.com> (@kemzeb)
 Rowan Bohde <rowan.bohde@gmail.com> (@bohde)
 hiifong <i@hiif.ong> (@hiifong)
+metiftikci <metiftikci@hotmail.com> (@metiftikci)
+Christopher Homberger <christopher.homberger@web.de> (@ChristopherHX)
+Tobias Balle-Petersen <tobiasbp@gmail.com> (@tobiasbp)
+TheFox <thefox0x7@gmail.com> (@TheFox0x7)
+Nicolas <bircni@icloud.com> (@bircni)
--- a/626
+++ b/626
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -8,10 +8,9 @@
 [![](https://www.codetriage.com/go-gitea/gitea/badges/users.svg)](https://www.codetriage.com/go-gitea/gitea "Help Contribute to Open Source")
 [![](https://opencollective.com/gitea/tiers/backers/badge.svg?label=backers&color=brightgreen)](https://opencollective.com/gitea "Become a backer/sponsor of gitea")
 [![](https://img.shields.io/badge/License-MIT-blue.svg)](https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT "License: MIT")
-[![Contribute with Gitpod](https://img.shields.io/badge/Contribute%20with-Gitpod-908a85?logo=gitpod&color=green)](https://gitpod.io/#https://github.com/go-gitea/gitea)
-[![](https://badges.crowdin.net/gitea/localized.svg)](https://crowdin.com/project/gitea "Crowdin")
+[![](https://badges.crowdin.net/gitea/localized.svg)](https://translate.gitea.com "Crowdin")

-[View this document in Chinese](./README_ZH.md)
+[繁體中文](./README.zh-tw.md) | [简体中文](./README.zh-cn.md)

 ## Purpose

@@ -31,6 +30,14 @@ For accessing free Gitea service (with a limited number of repositories), you ca

 To quickly deploy your own dedicated Gitea instance on Gitea Cloud, you can start a free trial at [cloud.gitea.com](https://cloud.gitea.com).

+## Documentation
+
+You can find comprehensive documentation on our official [documentation website](https://docs.gitea.com/).
+
+It includes installation, administration, usage, development, contributing guides, and more to help you get started and explore all features effectively.
+
+If you have any suggestions or would like to contribute to it, you can visit the [documentation repository](https://gitea.com/gitea/docs)
+
 ## Building

 From the root of the source tree, run:
@@ -44,7 +51,7 @@ or if SQLite support is required:
 The `build` target is split into two sub-targets:

 - `make backend` which requires [Go Stable](https://go.dev/dl/), the required version is defined in [go.mod](/go.mod).
- `make frontend` which requires [Node.js LTS](https://nodejs.org/en/download/) or greater.
+- `make frontend` which requires [Node.js LTS](https://nodejs.org/en/download/) or greater and [pnpm](https://pnpm.io/installation).

 Internet connectivity is required to download the go and npm modules. When building from the official source tarballs which include pre-built frontend files, the `frontend` target will not be triggered, making it possible to build without Node.js.

@@ -52,6 +59,8 @@ More info: https://docs.gitea.com/installation/install-from-source

 ## Using

+After building, a binary file named `gitea` will be generated in the root of the source tree by default. To run it, use:
+
    ./gitea web

 > [!NOTE]
@@ -68,22 +77,25 @@ Expected workflow is: Fork -> Patch -> Push -> Pull Request

 ## Translating

-Translations are done through Crowdin. If you want to translate to a new language ask one of the managers in the Crowdin project to add a new language there.
+[![Crowdin](https://badges.crowdin.net/gitea/localized.svg)](https://translate.gitea.com)

-You can also just create an issue for adding a language or ask on discord on the #translation channel. If you need context or find some translation issues, you can leave a comment on the string or ask on Discord. For general translation questions there is a section in the docs. Currently a bit empty but we hope to fill it as questions pop up.
+Translations are done through [Crowdin](https://translate.gitea.com). If you want to translate to a new language, ask one of the managers in the Crowdin project to add a new language there.

-https://docs.gitea.com/contributing/localization
+You can also just create an issue for adding a language or ask on Discord on the #translation channel. If you need context or find some translation issues, you can leave a comment on the string or ask on Discord. For general translation questions there is a section in the docs. Currently a bit empty, but we hope to fill it as questions pop up.

-[![Crowdin](https://badges.crowdin.net/gitea/localized.svg)](https://crowdin.com/project/gitea)
+Get more information from [documentation](https://docs.gitea.com/contributing/localization).

-## Further information
+## Official and Third-Party Projects

-For more information and instructions about how to install Gitea, please look at our [documentation](https://docs.gitea.com/).
-If you have questions that are not covered by the documentation, you can get in contact with us on our [Discord server](https://discord.gg/Gitea) or create  a post in the [discourse forum](https://forum.gitea.com/).
+We provide an official [go-sdk](https://gitea.com/gitea/go-sdk), a CLI tool called [tea](https://gitea.com/gitea/tea) and an [action runner](https://gitea.com/gitea/act_runner) for Gitea Action.

-We maintain a list of Gitea-related projects at [gitea/awesome-gitea](https://gitea.com/gitea/awesome-gitea).
+We maintain a list of Gitea-related projects at [gitea/awesome-gitea](https://gitea.com/gitea/awesome-gitea), where you can discover more third-party projects, including SDKs, plugins, themes, and more.

-The official Gitea CLI is developed at [gitea/tea](https://gitea.com/gitea/tea).
+## Communication
+
+[![](https://img.shields.io/discord/322538954119184384.svg?logo=discord&logoColor=white&label=Discord&color=5865F2)](https://discord.gg/Gitea "Join the Discord chat at https://discord.gg/Gitea")
+
+If you have questions that are not covered by the [documentation](https://docs.gitea.com/), you can get in contact with us on our [Discord server](https://discord.gg/Gitea) or create a post in the [discourse forum](https://forum.gitea.com/).

 ## Authors

@@ -122,18 +134,79 @@ Gitea is pronounced [/ɡɪ’ti:/](https://youtu.be/EM71-2uDAoY) as in "gi-tea"

 We're [working on it](https://github.com/go-gitea/gitea/issues/1029).

+**Where can I find the security patches?**
+
+In the [release log](https://github.com/go-gitea/gitea/releases) or the [change log](https://github.com/go-gitea/gitea/blob/main/CHANGELOG.md), search for the keyword `SECURITY` to find the security patches.
+
 ## License

 This project is licensed under the MIT License.
 See the [LICENSE](https://github.com/go-gitea/gitea/blob/main/LICENSE) file
 for the full license text.

-## Screenshots
+## Further information

-Looking for an overview of the interface? Check it out!
+<details>
+<summary>Looking for an overview of the interface? Check it out!</summary>

-|![Dashboard](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/home_timeline.png)|![User Profile](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/user_profile.png)|![Global Issues](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/global_issues.png)|
-|:---:|:---:|:---:|
-|![Branches](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/branches.png)|![Web Editor](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/web_editor.png)|![Activity](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/activity.png)|
-|![New Migration](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/migration.png)|![Migrating](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/migration.gif)|![Pull Request View](https://image.ibb.co/e02dSb/6.png)|
-|![Pull Request Dark](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/pull_requests_dark.png)|![Diff Review Dark](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/review_dark.png)|![Diff Dark](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/diff_dark.png)|
+### Login/Register Page
+
+![Login](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/login.png)
+![Register](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/register.png)
+
+### User Dashboard
+
+![Home](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/home.png)
+![Issues](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/issues.png)
+![Pull Requests](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/pull_requests.png)
+![Milestones](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/milestones.png)
+
+### User Profile
+
+![Profile](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/user_profile.png)
+
+### Explore
+
+![Repos](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/explore_repos.png)
+![Users](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/explore_users.png)
+![Orgs](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/explore_orgs.png)
+
+### Repository
+
+![Home](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/repo_home.png)
+![Commits](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/repo_commits.png)
+![Branches](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/repo_branches.png)
+![Labels](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/repo_labels.png)
+![Milestones](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/repo_milestones.png)
+![Releases](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/repo_releases.png)
+![Tags](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/repo_tags.png)
+
+#### Repository Issue
+
+![List](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/repo_issues.png)
+![Issue](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/repo_issue.png)
+
+#### Repository Pull Requests
+
+![List](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/repo_pull_requests.png)
+![Pull Request](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/repo_pull_request.png)
+![File](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/repo_pull_request_file.png)
+![Commits](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/repo_pull_request_commits.png)
+
+#### Repository Actions
+
+![List](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/repo_actions.png)
+![Details](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/repo_actions_run.png)
+
+#### Repository Activity
+
+![Activity](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/repo_activity.png)
+![Contributors](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/repo_contributors.png)
+![Code Frequency](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/repo_code_frequency.png)
+![Recent Commits](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/repo_recent_commits.png)
+
+### Organization
+
+![Home](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/org_home.png)
+
+</details>
--- a/README.zh-cn.md
+++ b/README.zh-cn.md
@@ -0,0 +1,205 @@
+# Gitea
+
+[![](https://github.com/go-gitea/gitea/actions/workflows/release-nightly.yml/badge.svg?branch=main)](https://github.com/go-gitea/gitea/actions/workflows/release-nightly.yml?query=branch%3Amain "Release Nightly")
+[![](https://img.shields.io/discord/322538954119184384.svg?logo=discord&logoColor=white&label=Discord&color=5865F2)](https://discord.gg/Gitea "Join the Discord chat at https://discord.gg/Gitea")
+[![](https://goreportcard.com/badge/code.gitea.io/gitea)](https://goreportcard.com/report/code.gitea.io/gitea "Go Report Card")
+[![](https://pkg.go.dev/badge/code.gitea.io/gitea?status.svg)](https://pkg.go.dev/code.gitea.io/gitea "GoDoc")
+[![](https://img.shields.io/github/release/go-gitea/gitea.svg)](https://github.com/go-gitea/gitea/releases/latest "GitHub release")
+[![](https://www.codetriage.com/go-gitea/gitea/badges/users.svg)](https://www.codetriage.com/go-gitea/gitea "Help Contribute to Open Source")
+[![](https://opencollective.com/gitea/tiers/backers/badge.svg?label=backers&color=brightgreen)](https://opencollective.com/gitea "Become a backer/sponsor of gitea")
+[![](https://img.shields.io/badge/License-MIT-blue.svg)](https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT "License: MIT")
+[![](https://badges.crowdin.net/gitea/localized.svg)](https://translate.gitea.com "Crowdin")
+
+[English](./README.md) | [繁體中文](./README.zh-tw.md)
+
+## 目的
+
+这个项目的目标是提供最简单、最快速、最无痛的方式来设置自托管的 Git 服务。
+
+由于 Gitea 是用 Go 语言编写的，它可以在 Go 支持的所有平台和架构上运行，包括 Linux、macOS 和 Windows 的 x86、amd64、ARM 和 PowerPC 架构。这个项目自 2016 年 11 月从 [Gogs](https://gogs.io) [分叉](https://blog.gitea.com/welcome-to-gitea/) 而来，但已经有了很多变化。
+
+在线演示可以访问 [demo.gitea.com](https://demo.gitea.com)。
+
+要访问免费的 Gitea 服务（有一定数量的仓库限制），可以访问 [gitea.com](https://gitea.com/user/login)。
+
+要快速部署您自己的专用 Gitea 实例，可以在 [cloud.gitea.com](https://cloud.gitea.com) 开始免费试用。
+
+## 文件
+
+您可以在我们的官方 [文件网站](https://docs.gitea.com/) 上找到全面的文件。
+
+它包括安装、管理、使用、开发、贡献指南等，帮助您快速入门并有效地探索所有功能。
+
+如果您有任何建议或想要贡献，可以访问 [文件仓库](https://gitea.com/gitea/docs)
+
+## 构建
+
+从源代码树的根目录运行：
+
+    TAGS="bindata" make build
+
+如果需要 SQLite 支持：
+
+    TAGS="bindata sqlite sqlite_unlock_notify" make build
+
+`build` 目标分为两个子目标：
+
+- `make backend` 需要 [Go Stable](https://go.dev/dl/)，所需版本在 [go.mod](/go.mod) 中定义。
+- `make frontend` 需要 [Node.js LTS](https://nodejs.org/en/download/) 或更高版本以及 [pnpm](https://pnpm.io/installation)。
+
+需要互联网连接来下载 go 和 npm 模块。从包含预构建前端文件的官方源代码压缩包构建时，不会触发 `frontend` 目标，因此可以在没有 Node.js 的情况下构建。
+
+更多信息：https://docs.gitea.com/installation/install-from-source
+
+## 使用
+
+构建后，默认情况下会在源代码树的根目录生成一个名为 `gitea` 的二进制文件。要运行它，请使用：
+
+    ./gitea web
+
+> [!注意]
+> 如果您对使用我们的 API 感兴趣，我们提供了实验性支持，并附有 [文件](https://docs.gitea.com/api)。
+
+## 贡献
+
+预期的工作流程是：Fork -> Patch -> Push -> Pull Request
+
+> [!注意]
+>
+> 1. **在开始进行 Pull Request 之前，您必须阅读 [贡献者指南](CONTRIBUTING.md)。**
+> 2. 如果您在项目中发现了漏洞，请私下写信给 **security@gitea.io**。谢谢！
+
+## 翻译
+
+[![Crowdin](https://badges.crowdin.net/gitea/localized.svg)](https://translate.gitea.com)
+
+翻译通过 [Crowdin](https://translate.gitea.com) 进行。如果您想翻译成新的语言，请在 Crowdin 项目中请求管理员添加新语言。
+
+您也可以创建一个 issue 来添加语言，或者在 discord 的 #translation 频道上询问。如果您需要上下文或发现一些翻译问题，可以在字符串上留言或在 Discord 上询问。对于一般的翻译问题，文档中有一个部分。目前有点空，但我们希望随着问题的出现而填充它。
+
+更多信息请参阅 [文件](https://docs.gitea.com/contributing/localization)。
+
+## 官方和第三方项目
+
+我们提供了一个官方的 [go-sdk](https://gitea.com/gitea/go-sdk)，一个名为 [tea](https://gitea.com/gitea/tea) 的 CLI 工具和一个 Gitea Action 的 [action runner](https://gitea.com/gitea/act_runner)。
+
+我们在 [gitea/awesome-gitea](https://gitea.com/gitea/awesome-gitea) 维护了一个 Gitea 相关项目的列表，您可以在那里发现更多的第三方项目，包括 SDK、插件、主题等。
+
+## 通讯
+
+[![](https://img.shields.io/discord/322538954119184384.svg?logo=discord&logoColor=white&label=Discord&color=5865F2)](https://discord.gg/Gitea "Join the Discord chat at https://discord.gg/Gitea")
+
+如果您有任何文件未涵盖的问题，可以在我们的 [Discord 服务器](https://discord.gg/Gitea) 上与我们联系，或者在 [discourse 论坛](https://forum.gitea.com/) 上创建帖子。
+
+## 作者
+
+- [维护者](https://github.com/orgs/go-gitea/people)
+- [贡献者](https://github.com/go-gitea/gitea/graphs/contributors)
+- [翻译者](options/locale/TRANSLATORS)
+
+## 支持者
+
+感谢所有支持者！ 🙏 [[成为支持者](https://opencollective.com/gitea#backer)]
+
+<a href="https://opencollective.com/gitea#backers" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/gitea/backers.svg?width=890"></a>
+
+## 赞助商
+
+通过成为赞助商来支持这个项目。您的标志将显示在这里，并带有链接到您的网站。 [[成为赞助商](https://opencollective.com/gitea#sponsor)]
+
+<a href="https://opencollective.com/gitea/sponsor/0/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/gitea/sponsor/0/avatar.svg"></a>
+<a href="https://opencollective.com/gitea/sponsor/1/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/gitea/sponsor/1/avatar.svg"></a>
+<a href="https://opencollective.com/gitea/sponsor/2/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/gitea/sponsor/2/avatar.svg"></a>
+<a href="https://opencollective.com/gitea/sponsor/3/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/gitea/sponsor/3/avatar.svg"></a>
+<a href="https://opencollective.com/gitea/sponsor/4/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/gitea/sponsor/4/avatar.svg"></a>
+<a href="https://opencollective.com/gitea/sponsor/5/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/gitea/sponsor/5/avatar.svg"></a>
+<a href="https://opencollective.com/gitea/sponsor/6/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/gitea/sponsor/6/avatar.svg"></a>
+<a href="https://opencollective.com/gitea/sponsor/7/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/gitea/sponsor/7/avatar.svg"></a>
+<a href="https://opencollective.com/gitea/sponsor/8/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/gitea/sponsor/8/avatar.svg"></a>
+<a href="https://opencollective.com/gitea/sponsor/9/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/gitea/sponsor/9/avatar.svg"></a>
+
+## 常见问题
+
+**Gitea 怎么发音？**
+
+Gitea 的发音是 [/ɡɪ’ti:/](https://youtu.be/EM71-2uDAoY)，就像 "gi-tea" 一样，g 是硬音。
+
+**为什么这个项目没有托管在 Gitea 实例上？**
+
+我们正在 [努力](https://github.com/go-gitea/gitea/issues/1029)。
+
+**在哪里可以找到安全补丁？**
+
+在 [发布日志](https://github.com/go-gitea/gitea/releases) 或 [变更日志](https://github.com/go-gitea/gitea/blob/main/CHANGELOG.md) 中，搜索关键词 `SECURITY` 以找到安全补丁。
+
+## 许可证
+
+这个项目是根据 MIT 许可证授权的。
+请参阅 [LICENSE](https://github.com/go-gitea/gitea/blob/main/LICENSE) 文件以获取完整的许可证文本。
+
+## 进一步信息
+
+<details>
+<summary>寻找界面概述？查看这里！</summary>
+
+### 登录/注册页面
+
+![Login](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/login.png)
+![Register](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/register.png)
+
+### 用户仪表板
+
+![Home](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/home.png)
+![Issues](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/issues.png)
+![Pull Requests](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/pull_requests.png)
+![Milestones](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/milestones.png)
+
+### 用户资料
+
+![Profile](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/user_profile.png)
+
+### 探索
+
+![Repos](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/explore_repos.png)
+![Users](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/explore_users.png)
+![Orgs](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/explore_orgs.png)
+
+### 仓库
+
+![Home](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/repo_home.png)
+![Commits](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/repo_commits.png)
+![Branches](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/repo_branches.png)
+![Labels](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/repo_labels.png)
+![Milestones](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/repo_milestones.png)
+![Releases](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/repo_releases.png)
+![Tags](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/repo_tags.png)
+
+#### 仓库问题
+
+![List](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/repo_issues.png)
+![Issue](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/repo_issue.png)
+
+#### 仓库拉取请求
+
+![List](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/repo_pull_requests.png)
+![Pull Request](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/repo_pull_request.png)
+![File](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/repo_pull_request_file.png)
+![Commits](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/repo_pull_request_commits.png)
+
+#### 仓库操作
+
+![List](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/repo_actions.png)
+![Details](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/repo_actions_run.png)
+
+#### 仓库活动
+
+![Activity](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/repo_activity.png)
+![Contributors](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/repo_contributors.png)
+![Code Frequency](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/repo_code_frequency.png)
+![Recent Commits](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/repo_recent_commits.png)
+
+### 组织
+
+![Home](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/org_home.png)
+
+</details>
--- a/README.zh-tw.md
+++ b/README.zh-tw.md
@@ -0,0 +1,205 @@
+# Gitea
+
+[![](https://github.com/go-gitea/gitea/actions/workflows/release-nightly.yml/badge.svg?branch=main)](https://github.com/go-gitea/gitea/actions/workflows/release-nightly.yml?query=branch%3Amain "Release Nightly")
+[![](https://img.shields.io/discord/322538954119184384.svg?logo=discord&logoColor=white&label=Discord&color=5865F2)](https://discord.gg/Gitea "Join the Discord chat at https://discord.gg/Gitea")
+[![](https://goreportcard.com/badge/code.gitea.io/gitea)](https://goreportcard.com/report/code.gitea.io/gitea "Go Report Card")
+[![](https://pkg.go.dev/badge/code.gitea.io/gitea?status.svg)](https://pkg.go.dev/code.gitea.io/gitea "GoDoc")
+[![](https://img.shields.io/github/release/go-gitea/gitea.svg)](https://github.com/go-gitea/gitea/releases/latest "GitHub release")
+[![](https://www.codetriage.com/go-gitea/gitea/badges/users.svg)](https://www.codetriage.com/go-gitea/gitea "Help Contribute to Open Source")
+[![](https://opencollective.com/gitea/tiers/backers/badge.svg?label=backers&color=brightgreen)](https://opencollective.com/gitea "Become a backer/sponsor of gitea")
+[![](https://img.shields.io/badge/License-MIT-blue.svg)](https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT "License: MIT")
+[![](https://badges.crowdin.net/gitea/localized.svg)](https://translate.gitea.com "Crowdin")
+
+[English](./README.md) | [简体中文](./README.zh-cn.md)
+
+## 目的
+
+這個項目的目標是提供最簡單、最快速、最無痛的方式來設置自託管的 Git 服務。
+
+由於 Gitea 是用 Go 語言編寫的，它可以在 Go 支援的所有平台和架構上運行，包括 Linux、macOS 和 Windows 的 x86、amd64、ARM 和 PowerPC 架構。這個項目自 2016 年 11 月從 [Gogs](https://gogs.io) [分叉](https://blog.gitea.com/welcome-to-gitea/) 而來，但已經有了很多變化。
+
+在線演示可以訪問 [demo.gitea.com](https://demo.gitea.com)。
+
+要訪問免費的 Gitea 服務（有一定數量的倉庫限制），可以訪問 [gitea.com](https://gitea.com/user/login)。
+
+要快速部署您自己的專用 Gitea 實例，可以在 [cloud.gitea.com](https://cloud.gitea.com) 開始免費試用。
+
+## 文件
+
+您可以在我們的官方 [文件網站](https://docs.gitea.com/) 上找到全面的文件。
+
+它包括安裝、管理、使用、開發、貢獻指南等，幫助您快速入門並有效地探索所有功能。
+
+如果您有任何建議或想要貢獻，可以訪問 [文件倉庫](https://gitea.com/gitea/docs)
+
+## 構建
+
+從源代碼樹的根目錄運行：
+
+    TAGS="bindata" make build
+
+如果需要 SQLite 支援：
+
+    TAGS="bindata sqlite sqlite_unlock_notify" make build
+
+`build` 目標分為兩個子目標：
+
+- `make backend` 需要 [Go Stable](https://go.dev/dl/)，所需版本在 [go.mod](/go.mod) 中定義。
+- `make frontend` 需要 [Node.js LTS](https://nodejs.org/en/download/) 或更高版本以及 [pnpm](https://pnpm.io/installation)。
+
+需要互聯網連接來下載 go 和 npm 模塊。從包含預構建前端文件的官方源代碼壓縮包構建時，不會觸發 `frontend` 目標，因此可以在沒有 Node.js 的情況下構建。
+
+更多信息：https://docs.gitea.com/installation/install-from-source
+
+## 使用
+
+構建後，默認情況下會在源代碼樹的根目錄生成一個名為 `gitea` 的二進制文件。要運行它，請使用：
+
+    ./gitea web
+
+> [!注意]
+> 如果您對使用我們的 API 感興趣，我們提供了實驗性支援，並附有 [文件](https://docs.gitea.com/api)。
+
+## 貢獻
+
+預期的工作流程是：Fork -> Patch -> Push -> Pull Request
+
+> [!注意]
+>
+> 1. **在開始進行 Pull Request 之前，您必須閱讀 [貢獻者指南](CONTRIBUTING.md)。**
+> 2. 如果您在項目中發現了漏洞，請私下寫信給 **security@gitea.io**。謝謝！
+
+## 翻譯
+
+[![Crowdin](https://badges.crowdin.net/gitea/localized.svg)](https://translate.gitea.com)
+
+翻譯通過 [Crowdin](https://translate.gitea.com) 進行。如果您想翻譯成新的語言，請在 Crowdin 項目中請求管理員添加新語言。
+
+您也可以創建一個 issue 來添加語言，或者在 discord 的 #translation 頻道上詢問。如果您需要上下文或發現一些翻譯問題，可以在字符串上留言或在 Discord 上詢問。對於一般的翻譯問題，文檔中有一個部分。目前有點空，但我們希望隨著問題的出現而填充它。
+
+更多信息請參閱 [文件](https://docs.gitea.com/contributing/localization)。
+
+## 官方和第三方項目
+
+我們提供了一個官方的 [go-sdk](https://gitea.com/gitea/go-sdk)，一個名為 [tea](https://gitea.com/gitea/tea) 的 CLI 工具和一個 Gitea Action 的 [action runner](https://gitea.com/gitea/act_runner)。
+
+我們在 [gitea/awesome-gitea](https://gitea.com/gitea/awesome-gitea) 維護了一個 Gitea 相關項目的列表，您可以在那裡發現更多的第三方項目，包括 SDK、插件、主題等。
+
+## 通訊
+
+[![](https://img.shields.io/discord/322538954119184384.svg?logo=discord&logoColor=white&label=Discord&color=5865F2)](https://discord.gg/Gitea "Join the Discord chat at https://discord.gg/Gitea")
+
+如果您有任何文件未涵蓋的問題，可以在我們的 [Discord 服務器](https://discord.gg/Gitea) 上與我們聯繫，或者在 [discourse 論壇](https://forum.gitea.com/) 上創建帖子。
+
+## 作者
+
+- [維護者](https://github.com/orgs/go-gitea/people)
+- [貢獻者](https://github.com/go-gitea/gitea/graphs/contributors)
+- [翻譯者](options/locale/TRANSLATORS)
+
+## 支持者
+
+感謝所有支持者！ 🙏 [[成為支持者](https://opencollective.com/gitea#backer)]
+
+<a href="https://opencollective.com/gitea#backers" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/gitea/backers.svg?width=890"></a>
+
+## 贊助商
+
+通過成為贊助商來支持這個項目。您的標誌將顯示在這裡，並帶有鏈接到您的網站。 [[成為贊助商](https://opencollective.com/gitea#sponsor)]
+
+<a href="https://opencollective.com/gitea/sponsor/0/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/gitea/sponsor/0/avatar.svg"></a>
+<a href="https://opencollective.com/gitea/sponsor/1/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/gitea/sponsor/1/avatar.svg"></a>
+<a href="https://opencollective.com/gitea/sponsor/2/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/gitea/sponsor/2/avatar.svg"></a>
+<a href="https://opencollective.com/gitea/sponsor/3/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/gitea/sponsor/3/avatar.svg"></a>
+<a href="https://opencollective.com/gitea/sponsor/4/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/gitea/sponsor/4/avatar.svg"></a>
+<a href="https://opencollective.com/gitea/sponsor/5/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/gitea/sponsor/5/avatar.svg"></a>
+<a href="https://opencollective.com/gitea/sponsor/6/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/gitea/sponsor/6/avatar.svg"></a>
+<a href="https://opencollective.com/gitea/sponsor/7/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/gitea/sponsor/7/avatar.svg"></a>
+<a href="https://opencollective.com/gitea/sponsor/8/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/gitea/sponsor/8/avatar.svg"></a>
+<a href="https://opencollective.com/gitea/sponsor/9/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/gitea/sponsor/9/avatar.svg"></a>
+
+## 常見問題
+
+**Gitea 怎麼發音？**
+
+Gitea 的發音是 [/ɡɪ’ti:/](https://youtu.be/EM71-2uDAoY)，就像 "gi-tea" 一樣，g 是硬音。
+
+**為什麼這個項目沒有託管在 Gitea 實例上？**
+
+我們正在 [努力](https://github.com/go-gitea/gitea/issues/1029)。
+
+**在哪裡可以找到安全補丁？**
+
+在 [發佈日誌](https://github.com/go-gitea/gitea/releases) 或 [變更日誌](https://github.com/go-gitea/gitea/blob/main/CHANGELOG.md) 中，搜索關鍵詞 `SECURITY` 以找到安全補丁。
+
+## 許可證
+
+這個項目是根據 MIT 許可證授權的。
+請參閱 [LICENSE](https://github.com/go-gitea/gitea/blob/main/LICENSE) 文件以獲取完整的許可證文本。
+
+## 進一步信息
+
+<details>
+<summary>尋找界面概述？查看這裡！</summary>
+
+### 登錄/註冊頁面
+
+![Login](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/login.png)
+![Register](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/register.png)
+
+### 用戶儀表板
+
+![Home](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/home.png)
+![Issues](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/issues.png)
+![Pull Requests](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/pull_requests.png)
+![Milestones](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/milestones.png)
+
+### 用戶資料
+
+![Profile](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/user_profile.png)
+
+### 探索
+
+![Repos](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/explore_repos.png)
+![Users](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/explore_users.png)
+![Orgs](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/explore_orgs.png)
+
+### 倉庫
+
+![Home](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/repo_home.png)
+![Commits](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/repo_commits.png)
+![Branches](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/repo_branches.png)
+![Labels](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/repo_labels.png)
+![Milestones](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/repo_milestones.png)
+![Releases](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/repo_releases.png)
+![Tags](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/repo_tags.png)
+
+#### 倉庫問題
+
+![List](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/repo_issues.png)
+![Issue](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/repo_issue.png)
+
+#### 倉庫拉取請求
+
+![List](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/repo_pull_requests.png)
+![Pull Request](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/repo_pull_request.png)
+![File](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/repo_pull_request_file.png)
+![Commits](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/repo_pull_request_commits.png)
+
+#### 倉庫操作
+
+![List](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/repo_actions.png)
+![Details](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/repo_actions_run.png)
+
+#### 倉庫活動
+
+![Activity](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/repo_activity.png)
+![Contributors](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/repo_contributors.png)
+![Code Frequency](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/repo_code_frequency.png)
+![Recent Commits](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/repo_recent_commits.png)
+
+### 組織
+
+![Home](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/org_home.png)
+
+</details>
--- a/README_ZH.md
+++ b/README_ZH.md
@@ -1,61 +0,0 @@
-# Gitea
-
-[![](https://github.com/go-gitea/gitea/actions/workflows/release-nightly.yml/badge.svg?branch=main)](https://github.com/go-gitea/gitea/actions/workflows/release-nightly.yml?query=branch%3Amain "Release Nightly")
-[![](https://img.shields.io/discord/322538954119184384.svg?logo=discord&logoColor=white&label=Discord&color=5865F2)](https://discord.gg/Gitea "Join the Discord chat at https://discord.gg/Gitea")
-[![](https://goreportcard.com/badge/code.gitea.io/gitea)](https://goreportcard.com/report/code.gitea.io/gitea "Go Report Card")
-[![](https://pkg.go.dev/badge/code.gitea.io/gitea?status.svg)](https://pkg.go.dev/code.gitea.io/gitea "GoDoc")
-[![](https://img.shields.io/github/release/go-gitea/gitea.svg)](https://github.com/go-gitea/gitea/releases/latest "GitHub release")
-[![](https://www.codetriage.com/go-gitea/gitea/badges/users.svg)](https://www.codetriage.com/go-gitea/gitea "Help Contribute to Open Source")
-[![](https://opencollective.com/gitea/tiers/backers/badge.svg?label=backers&color=brightgreen)](https://opencollective.com/gitea "Become a backer/sponsor of gitea")
-[![](https://img.shields.io/badge/License-MIT-blue.svg)](https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT "License: MIT")
-[![Contribute with Gitpod](https://img.shields.io/badge/Contribute%20with-Gitpod-908a85?logo=gitpod&color=green)](https://gitpod.io/#https://github.com/go-gitea/gitea)
-[![](https://badges.crowdin.net/gitea/localized.svg)](https://crowdin.com/project/gitea "Crowdin")
-
-[View this document in English](./README.md)
-
-## 目标
-
-Gitea 的首要目标是创建一个极易安装，运行非常快速，安装和使用体验良好的自建 Git 服务。我们采用 Go 作为后端语言，这使我们只要生成一个可执行程序即可。并且他还支持跨平台，支持 Linux, macOS 和 Windows 以及各种架构，除了 x86，amd64，还包括 ARM 和 PowerPC。
-
-如果你想试用在线演示和报告问题，请访问 [demo.gitea.com](https://demo.gitea.com/)。
-
-如果你想使用免费的 Gitea 服务（有仓库数量限制），请访问 [gitea.com](https://gitea.com/user/login)。
-
-如果你想在 Gitea Cloud 上快速部署你自己独享的 Gitea 实例，请访问 [cloud.gitea.com](https://cloud.gitea.com) 开始免费试用。
-
-## 提示
-
-1. **开始贡献代码之前请确保你已经看过了 [贡献者向导（英文）](CONTRIBUTING.md)**.
-2. 所有的安全问题，请私下发送邮件给 **security@gitea.io**。谢谢！
-3. 如果你要使用API，请参见 [API 文档](https://godoc.org/code.gitea.io/sdk/gitea).
-
-## 文档
-
-关于如何安装请访问我们的 [文档站](https://docs.gitea.com/zh-cn/category/installation)，如果没有找到对应的文档，你也可以通过 [Discord - 英文](https://discord.gg/gitea) 和 QQ群 328432459 来和我们交流。
-
-## 贡献流程
-
-Fork -> Patch -> Push -> Pull Request
-
-## 翻译
-
-多语言翻译是基于Crowdin进行的.
-[![Crowdin](https://badges.crowdin.net/gitea/localized.svg)](https://crowdin.com/project/gitea)
-
-## 作者
-
-* [Maintainers](https://github.com/orgs/go-gitea/people)
-* [Contributors](https://github.com/go-gitea/gitea/graphs/contributors)
-* [Translators](options/locale/TRANSLATORS)
-
-## 授权许可
-
-本项目采用 MIT 开源授权许可证，完整的授权说明已放置在 [LICENSE](https://github.com/go-gitea/gitea/blob/main/LICENSE) 文件中。
-
-## 截图
-
-|![Dashboard](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/home_timeline.png)|![User Profile](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/user_profile.png)|![Global Issues](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/global_issues.png)|
-|:---:|:---:|:---:|
-|![Branches](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/branches.png)|![Web Editor](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/web_editor.png)|![Activity](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/activity.png)|
-|![New Migration](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/migration.png)|![Migrating](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/migration.gif)|![Pull Request View](https://image.ibb.co/e02dSb/6.png)|
-|![Pull Request Dark](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/pull_requests_dark.png)|![Diff Review Dark](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/review_dark.png)|![Diff Dark](https://dl.gitea.com/screenshots/diff_dark.png)|
--- a/SECURITY.md
+++ b/SECURITY.md
@@ -14,12 +14,12 @@ Please **DO NOT** file a public issue, instead send your report privately to `se

 Due to the sensitive nature of security information, you can use the below GPG public key to encrypt your mail body.

-The PGP key is valid until July 9, 2025.
+The PGP key is valid until July 4, 2026.

 ```
 Key ID: 6FCD2D5B
 Key Type: RSA
-Expires: 7/9/2025
+Expires: 7/4/2026
 Key Size: 4096/4096
 Fingerprint: 3DE0 3D1E 144A 7F06 9359 99DC AAFD 2381 6FCD 2D5B
 ```
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+=SfZA
 -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----

 ```
--- a/assets/emoji.json
+++ b/assets/emoji.json
--- a/assets/go-licenses.json
+++ b/assets/go-licenses.json
--- a/assets/misspellings.csv
+++ b/assets/misspellings.csv
--- a/build.go
+++ b/build.go
@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2020 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-//go:build vendor
-
-package main
-
-// Libraries that are included to vendor utilities used during build.
-// These libraries will not be included in a normal compilation.
-
-import (
-	// for embed
-	_ "github.com/shurcooL/vfsgen"
-
-	// for cover merge
-	_ "golang.org/x/tools/cover"
-
-	// for vet
-	_ "code.gitea.io/gitea-vet"
-
-	// for swagger
-	_ "github.com/go-swagger/go-swagger/cmd/swagger"
-)
--- a/build/backport-locales.go
+++ b/build/backport-locales.go
@@ -1,115 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2023 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-//go:build ignore
-
-package main
-
-import (
-	"fmt"
-	"os"
-	"os/exec"
-	"path/filepath"
-	"strings"
-
-	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/container"
-	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/setting"
-)
-
-func main() {
-	if len(os.Args) != 2 {
-		println("usage: backport-locales <to-ref>")
-		println("eg: backport-locales release/v1.19")
-		os.Exit(1)
-	}
-
-	mustNoErr := func(err error) {
-		if err != nil {
-			panic(err)
-		}
-	}
-	collectInis := func(ref string) map[string]setting.ConfigProvider {
-		inis := map[string]setting.ConfigProvider{}
-		err := filepath.WalkDir("options/locale", func(path string, d os.DirEntry, err error) error {
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-			if d.IsDir() || !strings.HasSuffix(d.Name(), ".ini") {
-				return nil
-			}
-			cfg, err := setting.NewConfigProviderForLocale(path)
-			mustNoErr(err)
-			inis[path] = cfg
-			fmt.Printf("collecting: %s @ %s\n", path, ref)
-			return nil
-		})
-		mustNoErr(err)
-		return inis
-	}
-
-	// collect new locales from current working directory
-	inisNew := collectInis("HEAD")
-
-	// switch to the target ref, and collect the old locales
-	cmd := exec.Command("git", "checkout", os.Args[1])
-	cmd.Stdout = os.Stdout
-	cmd.Stderr = os.Stderr
-	mustNoErr(cmd.Run())
-	inisOld := collectInis(os.Args[1])
-
-	// use old en-US as the base, and copy the new translations to the old locales
-	enUsOld := inisOld["options/locale/locale_en-US.ini"]
-	brokenWarned := make(container.Set[string])
-	for path, iniOld := range inisOld {
-		if iniOld == enUsOld {
-			continue
-		}
-		iniNew := inisNew[path]
-		if iniNew == nil {
-			continue
-		}
-		for _, secEnUS := range enUsOld.Sections() {
-			secOld := iniOld.Section(secEnUS.Name())
-			secNew := iniNew.Section(secEnUS.Name())
-			for _, keyEnUs := range secEnUS.Keys() {
-				if secNew.HasKey(keyEnUs.Name()) {
-					oldStr := secOld.Key(keyEnUs.Name()).String()
-					newStr := secNew.Key(keyEnUs.Name()).String()
-					broken := oldStr != "" && strings.Count(oldStr, "%") != strings.Count(newStr, "%")
-					broken = broken || strings.Contains(oldStr, "\n") || strings.Contains(oldStr, "\n")
-					if broken {
-						brokenWarned.Add(secOld.Name() + "." + keyEnUs.Name())
-						fmt.Println("----")
-						fmt.Printf("WARNING: skip broken locale: %s , [%s] %s\n", path, secEnUS.Name(), keyEnUs.Name())
-						fmt.Printf("\told: %s\n", strings.ReplaceAll(oldStr, "\n", "\\n"))
-						fmt.Printf("\tnew: %s\n", strings.ReplaceAll(newStr, "\n", "\\n"))
-						continue
-					}
-					secOld.Key(keyEnUs.Name()).SetValue(newStr)
-				}
-			}
-		}
-		mustNoErr(iniOld.SaveTo(path))
-	}
-
-	fmt.Println("========")
-
-	for path, iniNew := range inisNew {
-		for _, sec := range iniNew.Sections() {
-			for _, key := range sec.Keys() {
-				str := sec.Key(key.Name()).String()
-				broken := strings.Contains(str, "\n")
-				broken = broken || strings.HasPrefix(str, "`") != strings.HasSuffix(str, "`")
-				broken = broken || strings.HasPrefix(str, "\"`")
-				broken = broken || strings.HasPrefix(str, "`\"")
-				broken = broken || strings.Count(str, `"`)%2 == 1
-				broken = broken || strings.Count(str, "`")%2 == 1
-				if broken && !brokenWarned.Contains(sec.Name()+"."+key.Name()) {
-					fmt.Printf("WARNING: found broken locale: %s , [%s] %s\n", path, sec.Name(), key.Name())
-					fmt.Printf("\tstr: %s\n", strings.ReplaceAll(str, "\n", "\\n"))
-					fmt.Println("----")
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	}
-}
--- a/build/generate-bindata.go
+++ b/build/generate-bindata.go
@@ -6,87 +6,22 @@
 package main

 import (
-	"bytes"
-	"crypto/sha1"
 	"fmt"
-	"log"
-	"net/http"
 	"os"
-	"path/filepath"
-	"strconv"

-	"github.com/shurcooL/vfsgen"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/assetfs"
 )

-func needsUpdate(dir, filename string) (bool, []byte) {
-	needRegen := false
-	_, err := os.Stat(filename)
-	if err != nil {
-		needRegen = true
-	}
-
-	oldHash, err := os.ReadFile(filename + ".hash")
-	if err != nil {
-		oldHash = []byte{}
-	}
-
-	hasher := sha1.New()
-
-	err = filepath.WalkDir(dir, func(path string, d os.DirEntry, err error) error {
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		info, err := d.Info()
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		_, _ = hasher.Write([]byte(d.Name()))
-		_, _ = hasher.Write([]byte(info.ModTime().String()))
-		_, _ = hasher.Write([]byte(strconv.FormatInt(info.Size(), 16)))
-		return nil
-	})
-	if err != nil {
-		return true, oldHash
-	}
-
-	newHash := hasher.Sum([]byte{})
-
-	if bytes.Compare(oldHash, newHash) != 0 {
-		return true, newHash
-	}
-
-	return needRegen, newHash
-}
-
 func main() {
-	if len(os.Args) < 4 {
-		log.Fatal("Insufficient number of arguments. Need: directory packageName filename")
+	if len(os.Args) != 3 {
+		fmt.Println("usage: ./generate-bindata {local-directory} {bindata-filename}")
+		os.Exit(1)
 	}

-	dir, packageName, filename := os.Args[1], os.Args[2], os.Args[3]
-	var useGlobalModTime bool
-	if len(os.Args) == 5 {
-		useGlobalModTime, _ = strconv.ParseBool(os.Args[4])
+	dir, filename := os.Args[1], os.Args[2]
+	fmt.Printf("generating bindata for %s to %s\n", dir, filename)
+	if err := assetfs.GenerateEmbedBindata(dir, filename); err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("failed: %s\n", err.Error())
+		os.Exit(1)
 	}
-
-	update, newHash := needsUpdate(dir, filename)
-
-	if !update {
-		fmt.Printf("bindata for %s already up-to-date\n", packageName)
-		return
-	}
-
-	fmt.Printf("generating bindata for %s\n", packageName)
-	var fsTemplates http.FileSystem = http.Dir(dir)
-	err := vfsgen.Generate(fsTemplates, vfsgen.Options{
-		PackageName:      packageName,
-		BuildTags:        "bindata",
-		VariableName:     "Assets",
-		Filename:         filename,
-		UseGlobalModTime: useGlobalModTime,
-	})
-	if err != nil {
-		log.Fatalf("%v\n", err)
-	}
-	_ = os.WriteFile(filename+".hash", newHash, 0o666)
 }
--- a/build/generate-emoji.go
+++ b/build/generate-emoji.go
@@ -24,8 +24,8 @@ import (
 )

 const (
-	gemojiURL         = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/github/gemoji/master/db/emoji.json"
-	maxUnicodeVersion = 15
+	gemojiURL         = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/rhysd/gemoji/537ff2d7e0496e9964824f7f73ec7ece88c9765a/db/emoji.json"
+	maxUnicodeVersion = 16
 )

 var flagOut = flag.String("o", "modules/emoji/emoji_data.go", "out")
@@ -149,8 +149,8 @@ func generate() ([]byte, error) {
 	}

 	// write a JSON file to use with tribute (write before adding skin tones since we can't support them there yet)
-	file, _ := json.Marshal(data)
-	_ = os.WriteFile("assets/emoji.json", file, 0o644)
+	file, _ := json.MarshalIndent(data, "", "  ")
+	_ = os.WriteFile("assets/emoji.json", append(file, '\n'), 0o644)

 	// Add skin tones to emoji that support it
 	var (
--- a/build/generate-go-licenses.go
+++ b/build/generate-go-licenses.go
@@ -8,99 +8,219 @@ package main
 import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
-	"io/fs"
 	"os"
-	"path"
+	"os/exec"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"regexp"
+	"slices"
 	"sort"
 	"strings"
-
-	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/container"
 )

 // regexp is based on go-license, excluding README and NOTICE
 // https://github.com/google/go-licenses/blob/master/licenses/find.go
 var licenseRe = regexp.MustCompile(`^(?i)((UN)?LICEN(S|C)E|COPYING).*$`)

+// primaryLicenseRe matches exact primary license filenames without suffixes.
+// When a directory has both primary and variant files (e.g. LICENSE and
+// LICENSE.docs), only the primary files are kept.
+var primaryLicenseRe = regexp.MustCompile(`^(?i)(LICEN[SC]E|COPYING)$`)
+
+// ignoredNames are LicenseEntry.Name values to exclude from the output.
+var ignoredNames = map[string]bool{
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea":                 true,
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/options/license": true,
+}
+
+var excludedExt = map[string]bool{
+	".gitignore": true,
+	".go":        true,
+	".mod":       true,
+	".sum":       true,
+	".toml":      true,
+	".yaml":      true,
+	".yml":       true,
+}
+
+type ModuleInfo struct {
+	Path    string
+	Dir     string
+	PkgDirs []string // directories of packages imported from this module
+}
+
 type LicenseEntry struct {
 	Name        string `json:"name"`
 	Path        string `json:"path"`
 	LicenseText string `json:"licenseText"`
 }

-func main() {
-	if len(os.Args) != 3 {
-		fmt.Println("usage: go run generate-go-licenses.go <base-dir> <out-json-file>")
+// getModules returns all dependency modules with their local directory paths
+// and the package directories used from each module.
+func getModules(goCmd string) []ModuleInfo {
+	cmd := exec.Command(goCmd, "list", "-deps", "-f",
+		"{{if .Module}}{{.Module.Path}}\t{{.Module.Dir}}\t{{.Dir}}{{end}}", "./...")
+	cmd.Stderr = os.Stderr
+	// Use GOOS=linux with CGO to ensure we capture all platform-specific
+	// dependencies, matching the CI environment.
+	cmd.Env = append(os.Environ(), "GOOS=linux", "GOARCH=amd64", "CGO_ENABLED=1")
+	output, err := cmd.Output()
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "failed to run 'go list -deps': %v\n", err)
 		os.Exit(1)
 	}

-	base, out := os.Args[1], os.Args[2]
-
-	// Add ext for excluded files because license_test.go will be included for some reason.
-	// And there are more files that should be excluded, check with:
-	//
-	// go run github.com/google/go-licenses@v1.6.0 save . --force --save_path=.go-licenses 2>/dev/null
-	// find .go-licenses -type f | while read FILE; do echo "${$(basename $FILE)##*.}"; done | sort -u
-	//    AUTHORS
-	//    COPYING
-	//    LICENSE
-	//    Makefile
-	//    NOTICE
-	//    gitignore
-	//    go
-	//    md
-	//    mod
-	//    sum
-	//    toml
-	//    txt
-	//    yml
-	//
-	// It could be removed once we have a better regex.
-	excludedExt := container.SetOf(".gitignore", ".go", ".mod", ".sum", ".toml", ".yml")
-
-	var paths []string
-	err := filepath.WalkDir(base, func(path string, entry fs.DirEntry, err error) error {
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
+	var modules []ModuleInfo
+	seen := make(map[string]int) // module path -> index in modules
+	for _, line := range strings.Split(string(output), "\n") {
+		line = strings.TrimSpace(line)
+		if line == "" {
+			continue
 		}
-		if entry.IsDir() || !licenseRe.MatchString(entry.Name()) || excludedExt.Contains(filepath.Ext(entry.Name())) {
-			return nil
+		parts := strings.Split(line, "\t")
+		if len(parts) != 3 {
+			continue
 		}
-		paths = append(paths, path)
-		return nil
-	})
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(err)
+		modPath, modDir, pkgDir := parts[0], parts[1], parts[2]
+		if idx, ok := seen[modPath]; ok {
+			modules[idx].PkgDirs = append(modules[idx].PkgDirs, pkgDir)
+		} else {
+			seen[modPath] = len(modules)
+			modules = append(modules, ModuleInfo{
+				Path:    modPath,
+				Dir:     modDir,
+				PkgDirs: []string{pkgDir},
+			})
+		}
+	}
+	return modules
+}
+
+// findLicenseFiles scans a module's root directory and its used package
+// directories for license files. It also walks up from each package directory
+// to the module root, scanning intermediate directories. Subdirectory licenses
+// are only included if their text differs from the root license(s).
+func findLicenseFiles(mod ModuleInfo) []LicenseEntry {
+	var entries []LicenseEntry
+	seenTexts := make(map[string]bool)
+
+	// First, collect root-level license files.
+	entries = append(entries, scanDirForLicenses(mod.Dir, mod.Path, "")...)
+	for _, e := range entries {
+		seenTexts[e.LicenseText] = true
 	}

-	sort.Strings(paths)
+	// Then check each package directory and all intermediate parent directories
+	// up to the module root for license files with unique text.
+	seenDirs := map[string]bool{mod.Dir: true}
+	for _, pkgDir := range mod.PkgDirs {
+		for dir := pkgDir; dir != mod.Dir && strings.HasPrefix(dir, mod.Dir); dir = filepath.Dir(dir) {
+			if seenDirs[dir] {
+				continue
+			}
+			seenDirs[dir] = true
+			for _, e := range scanDirForLicenses(dir, mod.Path, mod.Dir) {
+				if !seenTexts[e.LicenseText] {
+					seenTexts[e.LicenseText] = true
+					entries = append(entries, e)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return entries
+}
+
+// scanDirForLicenses reads a single directory for license files and returns entries.
+// If moduleRoot is non-empty, paths are made relative to it.
+func scanDirForLicenses(dir, modulePath, moduleRoot string) []LicenseEntry {
+	dirEntries, err := os.ReadDir(dir)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil
+	}

 	var entries []LicenseEntry
-	for _, filePath := range paths {
-		licenseText, err := os.ReadFile(filePath)
-		if err != nil {
-			panic(err)
+	for _, entry := range dirEntries {
+		if entry.IsDir() {
+			continue
 		}
-
-		pkgPath := filepath.ToSlash(filePath)
-		pkgPath = strings.TrimPrefix(pkgPath, base+"/")
-		pkgName := path.Dir(pkgPath)
-
-		// There might be a bug somewhere in go-licenses that sometimes interprets the
-		// root package as "." and sometimes as "code.gitea.io/gitea". Workaround by
-		// removing both of them for the sake of stable output.
-		if pkgName == "." || pkgName == "code.gitea.io/gitea" {
+		name := entry.Name()
+		if !licenseRe.MatchString(name) {
+			continue
+		}
+		if excludedExt[strings.ToLower(filepath.Ext(name))] {
 			continue
 		}

+		content, err := os.ReadFile(filepath.Join(dir, name))
+		if err != nil {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		entryName := modulePath
+		entryPath := modulePath + "/" + name
+		if moduleRoot != "" {
+			rel, _ := filepath.Rel(moduleRoot, dir)
+			if rel != "." {
+				relSlash := filepath.ToSlash(rel)
+				entryName = modulePath + "/" + relSlash
+				entryPath = modulePath + "/" + relSlash + "/" + name
+			}
+		}
+
 		entries = append(entries, LicenseEntry{
-			Name:        pkgName,
-			Path:        pkgPath,
-			LicenseText: string(licenseText),
+			Name:        entryName,
+			Path:        entryPath,
+			LicenseText: string(content),
 		})
 	}

+	// When multiple license files exist, prefer primary files (e.g. LICENSE)
+	// over variants with suffixes (e.g. LICENSE.docs, LICENSE-2.0.txt).
+	// If no primary file exists, keep only the first variant.
+	if len(entries) > 1 {
+		var primary []LicenseEntry
+		for _, e := range entries {
+			fileName := e.Path[strings.LastIndex(e.Path, "/")+1:]
+			if primaryLicenseRe.MatchString(fileName) {
+				primary = append(primary, e)
+			}
+		}
+		if len(primary) > 0 {
+			return primary
+		}
+		return entries[:1]
+	}
+
+	return entries
+}
+
+func main() {
+	if len(os.Args) != 2 {
+		fmt.Println("usage: go run generate-go-licenses.go <out-json-file>")
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+
+	out := os.Args[1]
+
+	goCmd := "go"
+	if env := os.Getenv("GO"); env != "" {
+		goCmd = env
+	}
+
+	modules := getModules(goCmd)
+
+	var entries []LicenseEntry
+	for _, mod := range modules {
+		entries = append(entries, findLicenseFiles(mod)...)
+	}
+
+	entries = slices.DeleteFunc(entries, func(e LicenseEntry) bool {
+		return ignoredNames[e.Name]
+	})
+
+	sort.Slice(entries, func(i, j int) bool {
+		return entries[i].Path < entries[j].Path
+	})
+
 	jsonBytes, err := json.MarshalIndent(entries, "", "  ")
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(err)
--- a/build/generate-licenses.go
+++ b/build/generate-licenses.go
@@ -1,176 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2017 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-//go:build ignore
-
-package main
-
-import (
-	"archive/tar"
-	"compress/gzip"
-	"crypto/md5"
-	"encoding/hex"
-	"flag"
-	"fmt"
-	"io"
-	"log"
-	"net/http"
-	"os"
-	"path"
-	"path/filepath"
-	"strings"
-
-	"code.gitea.io/gitea/build/license"
-	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/json"
-	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/util"
-)
-
-func main() {
-	var (
-		prefix         = "gitea-licenses"
-		url            = "https://api.github.com/repos/spdx/license-list-data/tarball"
-		githubApiToken = ""
-		githubUsername = ""
-		destination    = ""
-	)
-
-	flag.StringVar(&destination, "dest", "options/license/", "destination for the licenses")
-	flag.StringVar(&githubUsername, "username", "", "github username")
-	flag.StringVar(&githubApiToken, "token", "", "github api token")
-	flag.Parse()
-
-	file, err := os.CreateTemp(os.TempDir(), prefix)
-	if err != nil {
-		log.Fatalf("Failed to create temp file. %s", err)
-	}
-
-	defer util.Remove(file.Name())
-
-	if err := os.RemoveAll(destination); err != nil {
-		log.Fatalf("Cannot clean destination folder: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	if err := os.MkdirAll(destination, 0o755); err != nil {
-		log.Fatalf("Cannot create destination: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	req, err := http.NewRequest("GET", url, nil)
-	if err != nil {
-		log.Fatalf("Failed to download archive. %s", err)
-	}
-
-	if len(githubApiToken) > 0 && len(githubUsername) > 0 {
-		req.SetBasicAuth(githubUsername, githubApiToken)
-	}
-
-	resp, err := http.DefaultClient.Do(req)
-	if err != nil {
-		log.Fatalf("Failed to download archive. %s", err)
-	}
-
-	defer resp.Body.Close()
-
-	if _, err := io.Copy(file, resp.Body); err != nil {
-		log.Fatalf("Failed to copy archive to file. %s", err)
-	}
-
-	if _, err := file.Seek(0, 0); err != nil {
-		log.Fatalf("Failed to reset seek on archive. %s", err)
-	}
-
-	gz, err := gzip.NewReader(file)
-	if err != nil {
-		log.Fatalf("Failed to gunzip the archive. %s", err)
-	}
-
-	tr := tar.NewReader(gz)
-	aliasesFiles := make(map[string][]string)
-	for {
-		hdr, err := tr.Next()
-
-		if err == io.EOF {
-			break
-		}
-
-		if err != nil {
-			log.Fatalf("Failed to iterate archive. %s", err)
-		}
-
-		if !strings.Contains(hdr.Name, "/text/") {
-			continue
-		}
-
-		if filepath.Ext(hdr.Name) != ".txt" {
-			continue
-		}
-
-		fileBaseName := filepath.Base(hdr.Name)
-		licenseName := strings.TrimSuffix(fileBaseName, ".txt")
-
-		if strings.HasPrefix(fileBaseName, "README") {
-			continue
-		}
-
-		if strings.HasPrefix(fileBaseName, "deprecated_") {
-			continue
-		}
-		out, err := os.Create(path.Join(destination, licenseName))
-		if err != nil {
-			log.Fatalf("Failed to create new file. %s", err)
-		}
-
-		defer out.Close()
-
-		// some license files have same content, so we need to detect these files and create a convert map into a json file
-		// Later we use this convert map to avoid adding same license content with different license name
-		h := md5.New()
-		// calculate md5 and write file in the same time
-		r := io.TeeReader(tr, h)
-		if _, err := io.Copy(out, r); err != nil {
-			log.Fatalf("Failed to write new file. %s", err)
-		} else {
-			fmt.Printf("Written %s\n", out.Name())
-
-			md5 := hex.EncodeToString(h.Sum(nil))
-			aliasesFiles[md5] = append(aliasesFiles[md5], licenseName)
-		}
-	}
-
-	// generate convert license name map
-	licenseAliases := make(map[string]string)
-	for _, fileNames := range aliasesFiles {
-		if len(fileNames) > 1 {
-			licenseName := license.GetLicenseNameFromAliases(fileNames)
-			if licenseName == "" {
-				// license name should not be empty as expected
-				// if it is empty, we need to rewrite the logic of GetLicenseNameFromAliases
-				log.Fatalf("GetLicenseNameFromAliases: license name is empty")
-			}
-			for _, fileName := range fileNames {
-				licenseAliases[fileName] = licenseName
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	// save convert license name map to file
-	b, err := json.Marshal(licenseAliases)
-	if err != nil {
-		log.Fatalf("Failed to create json bytes. %s", err)
-	}
-
-	licenseAliasesDestination := filepath.Join(destination, "etc", "license-aliases.json")
-	if err := os.MkdirAll(filepath.Dir(licenseAliasesDestination), 0o755); err != nil {
-		log.Fatalf("Failed to create directory for license aliases json file. %s", err)
-	}
-
-	f, err := os.Create(licenseAliasesDestination)
-	if err != nil {
-		log.Fatalf("Failed to create license aliases json file. %s", err)
-	}
-	defer f.Close()
-
-	if _, err = f.Write(b); err != nil {
-		log.Fatalf("Failed to write license aliases json file. %s", err)
-	}
-
-	fmt.Println("Done")
-}
--- a/build/license/aliasgenerator.go
+++ b/build/license/aliasgenerator.go
@@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2024 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-package license
-
-import "strings"
-
-func GetLicenseNameFromAliases(fnl []string) string {
-	if len(fnl) == 0 {
-		return ""
-	}
-
-	shortestItem := func(list []string) string {
-		s := list[0]
-		for _, l := range list[1:] {
-			if len(l) < len(s) {
-				s = l
-			}
-		}
-		return s
-	}
-	allHasPrefix := func(list []string, s string) bool {
-		for _, l := range list {
-			if !strings.HasPrefix(l, s) {
-				return false
-			}
-		}
-		return true
-	}
-
-	sl := shortestItem(fnl)
-	slv := strings.Split(sl, "-")
-	var result string
-	for i := len(slv); i >= 0; i-- {
-		result = strings.Join(slv[:i], "-")
-		if allHasPrefix(fnl, result) {
-			return result
-		}
-	}
-	return ""
-}
--- a/build/license/aliasgenerator_test.go
+++ b/build/license/aliasgenerator_test.go
@@ -1,39 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2024 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-package license
-
-import (
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-)
-
-func TestGetLicenseNameFromAliases(t *testing.T) {
-	tests := []struct {
-		target string
-		inputs []string
-	}{
-		{
-			// real case which you can find in license-aliases.json
-			target: "AGPL-1.0",
-			inputs: []string{
-				"AGPL-1.0-only",
-				"AGPL-1.0-or-late",
-			},
-		},
-		{
-			target: "",
-			inputs: []string{
-				"APSL-1.0",
-				"AGPL-1.0-only",
-				"AGPL-1.0-or-late",
-			},
-		},
-	}
-
-	for _, tt := range tests {
-		result := GetLicenseNameFromAliases(tt.inputs)
-		assert.Equal(t, result, tt.target)
-	}
-}
--- a/build/update-locales.sh
+++ b/build/update-locales.sh
@@ -1,52 +1,22 @@
 #!/bin/sh

 # this script runs in alpine image which only has `sh` shell
-
-set +e
-if sed --version 2>/dev/null | grep -q GNU; then
-  SED_INPLACE="sed -i"
-else
-  SED_INPLACE="sed -i ''"
-fi
-set -e
-
-if [ ! -f ./options/locale/locale_en-US.ini ]; then
+if [ ! -f ./options/locale/locale_en-US.json ]; then
  echo "please run this script in the root directory of the project"
  exit 1
 fi

-mv ./options/locale/locale_en-US.ini ./options/
-
-# the "ini" library for locale has many quirks, its behavior is different from Crowdin.
-# see i18n_test.go for more details
-
-# this script helps to unquote the Crowdin outputs for the quirky ini library
-# * find all `key="...\"..."` lines
-# * remove the leading quote
-# * remove the trailing quote
-# * unescape the quotes
-# * eg: key="...\"..." => key=..."...
-$SED_INPLACE -r -e '/^[-.A-Za-z0-9_]+[ ]*=[ ]*".*"$/ {
-	s/^([-.A-Za-z0-9_]+)[ ]*=[ ]*"/\1=/
-	s/"$//
-	s/\\"/"/g
-	}' ./options/locale/*.ini
-
-# * if the escaped line is incomplete like `key="...` or `key=..."`, quote it with backticks
-# * eg: key="... => key=`"...`
-# * eg: key=..." => key=`..."`
-$SED_INPLACE -r -e 's/^([-.A-Za-z0-9_]+)[ ]*=[ ]*(".*[^"])$/\1=`\2`/' ./options/locale/*.ini
-$SED_INPLACE -r -e 's/^([-.A-Za-z0-9_]+)[ ]*=[ ]*([^"].*")$/\1=`\2`/' ./options/locale/*.ini
+mv ./options/locale/locale_en-US.json ./options/

 # Remove translation under 25% of en_us
-baselines=$(wc -l "./options/locale_en-US.ini" | cut -d" " -f1)
+baselines=$(cat "./options/locale_en-US.json" | wc -l)
 baselines=$((baselines / 4))
-for filename in ./options/locale/*.ini; do
-  lines=$(wc -l "$filename" | cut -d" " -f1)
-  if [ $lines -lt $baselines ]; then
+for filename in ./options/locale/*.json; do
+  lines=$(cat "$filename" | wc -l)
+  if [ "$lines" -lt "$baselines" ]; then
    echo "Removing $filename: $lines/$baselines"
    rm "$filename"
  fi
 done

-mv ./options/locale_en-US.ini ./options/locale/
+mv ./options/locale_en-US.json ./options/locale/
--- a/cmd/actions.go
+++ b/cmd/actions.go
@@ -4,25 +4,27 @@
 package cmd

 import (
+	"context"
 	"fmt"

 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/private"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/setting"

-	"github.com/urfave/cli/v2"
+	"github.com/urfave/cli/v3"
 )

-var (
-	// CmdActions represents the available actions sub-commands.
-	CmdActions = &cli.Command{
+func newActionsCommand() *cli.Command {
+	return &cli.Command{
 		Name:  "actions",
 		Usage: "Manage Gitea Actions",
-		Subcommands: []*cli.Command{
-			subcmdActionsGenRunnerToken,
+		Commands: []*cli.Command{
+			newActionsGenerateRunnerTokenCommand(),
 		},
 	}
+}

-	subcmdActionsGenRunnerToken = &cli.Command{
+func newActionsGenerateRunnerTokenCommand() *cli.Command {
+	return &cli.Command{
 		Name:    "generate-runner-token",
 		Usage:   "Generate a new token for a runner to use to register with the server",
 		Action:  runGenerateActionsRunnerToken,
@@ -36,12 +38,9 @@ var (
 			},
 		},
 	}
-)
-
-func runGenerateActionsRunnerToken(c *cli.Context) error {
-	ctx, cancel := installSignals()
-	defer cancel()
+}

+func runGenerateActionsRunnerToken(ctx context.Context, c *cli.Command) error {
 	setting.MustInstalled()

 	scope := c.String("scope")
--- a/cmd/admin.go
+++ b/cmd/admin.go
@@ -15,64 +15,71 @@ import (
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/log"
 	repo_module "code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/repository"

-	"github.com/urfave/cli/v2"
+	"github.com/urfave/cli/v3"
 )

-var (
-	// CmdAdmin represents the available admin sub-command.
-	CmdAdmin = &cli.Command{
+func newAdminCommand() *cli.Command {
+	return &cli.Command{
 		Name:  "admin",
 		Usage: "Perform common administrative operations",
-		Subcommands: []*cli.Command{
-			subcmdUser,
-			subcmdRepoSyncReleases,
-			subcmdRegenerate,
-			subcmdAuth,
-			subcmdSendMail,
+		Commands: []*cli.Command{
+			newUserCommand(),
+			newRepoSyncReleasesCommand(),
+			newRegenerateCommand(),
+			newAuthCommand(),
+			newSendMailCommand(),
 		},
 	}
+}

-	subcmdRepoSyncReleases = &cli.Command{
+func newRepoSyncReleasesCommand() *cli.Command {
+	return &cli.Command{
 		Name:   "repo-sync-releases",
 		Usage:  "Synchronize repository releases with tags",
 		Action: runRepoSyncReleases,
 	}
+}

-	subcmdRegenerate = &cli.Command{
+func newRegenerateCommand() *cli.Command {
+	return &cli.Command{
 		Name:  "regenerate",
 		Usage: "Regenerate specific files",
-		Subcommands: []*cli.Command{
-			microcmdRegenHooks,
-			microcmdRegenKeys,
+		Commands: []*cli.Command{
+			newRegenerateHooksCommand(),
+			newRegenerateKeysCommand(),
 		},
 	}
+}

-	subcmdAuth = &cli.Command{
+func newAuthCommand() *cli.Command {
+	return &cli.Command{
 		Name:  "auth",
 		Usage: "Modify external auth providers",
-		Subcommands: []*cli.Command{
-			microcmdAuthAddOauth,
-			microcmdAuthUpdateOauth,
-			microcmdAuthAddLdapBindDn,
-			microcmdAuthUpdateLdapBindDn,
-			microcmdAuthAddLdapSimpleAuth,
-			microcmdAuthUpdateLdapSimpleAuth,
-			microcmdAuthAddSMTP,
-			microcmdAuthUpdateSMTP,
-			microcmdAuthList,
-			microcmdAuthDelete,
+		Commands: []*cli.Command{
+			microcmdAuthAddOauth(),
+			microcmdAuthUpdateOauth(),
+			microcmdAuthAddLdapBindDn(),
+			microcmdAuthUpdateLdapBindDn(),
+			microcmdAuthAddLdapSimpleAuth(),
+			microcmdAuthUpdateLdapSimpleAuth(),
+			microcmdAuthAddSMTP(),
+			microcmdAuthUpdateSMTP(),
+			newAuthListCommand(),
+			newAuthDeleteCommand(),
 		},
 	}
+}

-	subcmdSendMail = &cli.Command{
+func newSendMailCommand() *cli.Command {
+	return &cli.Command{
 		Name:   "sendmail",
 		Usage:  "Send a message to all users",
 		Action: runSendMail,
 		Flags: []cli.Flag{
 			&cli.StringFlag{
-				Name:  "title",
-				Usage: `a title of a message`,
-				Value: "",
+				Name:     "title",
+				Usage:    "a title of a message",
+				Required: true,
 			},
 			&cli.StringFlag{
 				Name:  "content",
@@ -86,28 +93,27 @@ var (
 			},
 		},
 	}
+}

-	idFlag = &cli.Int64Flag{
+func idFlag() *cli.Int64Flag {
+	return &cli.Int64Flag{
 		Name:  "id",
 		Usage: "ID of authentication source",
 	}
-)
-
-func runRepoSyncReleases(_ *cli.Context) error {
-	ctx, cancel := installSignals()
-	defer cancel()
+}

+func runRepoSyncReleases(ctx context.Context, _ *cli.Command) error {
 	if err := initDB(ctx); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

-	if err := git.InitSimple(ctx); err != nil {
+	if err := git.InitSimple(); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

 	log.Trace("Synchronizing repository releases (this may take a while)")
 	for page := 1; ; page++ {
-		repos, count, err := repo_model.SearchRepositoryByName(ctx, &repo_model.SearchRepoOptions{
+		repos, count, err := repo_model.SearchRepositoryByName(ctx, repo_model.SearchRepoOptions{
 			ListOptions: db.ListOptions{
 				PageSize: repo_model.RepositoryListDefaultPageSize,
 				Page:     page,
@@ -122,7 +128,7 @@ func runRepoSyncReleases(_ *cli.Context) error {
 		}
 		log.Trace("Processing next %d repos of %d", len(repos), count)
 		for _, repo := range repos {
-			log.Trace("Synchronizing repo %s with path %s", repo.FullName(), repo.RepoPath())
+			log.Trace("Synchronizing repo %s with path %s", repo.FullName(), repo.RelativePath())
 			gitRepo, err := gitrepo.OpenRepository(ctx, repo)
 			if err != nil {
 				log.Warn("OpenRepository: %v", err)
@@ -135,7 +141,7 @@ func runRepoSyncReleases(_ *cli.Context) error {
 			}
 			log.Trace(" currentNumReleases is %d, running SyncReleasesWithTags", oldnum)

-			if err = repo_module.SyncReleasesWithTags(ctx, repo, gitRepo); err != nil {
+			if _, err = repo_module.SyncReleasesWithTags(ctx, repo, gitRepo); err != nil {
 				log.Warn(" SyncReleasesWithTags: %v", err)
 				gitRepo.Close()
 				continue
@@ -148,7 +154,7 @@ func runRepoSyncReleases(_ *cli.Context) error {
 				continue
 			}

-			log.Trace(" repo %s releases synchronized to tags: from %d to %d",
+			log.Trace("repo %s releases synchronized to tags: from %d to %d",
 				repo.FullName(), oldnum, count)
 			gitRepo.Close()
 		}
--- a/cmd/admin_auth.go
+++ b/cmd/admin_auth.go
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 package cmd

 import (
+	"context"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"os"
@@ -13,17 +14,20 @@ import (
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/db"
 	auth_service "code.gitea.io/gitea/services/auth"

-	"github.com/urfave/cli/v2"
+	"github.com/urfave/cli/v3"
 )

-var (
-	microcmdAuthDelete = &cli.Command{
+func newAuthDeleteCommand() *cli.Command {
+	return &cli.Command{
 		Name:   "delete",
 		Usage:  "Delete specific auth source",
-		Flags:  []cli.Flag{idFlag},
+		Flags:  []cli.Flag{idFlag()},
 		Action: runDeleteAuth,
 	}
-	microcmdAuthList = &cli.Command{
+}
+
+func newAuthListCommand() *cli.Command {
+	return &cli.Command{
 		Name:   "list",
 		Usage:  "List auth sources",
 		Action: runListAuth,
@@ -54,12 +58,9 @@ var (
 			},
 		},
 	}
-)
-
-func runListAuth(c *cli.Context) error {
-	ctx, cancel := installSignals()
-	defer cancel()
+}

+func runListAuth(ctx context.Context, c *cli.Command) error {
 	if err := initDB(ctx); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -90,14 +91,11 @@ func runListAuth(c *cli.Context) error {
 	return nil
 }

-func runDeleteAuth(c *cli.Context) error {
+func runDeleteAuth(ctx context.Context, c *cli.Command) error {
 	if !c.IsSet("id") {
 		return errors.New("--id flag is missing")
 	}

-	ctx, cancel := installSignals()
-	defer cancel()
-
 	if err := initDB(ctx); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
--- a/cmd/admin_auth_ldap.go
+++ b/cmd/admin_auth_ldap.go
@@ -9,9 +9,10 @@ import (
 	"strings"

 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/auth"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/util"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/services/auth/source/ldap"

-	"github.com/urfave/cli/v2"
+	"github.com/urfave/cli/v3"
 )

 type (
@@ -23,8 +24,8 @@ type (
 	}
 )

-var (
-	commonLdapCLIFlags = []cli.Flag{
+func commonLdapCLIFlags() []cli.Flag {
+	return []cli.Flag{
 		&cli.StringFlag{
 			Name:  "name",
 			Usage: "Authentication name.",
@@ -93,6 +94,10 @@ var (
 			Name:  "public-ssh-key-attribute",
 			Usage: "The attribute of the user’s LDAP record containing the user’s public ssh key.",
 		},
+		&cli.BoolFlag{
+			Name:  "ssh-keys-are-verified",
+			Usage: "Set to true to automatically flag SSH keys in LDAP as verified.",
+		},
 		&cli.BoolFlag{
 			Name:  "skip-local-2fa",
 			Usage: "Set to true to skip local 2fa for users authenticated by this source",
@@ -102,8 +107,10 @@ var (
 			Usage: "The attribute of the user’s LDAP record containing the user’s avatar.",
 		},
 	}
+}

-	ldapBindDnCLIFlags = append(commonLdapCLIFlags,
+func ldapBindDnCLIFlags() []cli.Flag {
+	return append(commonLdapCLIFlags(),
 		&cli.StringFlag{
 			Name:  "bind-dn",
 			Usage: "The DN to bind to the LDAP server with when searching for the user.",
@@ -127,50 +134,88 @@ var (
 		&cli.UintFlag{
 			Name:  "page-size",
 			Usage: "Search page size.",
+		},
+		&cli.BoolFlag{
+			Name:  "enable-groups",
+			Usage: "Enable LDAP groups",
+		},
+		&cli.StringFlag{
+			Name:  "group-search-base-dn",
+			Usage: "The LDAP base DN at which group accounts will be searched for",
+		},
+		&cli.StringFlag{
+			Name:  "group-member-attribute",
+			Usage: "Group attribute containing list of users",
+		},
+		&cli.StringFlag{
+			Name:  "group-user-attribute",
+			Usage: "User attribute listed in group",
+		},
+		&cli.StringFlag{
+			Name:  "group-filter",
+			Usage: "Verify group membership in LDAP",
+		},
+		&cli.StringFlag{
+			Name:  "group-team-map",
+			Usage: "Map LDAP groups to Organization teams",
+		},
+		&cli.BoolFlag{
+			Name:  "group-team-map-removal",
+			Usage: "Remove users from synchronized teams if user does not belong to corresponding LDAP group",
 		})
+}

-	ldapSimpleAuthCLIFlags = append(commonLdapCLIFlags,
+func ldapSimpleAuthCLIFlags() []cli.Flag {
+	return append(commonLdapCLIFlags(),
 		&cli.StringFlag{
 			Name:  "user-dn",
 			Usage: "The user's DN.",
 		})
+}

-	microcmdAuthAddLdapBindDn = &cli.Command{
+func microcmdAuthAddLdapBindDn() *cli.Command {
+	return &cli.Command{
 		Name:  "add-ldap",
 		Usage: "Add new LDAP (via Bind DN) authentication source",
-		Action: func(c *cli.Context) error {
-			return newAuthService().addLdapBindDn(c)
+		Action: func(ctx context.Context, cmd *cli.Command) error {
+			return newAuthService().addLdapBindDn(ctx, cmd)
 		},
-		Flags: ldapBindDnCLIFlags,
+		Flags: ldapBindDnCLIFlags(),
 	}
+}

-	microcmdAuthUpdateLdapBindDn = &cli.Command{
+func microcmdAuthUpdateLdapBindDn() *cli.Command {
+	return &cli.Command{
 		Name:  "update-ldap",
 		Usage: "Update existing LDAP (via Bind DN) authentication source",
-		Action: func(c *cli.Context) error {
-			return newAuthService().updateLdapBindDn(c)
+		Action: func(ctx context.Context, cmd *cli.Command) error {
+			return newAuthService().updateLdapBindDn(ctx, cmd)
 		},
-		Flags: append([]cli.Flag{idFlag}, ldapBindDnCLIFlags...),
+		Flags: append([]cli.Flag{idFlag()}, ldapBindDnCLIFlags()...),
 	}
+}

-	microcmdAuthAddLdapSimpleAuth = &cli.Command{
+func microcmdAuthAddLdapSimpleAuth() *cli.Command {
+	return &cli.Command{
 		Name:  "add-ldap-simple",
 		Usage: "Add new LDAP (simple auth) authentication source",
-		Action: func(c *cli.Context) error {
-			return newAuthService().addLdapSimpleAuth(c)
+		Action: func(ctx context.Context, cmd *cli.Command) error {
+			return newAuthService().addLdapSimpleAuth(ctx, cmd)
 		},
-		Flags: ldapSimpleAuthCLIFlags,
+		Flags: ldapSimpleAuthCLIFlags(),
 	}
+}

-	microcmdAuthUpdateLdapSimpleAuth = &cli.Command{
+func microcmdAuthUpdateLdapSimpleAuth() *cli.Command {
+	return &cli.Command{
 		Name:  "update-ldap-simple",
 		Usage: "Update existing LDAP (simple auth) authentication source",
-		Action: func(c *cli.Context) error {
-			return newAuthService().updateLdapSimpleAuth(c)
+		Action: func(ctx context.Context, cmd *cli.Command) error {
+			return newAuthService().updateLdapSimpleAuth(ctx, cmd)
 		},
-		Flags: append([]cli.Flag{idFlag}, ldapSimpleAuthCLIFlags...),
+		Flags: append([]cli.Flag{idFlag()}, ldapSimpleAuthCLIFlags()...),
 	}
-)
+}

 // newAuthService creates a service with default functions.
 func newAuthService() *authService {
@@ -182,8 +227,8 @@ func newAuthService() *authService {
 	}
 }

-// parseAuthSource assigns values on authSource according to command line flags.
-func parseAuthSource(c *cli.Context, authSource *auth.Source) {
+// parseAuthSourceLdap assigns values on authSource according to command line flags.
+func parseAuthSourceLdap(c *cli.Command, authSource *auth.Source) {
 	if c.IsSet("name") {
 		authSource.Name = c.String("name")
 	}
@@ -199,10 +244,11 @@ func parseAuthSource(c *cli.Context, authSource *auth.Source) {
 	if c.IsSet("disable-synchronize-users") {
 		authSource.IsSyncEnabled = !c.Bool("disable-synchronize-users")
 	}
+	authSource.TwoFactorPolicy = util.Iif(c.Bool("skip-local-2fa"), "skip", "")
 }

 // parseLdapConfig assigns values on config according to command line flags.
-func parseLdapConfig(c *cli.Context, config *ldap.Source) error {
+func parseLdapConfig(c *cli.Command, config *ldap.Source) error {
 	if c.IsSet("name") {
 		config.Name = c.String("name")
 	}
@@ -215,7 +261,7 @@ func parseLdapConfig(c *cli.Context, config *ldap.Source) error {
 	if c.IsSet("security-protocol") {
 		p, ok := findLdapSecurityProtocolByName(c.String("security-protocol"))
 		if !ok {
-			return fmt.Errorf("Unknown security protocol name: %s", c.String("security-protocol"))
+			return fmt.Errorf("unknown security protocol name: %s", c.String("security-protocol"))
 		}
 		config.SecurityProtocol = p
 	}
@@ -252,6 +298,9 @@ func parseLdapConfig(c *cli.Context, config *ldap.Source) error {
 	if c.IsSet("public-ssh-key-attribute") {
 		config.AttributeSSHPublicKey = c.String("public-ssh-key-attribute")
 	}
+	if c.IsSet("ssh-keys-are-verified") {
+		config.SSHKeysAreVerified = c.Bool("ssh-keys-are-verified")
+	}
 	if c.IsSet("avatar-attribute") {
 		config.AttributeAvatar = c.String("avatar-attribute")
 	}
@@ -270,8 +319,26 @@ func parseLdapConfig(c *cli.Context, config *ldap.Source) error {
 	if c.IsSet("allow-deactivate-all") {
 		config.AllowDeactivateAll = c.Bool("allow-deactivate-all")
 	}
-	if c.IsSet("skip-local-2fa") {
-		config.SkipLocalTwoFA = c.Bool("skip-local-2fa")
+	if c.IsSet("enable-groups") {
+		config.GroupsEnabled = c.Bool("enable-groups")
+	}
+	if c.IsSet("group-search-base-dn") {
+		config.GroupDN = c.String("group-search-base-dn")
+	}
+	if c.IsSet("group-member-attribute") {
+		config.GroupMemberUID = c.String("group-member-attribute")
+	}
+	if c.IsSet("group-user-attribute") {
+		config.UserUID = c.String("group-user-attribute")
+	}
+	if c.IsSet("group-filter") {
+		config.GroupFilter = c.String("group-filter")
+	}
+	if c.IsSet("group-team-map") {
+		config.GroupTeamMap = c.String("group-team-map")
+	}
+	if c.IsSet("group-team-map-removal") {
+		config.GroupTeamMapRemoval = c.Bool("group-team-map-removal")
 	}
 	return nil
 }
@@ -289,32 +356,27 @@ func findLdapSecurityProtocolByName(name string) (ldap.SecurityProtocol, bool) {

 // getAuthSource gets the login source by its id defined in the command line flags.
 // It returns an error if the id is not set, does not match any source or if the source is not of expected type.
-func (a *authService) getAuthSource(ctx context.Context, c *cli.Context, authType auth.Type) (*auth.Source, error) {
+func (a *authService) getAuthSource(ctx context.Context, c *cli.Command, authType auth.Type) (*auth.Source, error) {
 	if err := argsSet(c, "id"); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-
 	authSource, err := a.getAuthSourceByID(ctx, c.Int64("id"))
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}

 	if authSource.Type != authType {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("Invalid authentication type. expected: %s, actual: %s", authType.String(), authSource.Type.String())
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid authentication type. expected: %s, actual: %s", authType.String(), authSource.Type.String())
 	}

 	return authSource, nil
 }

 // addLdapBindDn adds a new LDAP via Bind DN authentication source.
-func (a *authService) addLdapBindDn(c *cli.Context) error {
+func (a *authService) addLdapBindDn(ctx context.Context, c *cli.Command) error {
 	if err := argsSet(c, "name", "security-protocol", "host", "port", "user-search-base", "user-filter", "email-attribute"); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-
-	ctx, cancel := installSignals()
-	defer cancel()
-
 	if err := a.initDB(ctx); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -327,7 +389,7 @@ func (a *authService) addLdapBindDn(c *cli.Context) error {
 		},
 	}

-	parseAuthSource(c, authSource)
+	parseAuthSourceLdap(c, authSource)
 	if err := parseLdapConfig(c, authSource.Cfg.(*ldap.Source)); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -336,10 +398,7 @@ func (a *authService) addLdapBindDn(c *cli.Context) error {
 }

 // updateLdapBindDn updates a new LDAP via Bind DN authentication source.
-func (a *authService) updateLdapBindDn(c *cli.Context) error {
-	ctx, cancel := installSignals()
-	defer cancel()
-
+func (a *authService) updateLdapBindDn(ctx context.Context, c *cli.Command) error {
 	if err := a.initDB(ctx); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -349,7 +408,7 @@ func (a *authService) updateLdapBindDn(c *cli.Context) error {
 		return err
 	}

-	parseAuthSource(c, authSource)
+	parseAuthSourceLdap(c, authSource)
 	if err := parseLdapConfig(c, authSource.Cfg.(*ldap.Source)); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -358,14 +417,11 @@ func (a *authService) updateLdapBindDn(c *cli.Context) error {
 }

 // addLdapSimpleAuth adds a new LDAP (simple auth) authentication source.
-func (a *authService) addLdapSimpleAuth(c *cli.Context) error {
+func (a *authService) addLdapSimpleAuth(ctx context.Context, c *cli.Command) error {
 	if err := argsSet(c, "name", "security-protocol", "host", "port", "user-dn", "user-filter", "email-attribute"); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

-	ctx, cancel := installSignals()
-	defer cancel()
-
 	if err := a.initDB(ctx); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -378,7 +434,7 @@ func (a *authService) addLdapSimpleAuth(c *cli.Context) error {
 		},
 	}

-	parseAuthSource(c, authSource)
+	parseAuthSourceLdap(c, authSource)
 	if err := parseLdapConfig(c, authSource.Cfg.(*ldap.Source)); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -387,10 +443,7 @@ func (a *authService) addLdapSimpleAuth(c *cli.Context) error {
 }

 // updateLdapSimpleAuth updates a new LDAP (simple auth) authentication source.
-func (a *authService) updateLdapSimpleAuth(c *cli.Context) error {
-	ctx, cancel := installSignals()
-	defer cancel()
-
+func (a *authService) updateLdapSimpleAuth(ctx context.Context, c *cli.Command) error {
 	if err := a.initDB(ctx); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -400,7 +453,7 @@ func (a *authService) updateLdapSimpleAuth(c *cli.Context) error {
 		return err
 	}

-	parseAuthSource(c, authSource)
+	parseAuthSourceLdap(c, authSource)
 	if err := parseLdapConfig(c, authSource.Cfg.(*ldap.Source)); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
--- a/cmd/admin_auth_ldap_test.go
+++ b/cmd/admin_auth_ldap_test.go
@@ -8,17 +8,16 @@ import (
 	"testing"

 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/auth"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/test"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/services/auth/source/ldap"

 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"github.com/urfave/cli/v2"
+	"github.com/urfave/cli/v3"
 )

 func TestAddLdapBindDn(t *testing.T) {
 	// Mock cli functions to do not exit on error
-	osExiter := cli.OsExiter
-	defer func() { cli.OsExiter = osExiter }()
-	cli.OsExiter = func(code int) {}
+	defer test.MockVariableValue(&cli.OsExiter, func(code int) {})()

 	// Test cases
 	cases := []struct {
@@ -51,6 +50,13 @@ func TestAddLdapBindDn(t *testing.T) {
 				"--attributes-in-bind",
 				"--synchronize-users",
 				"--page-size", "99",
+				"--enable-groups",
+				"--group-search-base-dn", "ou=group,dc=full-domain-bind,dc=org",
+				"--group-member-attribute", "memberUid",
+				"--group-user-attribute", "uid",
+				"--group-filter", "(|(cn=gitea_users)(cn=admins))",
+				"--group-team-map", `{"cn=my-group,cn=groups,dc=example,dc=org": {"MyGiteaOrganization": ["MyGiteaTeam1", "MyGiteaTeam2"]}}`,
+				"--group-team-map-removal",
 			},
 			source: &auth.Source{
 				Type:          auth.LDAP,
@@ -78,6 +84,13 @@ func TestAddLdapBindDn(t *testing.T) {
 					AdminFilter:           "(memberOf=cn=admin-group,ou=example,dc=full-domain-bind,dc=org)",
 					RestrictedFilter:      "(memberOf=cn=restricted-group,ou=example,dc=full-domain-bind,dc=org)",
 					Enabled:               true,
+					GroupsEnabled:         true,
+					GroupDN:               "ou=group,dc=full-domain-bind,dc=org",
+					GroupMemberUID:        "memberUid",
+					UserUID:               "uid",
+					GroupFilter:           "(|(cn=gitea_users)(cn=admins))",
+					GroupTeamMap:          `{"cn=my-group,cn=groups,dc=example,dc=org": {"MyGiteaOrganization": ["MyGiteaTeam1", "MyGiteaTeam2"]}}`,
+					GroupTeamMapRemoval:   true,
 				},
 			},
 		},
@@ -121,7 +134,7 @@ func TestAddLdapBindDn(t *testing.T) {
 				"--user-filter", "(memberOf=cn=user-group,ou=example,dc=domain,dc=org)",
 				"--email-attribute", "mail",
 			},
-			errMsg: "Unknown security protocol name: zzzzz",
+			errMsg: "unknown security protocol name: zzzzz",
 		},
 		// case 3
 		{
@@ -215,22 +228,23 @@ func TestAddLdapBindDn(t *testing.T) {
 				return nil
 			},
 			updateAuthSource: func(ctx context.Context, authSource *auth.Source) error {
-				assert.FailNow(t, "case %d: should not call updateAuthSource", n)
+				assert.FailNow(t, "updateAuthSource called", "case %d: should not call updateAuthSource", n)
 				return nil
 			},
 			getAuthSourceByID: func(ctx context.Context, id int64) (*auth.Source, error) {
-				assert.FailNow(t, "case %d: should not call getAuthSourceByID", n)
-				return nil, nil
+				assert.FailNow(t, "getAuthSourceByID called", "case %d: should not call getAuthSourceByID", n)
+				return nil, nil //nolint:nilnil // mock function covering improper behavior
 			},
 		}

 		// Create a copy of command to test
-		app := cli.NewApp()
-		app.Flags = microcmdAuthAddLdapBindDn.Flags
-		app.Action = service.addLdapBindDn
+		app := cli.Command{
+			Flags:  microcmdAuthAddLdapBindDn().Flags,
+			Action: service.addLdapBindDn,
+		}

 		// Run it
-		err := app.Run(c.args)
+		err := app.Run(t.Context(), c.args)
 		if c.errMsg != "" {
 			assert.EqualError(t, err, c.errMsg, "case %d: error should match", n)
 		} else {
@@ -242,9 +256,7 @@ func TestAddLdapBindDn(t *testing.T) {

 func TestAddLdapSimpleAuth(t *testing.T) {
 	// Mock cli functions to do not exit on error
-	osExiter := cli.OsExiter
-	defer func() { cli.OsExiter = osExiter }()
-	cli.OsExiter = func(code int) {}
+	defer test.MockVariableValue(&cli.OsExiter, func(code int) {})()

 	// Test cases
 	cases := []struct {
@@ -334,12 +346,12 @@ func TestAddLdapSimpleAuth(t *testing.T) {
 				"--name", "ldap (simple auth) source",
 				"--security-protocol", "zzzzz",
 				"--host", "ldap-server",
-				"--port", "123",
+				"--port", "1234",
 				"--user-filter", "(&(objectClass=posixAccount)(cn=%s))",
 				"--email-attribute", "mail",
 				"--user-dn", "cn=%s,ou=Users,dc=domain,dc=org",
 			},
-			errMsg: "Unknown security protocol name: zzzzz",
+			errMsg: "unknown security protocol name: zzzzz",
 		},
 		// case 3
 		{
@@ -446,22 +458,23 @@ func TestAddLdapSimpleAuth(t *testing.T) {
 				return nil
 			},
 			updateAuthSource: func(ctx context.Context, authSource *auth.Source) error {
-				assert.FailNow(t, "case %d: should not call updateAuthSource", n)
+				assert.FailNow(t, "updateAuthSource called", "case %d: should not call updateAuthSource", n)
 				return nil
 			},
 			getAuthSourceByID: func(ctx context.Context, id int64) (*auth.Source, error) {
-				assert.FailNow(t, "case %d: should not call getAuthSourceByID", n)
-				return nil, nil
+				assert.FailNow(t, "getAuthSourceById called", "case %d: should not call getAuthSourceByID", n)
+				return nil, nil //nolint:nilnil // mock function covering improper behavior
 			},
 		}

 		// Create a copy of command to test
-		app := cli.NewApp()
-		app.Flags = microcmdAuthAddLdapSimpleAuth.Flags
-		app.Action = service.addLdapSimpleAuth
+		app := &cli.Command{
+			Flags:  microcmdAuthAddLdapSimpleAuth().Flags,
+			Action: service.addLdapSimpleAuth,
+		}

 		// Run it
-		err := app.Run(c.args)
+		err := app.Run(t.Context(), c.args)
 		if c.errMsg != "" {
 			assert.EqualError(t, err, c.errMsg, "case %d: error should match", n)
 		} else {
@@ -473,9 +486,7 @@ func TestAddLdapSimpleAuth(t *testing.T) {

 func TestUpdateLdapBindDn(t *testing.T) {
 	// Mock cli functions to do not exit on error
-	osExiter := cli.OsExiter
-	defer func() { cli.OsExiter = osExiter }()
-	cli.OsExiter = func(code int) {}
+	defer test.MockVariableValue(&cli.OsExiter, func(code int) {})()

 	// Test cases
 	cases := []struct {
@@ -510,6 +521,13 @@ func TestUpdateLdapBindDn(t *testing.T) {
 				"--bind-password", "secret-bind-full",
 				"--synchronize-users",
 				"--page-size", "99",
+				"--enable-groups",
+				"--group-search-base-dn", "ou=group,dc=full-domain-bind,dc=org",
+				"--group-member-attribute", "memberUid",
+				"--group-user-attribute", "uid",
+				"--group-filter", "(|(cn=gitea_users)(cn=admins))",
+				"--group-team-map", `{"cn=my-group,cn=groups,dc=example,dc=org": {"MyGiteaOrganization": ["MyGiteaTeam1", "MyGiteaTeam2"]}}`,
+				"--group-team-map-removal",
 			},
 			id: 23,
 			existingAuthSource: &auth.Source{
@@ -545,6 +563,13 @@ func TestUpdateLdapBindDn(t *testing.T) {
 					AdminFilter:           "(memberOf=cn=admin-group,ou=example,dc=full-domain-bind,dc=org)",
 					RestrictedFilter:      "(memberOf=cn=restricted-group,ou=example,dc=full-domain-bind,dc=org)",
 					Enabled:               true,
+					GroupsEnabled:         true,
+					GroupDN:               "ou=group,dc=full-domain-bind,dc=org",
+					GroupMemberUID:        "memberUid",
+					UserUID:               "uid",
+					GroupFilter:           "(|(cn=gitea_users)(cn=admins))",
+					GroupTeamMap:          `{"cn=my-group,cn=groups,dc=example,dc=org": {"MyGiteaOrganization": ["MyGiteaTeam1", "MyGiteaTeam2"]}}`,
+					GroupTeamMapRemoval:   true,
 				},
 			},
 		},
@@ -836,7 +861,7 @@ func TestUpdateLdapBindDn(t *testing.T) {
 				"--id", "1",
 				"--security-protocol", "xxxxx",
 			},
-			errMsg: "Unknown security protocol name: xxxxx",
+			errMsg: "unknown security protocol name: xxxxx",
 		},
 		// case 22
 		{
@@ -855,7 +880,7 @@ func TestUpdateLdapBindDn(t *testing.T) {
 				Type: auth.OAuth2,
 				Cfg:  &ldap.Source{},
 			},
-			errMsg: "Invalid authentication type. expected: LDAP (via BindDN), actual: OAuth2",
+			errMsg: "invalid authentication type. expected: LDAP (via BindDN), actual: OAuth2",
 		},
 		// case 24
 		{
@@ -897,7 +922,7 @@ func TestUpdateLdapBindDn(t *testing.T) {
 				return nil
 			},
 			createAuthSource: func(ctx context.Context, authSource *auth.Source) error {
-				assert.FailNow(t, "case %d: should not call createAuthSource", n)
+				assert.FailNow(t, "createAuthSource called", "case %d: should not call createAuthSource", n)
 				return nil
 			},
 			updateAuthSource: func(ctx context.Context, authSource *auth.Source) error {
@@ -919,12 +944,12 @@ func TestUpdateLdapBindDn(t *testing.T) {
 		}

 		// Create a copy of command to test
-		app := cli.NewApp()
-		app.Flags = microcmdAuthUpdateLdapBindDn.Flags
-		app.Action = service.updateLdapBindDn
-
+		app := cli.Command{
+			Flags:  microcmdAuthUpdateLdapBindDn().Flags,
+			Action: service.updateLdapBindDn,
+		}
 		// Run it
-		err := app.Run(c.args)
+		err := app.Run(t.Context(), c.args)
 		if c.errMsg != "" {
 			assert.EqualError(t, err, c.errMsg, "case %d: error should match", n)
 		} else {
@@ -936,9 +961,7 @@ func TestUpdateLdapBindDn(t *testing.T) {

 func TestUpdateLdapSimpleAuth(t *testing.T) {
 	// Mock cli functions to do not exit on error
-	osExiter := cli.OsExiter
-	defer func() { cli.OsExiter = osExiter }()
-	cli.OsExiter = func(code int) {}
+	defer test.MockVariableValue(&cli.OsExiter, func(code int) {})()

 	// Test cases
 	cases := []struct {
@@ -1229,7 +1252,7 @@ func TestUpdateLdapSimpleAuth(t *testing.T) {
 				"--id", "1",
 				"--security-protocol", "xxxxx",
 			},
-			errMsg: "Unknown security protocol name: xxxxx",
+			errMsg: "unknown security protocol name: xxxxx",
 		},
 		// case 18
 		{
@@ -1248,7 +1271,7 @@ func TestUpdateLdapSimpleAuth(t *testing.T) {
 				Type: auth.PAM,
 				Cfg:  &ldap.Source{},
 			},
-			errMsg: "Invalid authentication type. expected: LDAP (simple auth), actual: PAM",
+			errMsg: "invalid authentication type. expected: LDAP (simple auth), actual: PAM",
 		},
 		// case 20
 		{
@@ -1287,7 +1310,7 @@ func TestUpdateLdapSimpleAuth(t *testing.T) {
 				return nil
 			},
 			createAuthSource: func(ctx context.Context, authSource *auth.Source) error {
-				assert.FailNow(t, "case %d: should not call createAuthSource", n)
+				assert.FailNow(t, "createAuthSource called", "case %d: should not call createAuthSource", n)
 				return nil
 			},
 			updateAuthSource: func(ctx context.Context, authSource *auth.Source) error {
@@ -1309,12 +1332,12 @@ func TestUpdateLdapSimpleAuth(t *testing.T) {
 		}

 		// Create a copy of command to test
-		app := cli.NewApp()
-		app.Flags = microcmdAuthUpdateLdapSimpleAuth.Flags
-		app.Action = service.updateLdapSimpleAuth
-
+		app := cli.Command{
+			Flags:  microcmdAuthUpdateLdapSimpleAuth().Flags,
+			Action: service.updateLdapSimpleAuth,
+		}
 		// Run it
-		err := app.Run(c.args)
+		err := app.Run(t.Context(), c.args)
 		if c.errMsg != "" {
 			assert.EqualError(t, err, c.errMsg, "case %d: error should match", n)
 		} else {
--- a/cmd/admin_auth_oauth.go
+++ b/cmd/admin_auth_oauth.go
@@ -4,18 +4,20 @@
 package cmd

 import (
+	"context"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"net/url"

 	auth_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/auth"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/util"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/services/auth/source/oauth2"

-	"github.com/urfave/cli/v2"
+	"github.com/urfave/cli/v3"
 )

-var (
-	oauthCLIFlags = []cli.Flag{
+func oauthCLIFlags() []cli.Flag {
+	return []cli.Flag{
 		&cli.StringFlag{
 			Name:  "name",
 			Value: "",
@@ -85,6 +87,14 @@ var (
 			Value: nil,
 			Usage: "Scopes to request when to authenticate against this OAuth2 source",
 		},
+		&cli.StringFlag{
+			Name:  "ssh-public-key-claim-name",
+			Usage: "Claim name that provides SSH public keys",
+		},
+		&cli.StringFlag{
+			Name:  "full-name-claim-name",
+			Usage: "Claim name that provides user's full name",
+		},
 		&cli.StringFlag{
 			Name:  "required-claim-name",
 			Value: "",
@@ -120,23 +130,34 @@ var (
 			Usage: "Activate automatic team membership removal depending on groups",
 		},
 	}
+}

-	microcmdAuthAddOauth = &cli.Command{
-		Name:   "add-oauth",
-		Usage:  "Add new Oauth authentication source",
-		Action: runAddOauth,
-		Flags:  oauthCLIFlags,
+func microcmdAuthAddOauth() *cli.Command {
+	return &cli.Command{
+		Name:  "add-oauth",
+		Usage: "Add new Oauth authentication source",
+		Action: func(ctx context.Context, cmd *cli.Command) error {
+			return newAuthService().runAddOauth(ctx, cmd)
+		},
+		Flags: oauthCLIFlags(),
 	}
+}

-	microcmdAuthUpdateOauth = &cli.Command{
-		Name:   "update-oauth",
-		Usage:  "Update existing Oauth authentication source",
-		Action: runUpdateOauth,
-		Flags:  append(oauthCLIFlags[:1], append([]cli.Flag{idFlag}, oauthCLIFlags[1:]...)...),
+func microcmdAuthUpdateOauth() *cli.Command {
+	return &cli.Command{
+		Name:  "update-oauth",
+		Usage: "Update existing Oauth authentication source",
+		Action: func(ctx context.Context, cmd *cli.Command) error {
+			return newAuthService().runUpdateOauth(ctx, cmd)
+		},
+		Flags: append(oauthCLIFlags()[:1], append([]cli.Flag{&cli.Int64Flag{
+			Name:  "id",
+			Usage: "ID of authentication source",
+		}}, oauthCLIFlags()[1:]...)...),
 	}
-)
+}

-func parseOAuth2Config(c *cli.Context) *oauth2.Source {
+func parseOAuth2Config(c *cli.Command) *oauth2.Source {
 	var customURLMapping *oauth2.CustomURLMapping
 	if c.IsSet("use-custom-urls") {
 		customURLMapping = &oauth2.CustomURLMapping{
@@ -156,7 +177,6 @@ func parseOAuth2Config(c *cli.Context) *oauth2.Source {
 		OpenIDConnectAutoDiscoveryURL: c.String("auto-discover-url"),
 		CustomURLMapping:              customURLMapping,
 		IconURL:                       c.String("icon-url"),
-		SkipLocalTwoFA:                c.Bool("skip-local-2fa"),
 		Scopes:                        c.StringSlice("scopes"),
 		RequiredClaimName:             c.String("required-claim-name"),
 		RequiredClaimValue:            c.String("required-claim-value"),
@@ -165,14 +185,13 @@ func parseOAuth2Config(c *cli.Context) *oauth2.Source {
 		RestrictedGroup:               c.String("restricted-group"),
 		GroupTeamMap:                  c.String("group-team-map"),
 		GroupTeamMapRemoval:           c.Bool("group-team-map-removal"),
+		SSHPublicKeyClaimName:         c.String("ssh-public-key-claim-name"),
+		FullNameClaimName:             c.String("full-name-claim-name"),
 	}
 }

-func runAddOauth(c *cli.Context) error {
-	ctx, cancel := installSignals()
-	defer cancel()
-
-	if err := initDB(ctx); err != nil {
+func (a *authService) runAddOauth(ctx context.Context, c *cli.Command) error {
+	if err := a.initDB(ctx); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

@@ -184,27 +203,25 @@ func runAddOauth(c *cli.Context) error {
 		}
 	}

-	return auth_model.CreateSource(ctx, &auth_model.Source{
-		Type:     auth_model.OAuth2,
-		Name:     c.String("name"),
-		IsActive: true,
-		Cfg:      config,
+	return a.createAuthSource(ctx, &auth_model.Source{
+		Type:            auth_model.OAuth2,
+		Name:            c.String("name"),
+		IsActive:        true,
+		Cfg:             config,
+		TwoFactorPolicy: util.Iif(c.Bool("skip-local-2fa"), "skip", ""),
 	})
 }

-func runUpdateOauth(c *cli.Context) error {
+func (a *authService) runUpdateOauth(ctx context.Context, c *cli.Command) error {
 	if !c.IsSet("id") {
 		return errors.New("--id flag is missing")
 	}

-	ctx, cancel := installSignals()
-	defer cancel()
-
-	if err := initDB(ctx); err != nil {
+	if err := a.initDB(ctx); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

-	source, err := auth_model.GetSourceByID(ctx, c.Int64("id"))
+	source, err := a.getAuthSourceByID(ctx, c.Int64("id"))
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -261,6 +278,12 @@ func runUpdateOauth(c *cli.Context) error {
 	if c.IsSet("group-team-map-removal") {
 		oAuth2Config.GroupTeamMapRemoval = c.Bool("group-team-map-removal")
 	}
+	if c.IsSet("ssh-public-key-claim-name") {
+		oAuth2Config.SSHPublicKeyClaimName = c.String("ssh-public-key-claim-name")
+	}
+	if c.IsSet("full-name-claim-name") {
+		oAuth2Config.FullNameClaimName = c.String("full-name-claim-name")
+	}

 	// update custom URL mapping
 	customURLMapping := &oauth2.CustomURLMapping{}
@@ -294,6 +317,6 @@ func runUpdateOauth(c *cli.Context) error {

 	oAuth2Config.CustomURLMapping = customURLMapping
 	source.Cfg = oAuth2Config
-
-	return auth_model.UpdateSource(ctx, source)
+	source.TwoFactorPolicy = util.Iif(c.Bool("skip-local-2fa"), "skip", "")
+	return a.updateAuthSource(ctx, source)
 }
--- a/cmd/admin_auth_oauth_test.go
+++ b/cmd/admin_auth_oauth_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,343 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package cmd
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"testing"
+
+	auth_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/auth"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/services/auth/source/oauth2"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/urfave/cli/v3"
+)
+
+func TestAddOauth(t *testing.T) {
+	testCases := []struct {
+		name   string
+		args   []string
+		source *auth_model.Source
+		errMsg string
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "valid config",
+			args: []string{
+				"--name", "test",
+				"--provider", "github",
+				"--key", "some_key",
+				"--secret", "some_secret",
+			},
+			source: &auth_model.Source{
+				Type:     auth_model.OAuth2,
+				Name:     "test",
+				IsActive: true,
+				Cfg: &oauth2.Source{
+					Scopes:       []string{},
+					Provider:     "github",
+					ClientID:     "some_key",
+					ClientSecret: "some_secret",
+				},
+				TwoFactorPolicy: "",
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "valid config with openid connect",
+			args: []string{
+				"--name", "test",
+				"--provider", "openidConnect",
+				"--key", "some_key",
+				"--secret", "some_secret",
+				"--auto-discover-url", "https://example.com",
+			},
+			source: &auth_model.Source{
+				Type:     auth_model.OAuth2,
+				Name:     "test",
+				IsActive: true,
+				Cfg: &oauth2.Source{
+					Scopes:                        []string{},
+					Provider:                      "openidConnect",
+					ClientID:                      "some_key",
+					ClientSecret:                  "some_secret",
+					OpenIDConnectAutoDiscoveryURL: "https://example.com",
+				},
+				TwoFactorPolicy: "",
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "valid config with options",
+			args: []string{
+				"--name", "test",
+				"--provider", "gitlab",
+				"--key", "some_key",
+				"--secret", "some_secret",
+				"--use-custom-urls", "true",
+				"--custom-token-url", "https://example.com/token",
+				"--custom-auth-url", "https://example.com/auth",
+				"--custom-profile-url", "https://example.com/profile",
+				"--custom-email-url", "https://example.com/email",
+				"--custom-tenant-id", "some_tenant",
+				"--icon-url", "https://example.com/icon",
+				"--scopes", "scope1,scope2",
+				"--skip-local-2fa", "true",
+				"--required-claim-name", "claim_name",
+				"--required-claim-value", "claim_value",
+				"--group-claim-name", "group_name",
+				"--admin-group", "admin",
+				"--restricted-group", "restricted",
+				"--group-team-map", `{"group1": [1,2]}`,
+				"--group-team-map-removal=true",
+				"--ssh-public-key-claim-name", "attr_ssh_pub_key",
+				"--full-name-claim-name", "attr_full_name",
+			},
+			source: &auth_model.Source{
+				Type:     auth_model.OAuth2,
+				Name:     "test",
+				IsActive: true,
+				Cfg: &oauth2.Source{
+					Provider:     "gitlab",
+					ClientID:     "some_key",
+					ClientSecret: "some_secret",
+					CustomURLMapping: &oauth2.CustomURLMapping{
+						TokenURL:   "https://example.com/token",
+						AuthURL:    "https://example.com/auth",
+						ProfileURL: "https://example.com/profile",
+						EmailURL:   "https://example.com/email",
+						Tenant:     "some_tenant",
+					},
+					IconURL:               "https://example.com/icon",
+					Scopes:                []string{"scope1", "scope2"},
+					RequiredClaimName:     "claim_name",
+					RequiredClaimValue:    "claim_value",
+					GroupClaimName:        "group_name",
+					AdminGroup:            "admin",
+					RestrictedGroup:       "restricted",
+					GroupTeamMap:          `{"group1": [1,2]}`,
+					GroupTeamMapRemoval:   true,
+					SSHPublicKeyClaimName: "attr_ssh_pub_key",
+					FullNameClaimName:     "attr_full_name",
+				},
+				TwoFactorPolicy: "skip",
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range testCases {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			var createdSource *auth_model.Source
+			a := &authService{
+				initDB: func(ctx context.Context) error {
+					return nil
+				},
+				createAuthSource: func(ctx context.Context, source *auth_model.Source) error {
+					createdSource = source
+					return nil
+				},
+			}
+
+			app := &cli.Command{
+				Flags:  microcmdAuthAddOauth().Flags,
+				Action: a.runAddOauth,
+			}
+
+			args := []string{"oauth-test"}
+			args = append(args, tc.args...)
+
+			err := app.Run(t.Context(), args)
+
+			if tc.errMsg != "" {
+				assert.EqualError(t, err, tc.errMsg)
+			} else {
+				assert.NoError(t, err)
+				assert.Equal(t, tc.source, createdSource)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestUpdateOauth(t *testing.T) {
+	testCases := []struct {
+		name               string
+		args               []string
+		id                 int64
+		existingAuthSource *auth_model.Source
+		authSource         *auth_model.Source
+		errMsg             string
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "missing id",
+			args: []string{
+				"--name", "test",
+			},
+			errMsg: "--id flag is missing",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "valid config",
+			id:   1,
+			existingAuthSource: &auth_model.Source{
+				ID:       1,
+				Type:     auth_model.OAuth2,
+				Name:     "old name",
+				IsActive: true,
+				Cfg: &oauth2.Source{
+					Provider:     "github",
+					ClientID:     "old_key",
+					ClientSecret: "old_secret",
+				},
+				TwoFactorPolicy: "",
+			},
+			args: []string{
+				"--id", "1",
+				"--name", "test",
+				"--provider", "gitlab",
+				"--key", "new_key",
+				"--secret", "new_secret",
+			},
+			authSource: &auth_model.Source{
+				ID:       1,
+				Type:     auth_model.OAuth2,
+				Name:     "test",
+				IsActive: true,
+				Cfg: &oauth2.Source{
+					Provider:         "gitlab",
+					ClientID:         "new_key",
+					ClientSecret:     "new_secret",
+					CustomURLMapping: &oauth2.CustomURLMapping{},
+				},
+				TwoFactorPolicy: "",
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "valid config with options",
+			id:   1,
+			existingAuthSource: &auth_model.Source{
+				ID:       1,
+				Type:     auth_model.OAuth2,
+				Name:     "old name",
+				IsActive: true,
+				Cfg: &oauth2.Source{
+					Provider:     "gitlab",
+					ClientID:     "old_key",
+					ClientSecret: "old_secret",
+					CustomURLMapping: &oauth2.CustomURLMapping{
+						TokenURL:   "https://old.example.com/token",
+						AuthURL:    "https://old.example.com/auth",
+						ProfileURL: "https://old.example.com/profile",
+						EmailURL:   "https://old.example.com/email",
+						Tenant:     "old_tenant",
+					},
+					IconURL:               "https://old.example.com/icon",
+					Scopes:                []string{"old_scope1", "old_scope2"},
+					RequiredClaimName:     "old_claim_name",
+					RequiredClaimValue:    "old_claim_value",
+					GroupClaimName:        "old_group_name",
+					AdminGroup:            "old_admin",
+					RestrictedGroup:       "old_restricted",
+					GroupTeamMap:          `{"old_group1": [1,2]}`,
+					GroupTeamMapRemoval:   true,
+					SSHPublicKeyClaimName: "old_ssh_pub_key",
+					FullNameClaimName:     "old_full_name",
+				},
+				TwoFactorPolicy: "",
+			},
+			args: []string{
+				"--id", "1",
+				"--name", "test",
+				"--provider", "github",
+				"--key", "new_key",
+				"--secret", "new_secret",
+				"--use-custom-urls", "true",
+				"--custom-token-url", "https://example.com/token",
+				"--custom-auth-url", "https://example.com/auth",
+				"--custom-profile-url", "https://example.com/profile",
+				"--custom-email-url", "https://example.com/email",
+				"--custom-tenant-id", "new_tenant",
+				"--icon-url", "https://example.com/icon",
+				"--scopes", "scope1,scope2",
+				"--skip-local-2fa=true",
+				"--required-claim-name", "claim_name",
+				"--required-claim-value", "claim_value",
+				"--group-claim-name", "group_name",
+				"--admin-group", "admin",
+				"--restricted-group", "restricted",
+				"--group-team-map", `{"group1": [1,2]}`,
+				"--group-team-map-removal=false",
+				"--ssh-public-key-claim-name", "new_ssh_pub_key",
+				"--full-name-claim-name", "new_full_name",
+			},
+			authSource: &auth_model.Source{
+				ID:       1,
+				Type:     auth_model.OAuth2,
+				Name:     "test",
+				IsActive: true,
+				Cfg: &oauth2.Source{
+					Provider:     "github",
+					ClientID:     "new_key",
+					ClientSecret: "new_secret",
+					CustomURLMapping: &oauth2.CustomURLMapping{
+						TokenURL:   "https://example.com/token",
+						AuthURL:    "https://example.com/auth",
+						ProfileURL: "https://example.com/profile",
+						EmailURL:   "https://example.com/email",
+						Tenant:     "new_tenant",
+					},
+					IconURL:               "https://example.com/icon",
+					Scopes:                []string{"scope1", "scope2"},
+					RequiredClaimName:     "claim_name",
+					RequiredClaimValue:    "claim_value",
+					GroupClaimName:        "group_name",
+					AdminGroup:            "admin",
+					RestrictedGroup:       "restricted",
+					GroupTeamMap:          `{"group1": [1,2]}`,
+					GroupTeamMapRemoval:   false,
+					SSHPublicKeyClaimName: "new_ssh_pub_key",
+					FullNameClaimName:     "new_full_name",
+				},
+				TwoFactorPolicy: "skip",
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range testCases {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			a := &authService{
+				initDB: func(ctx context.Context) error {
+					return nil
+				},
+				getAuthSourceByID: func(ctx context.Context, id int64) (*auth_model.Source, error) {
+					return &auth_model.Source{
+						ID:       1,
+						Type:     auth_model.OAuth2,
+						Name:     "test",
+						IsActive: true,
+						Cfg: &oauth2.Source{
+							CustomURLMapping: &oauth2.CustomURLMapping{},
+						},
+						TwoFactorPolicy: "skip",
+					}, nil
+				},
+				updateAuthSource: func(ctx context.Context, source *auth_model.Source) error {
+					assert.Equal(t, tc.authSource, source)
+					return nil
+				},
+			}
+
+			app := &cli.Command{
+				Flags:  microcmdAuthUpdateOauth().Flags,
+				Action: a.runUpdateOauth,
+			}
+
+			args := []string{"oauth-test"}
+			args = append(args, tc.args...)
+
+			err := app.Run(t.Context(), args)
+
+			if tc.errMsg != "" {
+				assert.EqualError(t, err, tc.errMsg)
+			} else {
+				assert.NoError(t, err)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
--- a/cmd/admin_auth_smtp.go
+++ b/cmd/admin_auth_smtp.go
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 package cmd

 import (
+	"context"
 	"errors"
 	"strings"

@@ -11,11 +12,11 @@ import (
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/util"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/services/auth/source/smtp"

-	"github.com/urfave/cli/v2"
+	"github.com/urfave/cli/v3"
 )

-var (
-	smtpCLIFlags = []cli.Flag{
+func smtpCLIFlags() []cli.Flag {
+	return []cli.Flag{
 		&cli.StringFlag{
 			Name:  "name",
 			Value: "",
@@ -38,12 +39,10 @@ var (
 		&cli.BoolFlag{
 			Name:  "force-smtps",
 			Usage: "SMTPS is always used on port 465. Set this to force SMTPS on other ports.",
-			Value: true,
 		},
 		&cli.BoolFlag{
 			Name:  "skip-verify",
 			Usage: "Skip TLS verify.",
-			Value: true,
 		},
 		&cli.StringFlag{
 			Name:  "helo-hostname",
@@ -53,7 +52,6 @@ var (
 		&cli.BoolFlag{
 			Name:  "disable-helo",
 			Usage: "Disable SMTP helo.",
-			Value: true,
 		},
 		&cli.StringFlag{
 			Name:  "allowed-domains",
@@ -63,7 +61,6 @@ var (
 		&cli.BoolFlag{
 			Name:  "skip-local-2fa",
 			Usage: "Skip 2FA to log on.",
-			Value: true,
 		},
 		&cli.BoolFlag{
 			Name:  "active",
@@ -71,23 +68,34 @@ var (
 			Value: true,
 		},
 	}
+}

-	microcmdAuthAddSMTP = &cli.Command{
-		Name:   "add-smtp",
-		Usage:  "Add new SMTP authentication source",
-		Action: runAddSMTP,
-		Flags:  smtpCLIFlags,
+func microcmdAuthUpdateSMTP() *cli.Command {
+	return &cli.Command{
+		Name:  "update-smtp",
+		Usage: "Update existing SMTP authentication source",
+		Action: func(ctx context.Context, cmd *cli.Command) error {
+			return newAuthService().runUpdateSMTP(ctx, cmd)
+		},
+		Flags: append(smtpCLIFlags()[:1], append([]cli.Flag{&cli.Int64Flag{
+			Name:  "id",
+			Usage: "ID of authentication source",
+		}}, smtpCLIFlags()[1:]...)...),
 	}
+}

-	microcmdAuthUpdateSMTP = &cli.Command{
-		Name:   "update-smtp",
-		Usage:  "Update existing SMTP authentication source",
-		Action: runUpdateSMTP,
-		Flags:  append(smtpCLIFlags[:1], append([]cli.Flag{idFlag}, smtpCLIFlags[1:]...)...),
+func microcmdAuthAddSMTP() *cli.Command {
+	return &cli.Command{
+		Name:  "add-smtp",
+		Usage: "Add new SMTP authentication source",
+		Action: func(ctx context.Context, cmd *cli.Command) error {
+			return newAuthService().runAddSMTP(ctx, cmd)
+		},
+		Flags: smtpCLIFlags(),
 	}
-)
+}

-func parseSMTPConfig(c *cli.Context, conf *smtp.Source) error {
+func parseSMTPConfig(c *cli.Command, conf *smtp.Source) error {
 	if c.IsSet("auth-type") {
 		conf.Auth = c.String("auth-type")
 		validAuthTypes := []string{"PLAIN", "LOGIN", "CRAM-MD5"}
@@ -117,17 +125,11 @@ func parseSMTPConfig(c *cli.Context, conf *smtp.Source) error {
 	if c.IsSet("disable-helo") {
 		conf.DisableHelo = c.Bool("disable-helo")
 	}
-	if c.IsSet("skip-local-2fa") {
-		conf.SkipLocalTwoFA = c.Bool("skip-local-2fa")
-	}
 	return nil
 }

-func runAddSMTP(c *cli.Context) error {
-	ctx, cancel := installSignals()
-	defer cancel()
-
-	if err := initDB(ctx); err != nil {
+func (a *authService) runAddSMTP(ctx context.Context, c *cli.Command) error {
+	if err := a.initDB(ctx); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

@@ -155,27 +157,25 @@ func runAddSMTP(c *cli.Context) error {
 		smtpConfig.Auth = "PLAIN"
 	}

-	return auth_model.CreateSource(ctx, &auth_model.Source{
-		Type:     auth_model.SMTP,
-		Name:     c.String("name"),
-		IsActive: active,
-		Cfg:      &smtpConfig,
+	return a.createAuthSource(ctx, &auth_model.Source{
+		Type:            auth_model.SMTP,
+		Name:            c.String("name"),
+		IsActive:        active,
+		Cfg:             &smtpConfig,
+		TwoFactorPolicy: util.Iif(c.Bool("skip-local-2fa"), "skip", ""),
 	})
 }

-func runUpdateSMTP(c *cli.Context) error {
+func (a *authService) runUpdateSMTP(ctx context.Context, c *cli.Command) error {
 	if !c.IsSet("id") {
 		return errors.New("--id flag is missing")
 	}

-	ctx, cancel := installSignals()
-	defer cancel()
-
-	if err := initDB(ctx); err != nil {
+	if err := a.initDB(ctx); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

-	source, err := auth_model.GetSourceByID(ctx, c.Int64("id"))
+	source, err := a.getAuthSourceByID(ctx, c.Int64("id"))
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -195,6 +195,6 @@ func runUpdateSMTP(c *cli.Context) error {
 	}

 	source.Cfg = smtpConfig
-
-	return auth_model.UpdateSource(ctx, source)
+	source.TwoFactorPolicy = util.Iif(c.Bool("skip-local-2fa"), "skip", "")
+	return a.updateAuthSource(ctx, source)
 }
--- a/cmd/admin_auth_smtp_test.go
+++ b/cmd/admin_auth_smtp_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,271 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package cmd
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"testing"
+
+	auth_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/auth"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/services/auth/source/smtp"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/urfave/cli/v3"
+)
+
+func TestAddSMTP(t *testing.T) {
+	testCases := []struct {
+		name   string
+		args   []string
+		source *auth_model.Source
+		errMsg string
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "missing name",
+			args: []string{
+				"--host", "localhost",
+				"--port", "25",
+			},
+			errMsg: "name must be set",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "missing host",
+			args: []string{
+				"--name", "test",
+				"--port", "25",
+			},
+			errMsg: "host must be set",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "missing port",
+			args: []string{
+				"--name", "test",
+				"--host", "localhost",
+			},
+			errMsg: "port must be set",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "valid config",
+			args: []string{
+				"--name", "test",
+				"--host", "localhost",
+				"--port", "25",
+			},
+			source: &auth_model.Source{
+				Type:     auth_model.SMTP,
+				Name:     "test",
+				IsActive: true,
+				Cfg: &smtp.Source{
+					Auth: "PLAIN",
+					Host: "localhost",
+					Port: 25,
+				},
+				TwoFactorPolicy: "",
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "valid config with options",
+			args: []string{
+				"--name", "test",
+				"--host", "localhost",
+				"--port", "25",
+				"--auth-type", "LOGIN",
+				"--force-smtps",
+				"--skip-verify",
+				"--helo-hostname", "example.com",
+				"--disable-helo=true",
+				"--allowed-domains", "example.com,example.org",
+				"--skip-local-2fa",
+				"--active=false",
+			},
+			source: &auth_model.Source{
+				Type:     auth_model.SMTP,
+				Name:     "test",
+				IsActive: false,
+				Cfg: &smtp.Source{
+					Auth:           "LOGIN",
+					Host:           "localhost",
+					Port:           25,
+					ForceSMTPS:     true,
+					SkipVerify:     true,
+					HeloHostname:   "example.com",
+					DisableHelo:    true,
+					AllowedDomains: "example.com,example.org",
+				},
+				TwoFactorPolicy: "skip",
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range testCases {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			a := &authService{
+				initDB: func(ctx context.Context) error {
+					return nil
+				},
+				createAuthSource: func(ctx context.Context, source *auth_model.Source) error {
+					assert.Equal(t, tc.source, source)
+					return nil
+				},
+			}
+
+			cmd := &cli.Command{
+				Flags:  microcmdAuthAddSMTP().Flags,
+				Action: a.runAddSMTP,
+			}
+
+			args := []string{"smtp-test"}
+			args = append(args, tc.args...)
+
+			t.Log(args)
+			err := cmd.Run(t.Context(), args)
+
+			if tc.errMsg != "" {
+				assert.EqualError(t, err, tc.errMsg)
+			} else {
+				assert.NoError(t, err)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestUpdateSMTP(t *testing.T) {
+	testCases := []struct {
+		name               string
+		args               []string
+		existingAuthSource *auth_model.Source
+		authSource         *auth_model.Source
+		errMsg             string
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "missing id",
+			args: []string{
+				"--name", "test",
+				"--host", "localhost",
+				"--port", "25",
+			},
+			errMsg: "--id flag is missing",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "valid config",
+			existingAuthSource: &auth_model.Source{
+				ID:       1,
+				Type:     auth_model.SMTP,
+				Name:     "old name",
+				IsActive: true,
+				Cfg: &smtp.Source{
+					Auth: "PLAIN",
+					Host: "old host",
+					Port: 26,
+				},
+			},
+			args: []string{
+				"--id", "1",
+				"--name", "test",
+				"--host", "localhost",
+				"--port", "25",
+			},
+			authSource: &auth_model.Source{
+				ID:       1,
+				Type:     auth_model.SMTP,
+				Name:     "test",
+				IsActive: true,
+				Cfg: &smtp.Source{
+					Auth: "PLAIN",
+					Host: "localhost",
+					Port: 25,
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "valid config with options",
+			existingAuthSource: &auth_model.Source{
+				ID:       1,
+				Type:     auth_model.SMTP,
+				Name:     "old name",
+				IsActive: true,
+				Cfg: &smtp.Source{
+					Auth:           "PLAIN",
+					Host:           "old host",
+					Port:           26,
+					HeloHostname:   "old.example.com",
+					AllowedDomains: "old.example.com",
+				},
+				TwoFactorPolicy: "",
+			},
+			args: []string{
+				"--id", "1",
+				"--name", "test",
+				"--host", "localhost",
+				"--port", "25",
+				"--auth-type", "LOGIN",
+				"--force-smtps",
+				"--skip-verify",
+				"--helo-hostname", "example.com",
+				"--disable-helo",
+				"--allowed-domains", "example.com,example.org",
+				"--skip-local-2fa",
+				"--active=false",
+			},
+			authSource: &auth_model.Source{
+				ID:       1,
+				Type:     auth_model.SMTP,
+				Name:     "test",
+				IsActive: false,
+				Cfg: &smtp.Source{
+					Auth:           "LOGIN",
+					Host:           "localhost",
+					Port:           25,
+					ForceSMTPS:     true,
+					SkipVerify:     true,
+					HeloHostname:   "example.com",
+					DisableHelo:    true,
+					AllowedDomains: "example.com,example.org",
+				},
+				TwoFactorPolicy: "skip",
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range testCases {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			a := &authService{
+				initDB: func(ctx context.Context) error {
+					return nil
+				},
+				getAuthSourceByID: func(ctx context.Context, id int64) (*auth_model.Source, error) {
+					return &auth_model.Source{
+						ID:       1,
+						Type:     auth_model.SMTP,
+						Name:     "test",
+						IsActive: true,
+						Cfg: &smtp.Source{
+							Auth: "PLAIN",
+						},
+					}, nil
+				},
+
+				updateAuthSource: func(ctx context.Context, source *auth_model.Source) error {
+					assert.Equal(t, tc.authSource, source)
+					return nil
+				},
+			}
+
+			app := &cli.Command{
+				Flags:  microcmdAuthUpdateSMTP().Flags,
+				Action: a.runUpdateSMTP,
+			}
+			args := []string{"smtp-tests"}
+			args = append(args, tc.args...)
+
+			err := app.Run(t.Context(), args)
+
+			if tc.errMsg != "" {
+				assert.EqualError(t, err, tc.errMsg)
+			} else {
+				assert.NoError(t, err)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
--- a/cmd/admin_regenerate.go
+++ b/cmd/admin_regenerate.go
@@ -4,41 +4,39 @@
 package cmd

 import (
+	"context"
+
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/graceful"
 	asymkey_service "code.gitea.io/gitea/services/asymkey"
 	repo_service "code.gitea.io/gitea/services/repository"

-	"github.com/urfave/cli/v2"
+	"github.com/urfave/cli/v3"
 )

-var (
-	microcmdRegenHooks = &cli.Command{
+func newRegenerateHooksCommand() *cli.Command {
+	return &cli.Command{
 		Name:   "hooks",
 		Usage:  "Regenerate git-hooks",
 		Action: runRegenerateHooks,
 	}
+}

-	microcmdRegenKeys = &cli.Command{
+func newRegenerateKeysCommand() *cli.Command {
+	return &cli.Command{
 		Name:   "keys",
 		Usage:  "Regenerate authorized_keys file",
 		Action: runRegenerateKeys,
 	}
-)
-
-func runRegenerateHooks(_ *cli.Context) error {
-	ctx, cancel := installSignals()
-	defer cancel()
+}

+func runRegenerateHooks(ctx context.Context, _ *cli.Command) error {
 	if err := initDB(ctx); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	return repo_service.SyncRepositoryHooks(graceful.GetManager().ShutdownContext())
 }

-func runRegenerateKeys(_ *cli.Context) error {
-	ctx, cancel := installSignals()
-	defer cancel()
-
+func runRegenerateKeys(ctx context.Context, _ *cli.Command) error {
 	if err := initDB(ctx); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
--- a/cmd/admin_user.go
+++ b/cmd/admin_user.go
@@ -4,18 +4,20 @@
 package cmd

 import (
-	"github.com/urfave/cli/v2"
+	"github.com/urfave/cli/v3"
 )

-var subcmdUser = &cli.Command{
-	Name:  "user",
-	Usage: "Modify users",
-	Subcommands: []*cli.Command{
-		microcmdUserCreate,
-		microcmdUserList,
-		microcmdUserChangePassword,
-		microcmdUserDelete,
-		microcmdUserGenerateAccessToken,
-		microcmdUserMustChangePassword,
-	},
+func newUserCommand() *cli.Command {
+	return &cli.Command{
+		Name:  "user",
+		Usage: "Modify users",
+		Commands: []*cli.Command{
+			microcmdUserCreate(),
+			newUserListCommand(),
+			microcmdUserChangePassword(),
+			microcmdUserDelete(),
+			newUserGenerateAccessTokenCommand(),
+			microcmdUserMustChangePassword(),
+		},
+	}
 }
--- a/cmd/admin_user_change_password.go
+++ b/cmd/admin_user_change_password.go
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 package cmd

 import (
+	"context"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"

@@ -13,44 +14,41 @@ import (
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/setting"
 	user_service "code.gitea.io/gitea/services/user"

-	"github.com/urfave/cli/v2"
+	"github.com/urfave/cli/v3"
 )

-var microcmdUserChangePassword = &cli.Command{
-	Name:   "change-password",
-	Usage:  "Change a user's password",
-	Action: runChangePassword,
-	Flags: []cli.Flag{
-		&cli.StringFlag{
-			Name:    "username",
-			Aliases: []string{"u"},
-			Value:   "",
-			Usage:   "The user to change password for",
+func microcmdUserChangePassword() *cli.Command {
+	return &cli.Command{
+		Name:   "change-password",
+		Usage:  "Change a user's password",
+		Action: runChangePassword,
+		Flags: []cli.Flag{
+			&cli.StringFlag{
+				Name:     "username",
+				Aliases:  []string{"u"},
+				Usage:    "The user to change password for",
+				Required: true,
+			},
+			&cli.StringFlag{
+				Name:     "password",
+				Aliases:  []string{"p"},
+				Usage:    "New password to set for user",
+				Required: true,
+			},
+			&cli.BoolFlag{
+				Name:  "must-change-password",
+				Usage: "User must change password (can be disabled by --must-change-password=false)",
+				Value: true,
+			},
 		},
-		&cli.StringFlag{
-			Name:    "password",
-			Aliases: []string{"p"},
-			Value:   "",
-			Usage:   "New password to set for user",
-		},
-		&cli.BoolFlag{
-			Name:  "must-change-password",
-			Usage: "User must change password (can be disabled by --must-change-password=false)",
-			Value: true,
-		},
-	},
+	}
 }

-func runChangePassword(c *cli.Context) error {
-	if err := argsSet(c, "username", "password"); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	ctx, cancel := installSignals()
-	defer cancel()
-
-	if err := initDB(ctx); err != nil {
-		return err
+func runChangePassword(ctx context.Context, c *cli.Command) error {
+	if !setting.IsInTesting {
+		if err := initDB(ctx); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
 	}

 	user, err := user_model.GetUserByName(ctx, c.String("username"))
--- a/cmd/admin_user_change_password_test.go
+++ b/cmd/admin_user_change_password_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package cmd
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/db"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/unittest"
+	user_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/user"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestChangePasswordCommand(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := t.Context()
+
+	defer func() {
+		require.NoError(t, db.TruncateBeans(t.Context(), &user_model.User{}))
+	}()
+
+	t.Run("change password successfully", func(t *testing.T) {
+		// defer func() {
+		// 	require.NoError(t, db.TruncateBeans(t.Context(), &user_model.User{}))
+		// }()
+		// Prepare test user
+		unittest.AssertNotExistsBean(t, &user_model.User{LowerName: "testuser"})
+		err := microcmdUserCreate().Run(ctx, []string{"create", "--username", "testuser", "--email", "testuser@gitea.local", "--random-password"})
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		// load test user
+		userBase := unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &user_model.User{LowerName: "testuser"})
+
+		// Change the password
+		err = microcmdUserChangePassword().Run(ctx, []string{"change-password", "--username", "testuser", "--password", "newpassword"})
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		// Verify the password has been changed
+		user := unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &user_model.User{LowerName: "testuser"})
+		assert.NotEqual(t, userBase.Passwd, user.Passwd)
+		assert.NotEqual(t, userBase.Salt, user.Salt)
+
+		// Additional check for must-change-password flag
+		require.NoError(t, microcmdUserChangePassword().Run(ctx, []string{"change-password", "--username", "testuser", "--password", "anotherpassword", "--must-change-password=false"}))
+		user = unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &user_model.User{LowerName: "testuser"})
+		assert.False(t, user.MustChangePassword)
+
+		require.NoError(t, microcmdUserChangePassword().Run(ctx, []string{"change-password", "--username", "testuser", "--password", "yetanotherpassword", "--must-change-password"}))
+		user = unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &user_model.User{LowerName: "testuser"})
+		assert.True(t, user.MustChangePassword)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("failure cases", func(t *testing.T) {
+		testCases := []struct {
+			name        string
+			args        []string
+			expectedErr string
+		}{
+			{
+				name:        "user does not exist",
+				args:        []string{"change-password", "--username", "nonexistentuser", "--password", "newpassword"},
+				expectedErr: "user does not exist",
+			},
+			{
+				name:        "missing username",
+				args:        []string{"change-password", "--password", "newpassword"},
+				expectedErr: `"username" not set`,
+			},
+			{
+				name:        "missing password",
+				args:        []string{"change-password", "--username", "testuser"},
+				expectedErr: `"password" not set`,
+			},
+			{
+				name:        "too short password",
+				args:        []string{"change-password", "--username", "testuser", "--password", "1"},
+				expectedErr: "password is not long enough",
+			},
+		}
+
+		for _, tc := range testCases {
+			t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+				err := microcmdUserChangePassword().Run(ctx, tc.args)
+				require.Error(t, err)
+				require.Contains(t, err.Error(), tc.expectedErr)
+			})
+		}
+	})
+}
--- a/cmd/admin_user_create.go
+++ b/cmd/admin_user_create.go
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"strings"

 	auth_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/auth"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/db"
@@ -15,69 +16,110 @@ import (
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/optional"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/setting"

-	"github.com/urfave/cli/v2"
+	"github.com/urfave/cli/v3"
 )

-var microcmdUserCreate = &cli.Command{
-	Name:   "create",
-	Usage:  "Create a new user in database",
-	Action: runCreateUser,
-	Flags: []cli.Flag{
-		&cli.StringFlag{
-			Name:  "name",
-			Usage: "Username. DEPRECATED: use username instead",
+func microcmdUserCreate() *cli.Command {
+	return &cli.Command{
+		Name:   "create",
+		Usage:  "Create a new user in database",
+		Action: runCreateUser,
+		MutuallyExclusiveFlags: []cli.MutuallyExclusiveFlags{
+			{
+				Flags: [][]cli.Flag{
+					{
+						&cli.StringFlag{
+							Name:  "name",
+							Usage: "Username. DEPRECATED: use username instead",
+						},
+						&cli.StringFlag{
+							Name:  "username",
+							Usage: "Username",
+						},
+					},
+				},
+				Required: true,
+			},
 		},
-		&cli.StringFlag{
-			Name:  "username",
-			Usage: "Username",
+		Flags: []cli.Flag{
+			&cli.StringFlag{
+				Name:  "user-type",
+				Usage: "Set user's type: individual or bot",
+				Value: "individual",
+			},
+			&cli.StringFlag{
+				Name:  "password",
+				Usage: "User password",
+			},
+			&cli.StringFlag{
+				Name:     "email",
+				Usage:    "User email address",
+				Required: true,
+			},
+			&cli.BoolFlag{
+				Name:  "admin",
+				Usage: "User is an admin",
+			},
+			&cli.BoolFlag{
+				Name:  "random-password",
+				Usage: "Generate a random password for the user",
+			},
+			&cli.BoolFlag{
+				Name:        "must-change-password",
+				Usage:       "User must change password after initial login, defaults to true for all users except the first one (can be disabled by --must-change-password=false)",
+				HideDefault: true,
+			},
+			&cli.IntFlag{
+				Name:  "random-password-length",
+				Usage: "Length of the random password to be generated",
+				Value: 12,
+			},
+			&cli.BoolFlag{
+				Name:  "access-token",
+				Usage: "Generate access token for the user",
+			},
+			&cli.StringFlag{
+				Name:  "access-token-name",
+				Usage: `Name of the generated access token`,
+				Value: "gitea-admin",
+			},
+			&cli.StringFlag{
+				Name:  "access-token-scopes",
+				Usage: `Scopes of the generated access token, comma separated. Examples: "all", "public-only,read:issue", "write:repository,write:user"`,
+				Value: "all",
+			},
+			&cli.BoolFlag{
+				Name:  "restricted",
+				Usage: "Make a restricted user account",
+			},
+			&cli.StringFlag{
+				Name:  "fullname",
+				Usage: `The full, human-readable name of the user`,
+			},
 		},
-		&cli.StringFlag{
-			Name:  "password",
-			Usage: "User password",
-		},
-		&cli.StringFlag{
-			Name:  "email",
-			Usage: "User email address",
-		},
-		&cli.BoolFlag{
-			Name:  "admin",
-			Usage: "User is an admin",
-		},
-		&cli.BoolFlag{
-			Name:  "random-password",
-			Usage: "Generate a random password for the user",
-		},
-		&cli.BoolFlag{
-			Name:               "must-change-password",
-			Usage:              "User must change password after initial login, defaults to true for all users except the first one (can be disabled by --must-change-password=false)",
-			DisableDefaultText: true,
-		},
-		&cli.IntFlag{
-			Name:  "random-password-length",
-			Usage: "Length of the random password to be generated",
-			Value: 12,
-		},
-		&cli.BoolFlag{
-			Name:  "access-token",
-			Usage: "Generate access token for the user",
-		},
-		&cli.BoolFlag{
-			Name:  "restricted",
-			Usage: "Make a restricted user account",
-		},
-	},
+	}
 }

-func runCreateUser(c *cli.Context) error {
-	if err := argsSet(c, "email"); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
+func runCreateUser(ctx context.Context, c *cli.Command) error {
+	// this command highly depends on the many setting options (create org, visibility, etc.), so it must have a full setting load first
+	// duplicate setting loading should be safe at the moment, but it should be refactored & improved in the future.
+	setting.LoadSettings()

-	if c.IsSet("name") && c.IsSet("username") {
-		return errors.New("cannot set both --name and --username flags")
+	userTypes := map[string]user_model.UserType{
+		"individual": user_model.UserTypeIndividual,
+		"bot":        user_model.UserTypeBot,
 	}
-	if !c.IsSet("name") && !c.IsSet("username") {
-		return errors.New("one of --name or --username flags must be set")
+	userType, ok := userTypes[c.String("user-type")]
+	if !ok {
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid user type: %s", c.String("user-type"))
+	}
+	if userType != user_model.UserTypeIndividual {
+		// Some other commands like "change-password" also only support individual users.
+		// It needs to clarify the "password" behavior for bot users in the future.
+		// At the moment, we do not allow setting password for bot users.
+		if c.IsSet("password") || c.IsSet("random-password") {
+			return errors.New("password can only be set for individual users")
+		}
 	}

 	if c.IsSet("password") && c.IsSet("random-password") {
@@ -89,16 +131,12 @@ func runCreateUser(c *cli.Context) error {
 		username = c.String("username")
 	} else {
 		username = c.String("name")
-		_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(c.App.ErrWriter, "--name flag is deprecated. Use --username instead.\n")
+		_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(c.ErrWriter, "--name flag is deprecated. Use --username instead.\n")
 	}

-	ctx := c.Context
 	if !setting.IsInTesting {
-		// FIXME: need to refactor the "installSignals/initDB" related code later
+		// FIXME: need to refactor the "initDB" related code later
 		// it doesn't make sense to call it in (almost) every command action function
-		var cancel context.CancelFunc
-		ctx, cancel = installSignals()
-		defer cancel()
 		if err := initDB(ctx); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
@@ -113,17 +151,21 @@ func runCreateUser(c *cli.Context) error {
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
+		// codeql[disable-next-line=go/clear-text-logging]
 		fmt.Printf("generated random password is '%s'\n", password)
-	} else {
+	} else if userType == user_model.UserTypeIndividual {
 		return errors.New("must set either password or random-password flag")
 	}

 	isAdmin := c.Bool("admin")
 	mustChangePassword := true // always default to true
 	if c.IsSet("must-change-password") {
+		if userType != user_model.UserTypeIndividual {
+			return errors.New("must-change-password flag can only be set for individual users")
+		}
 		// if the flag is set, use the value provided by the user
 		mustChangePassword = c.Bool("must-change-password")
-	} else {
+	} else if userType == user_model.UserTypeIndividual {
 		// check whether there are users in the database
 		hasUserRecord, err := db.IsTableNotEmpty(&user_model.User{})
 		if err != nil {
@@ -147,10 +189,12 @@ func runCreateUser(c *cli.Context) error {
 	u := &user_model.User{
 		Name:               username,
 		Email:              c.String("email"),
-		Passwd:             password,
 		IsAdmin:            isAdmin,
+		Type:               userType,
+		Passwd:             password,
 		MustChangePassword: mustChangePassword,
 		Visibility:         visibility,
+		FullName:           c.String("fullname"),
 	}

 	overwriteDefault := &user_model.CreateUserOverwriteOptions{
@@ -158,23 +202,40 @@ func runCreateUser(c *cli.Context) error {
 		IsRestricted: restricted,
 	}

+	var accessTokenName string
+	var accessTokenScope auth_model.AccessTokenScope
+	if c.IsSet("access-token") {
+		accessTokenName = strings.TrimSpace(c.String("access-token-name"))
+		if accessTokenName == "" {
+			return errors.New("access-token-name cannot be empty")
+		}
+		var err error
+		accessTokenScope, err = auth_model.AccessTokenScope(c.String("access-token-scopes")).Normalize()
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("invalid access token scope provided: %w", err)
+		}
+		if !accessTokenScope.HasPermissionScope() {
+			return errors.New("access token does not have any permission")
+		}
+	} else if c.IsSet("access-token-name") || c.IsSet("access-token-scopes") {
+		return errors.New("access-token-name and access-token-scopes flags are only valid when access-token flag is set")
+	}
+
+	// arguments should be prepared before creating the user & access token, in case there is anything wrong
+
+	// create the user
 	if err := user_model.CreateUser(ctx, u, &user_model.Meta{}, overwriteDefault); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("CreateUser: %w", err)
 	}
+	fmt.Printf("New user '%s' has been successfully created!\n", username)

-	if c.Bool("access-token") {
-		t := &auth_model.AccessToken{
-			Name: "gitea-admin",
-			UID:  u.ID,
-		}
-
+	// create the access token
+	if accessTokenScope != "" {
+		t := &auth_model.AccessToken{Name: accessTokenName, UID: u.ID, Scope: accessTokenScope}
 		if err := auth_model.NewAccessToken(ctx, t); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-
 		fmt.Printf("Access token was successfully created... %s\n", t.Token)
 	}
-
-	fmt.Printf("New user '%s' has been successfully created!\n", username)
 	return nil
 }
--- a/cmd/admin_user_create_test.go
+++ b/cmd/admin_user_create_test.go
@@ -8,37 +8,127 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"testing"

+	auth_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/auth"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/db"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/unittest"
 	user_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/user"

 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )

 func TestAdminUserCreate(t *testing.T) {
-	app := NewMainApp(AppVersion{})
-
 	reset := func() {
-		assert.NoError(t, db.TruncateBeans(db.DefaultContext, &user_model.User{}))
-		assert.NoError(t, db.TruncateBeans(db.DefaultContext, &user_model.EmailAddress{}))
+		require.NoError(t, db.TruncateBeans(t.Context(), &user_model.User{}))
+		require.NoError(t, db.TruncateBeans(t.Context(), &user_model.EmailAddress{}))
+		require.NoError(t, db.TruncateBeans(t.Context(), &auth_model.AccessToken{}))
 	}

-	type createCheck struct{ IsAdmin, MustChangePassword bool }
-	createUser := func(name, args string) createCheck {
-		assert.NoError(t, app.Run(strings.Fields(fmt.Sprintf("./gitea admin user create --username %s --email %s@gitea.local %s --password foobar", name, name, args))))
-		u := unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &user_model.User{LowerName: name})
-		return createCheck{u.IsAdmin, u.MustChangePassword}
+	t.Run("MustChangePassword", func(t *testing.T) {
+		type check struct {
+			IsAdmin            bool
+			MustChangePassword bool
+		}
+
+		createCheck := func(name, args string) check {
+			require.NoError(t, microcmdUserCreate().Run(t.Context(), strings.Fields(fmt.Sprintf("create --username %s --email %s@gitea.local %s --password foobar", name, name, args))))
+			u := unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &user_model.User{LowerName: name})
+			return check{IsAdmin: u.IsAdmin, MustChangePassword: u.MustChangePassword}
+		}
+		reset()
+		assert.Equal(t, check{IsAdmin: false, MustChangePassword: false}, createCheck("u", ""), "first non-admin user doesn't need to change password")
+
+		reset()
+		assert.Equal(t, check{IsAdmin: true, MustChangePassword: false}, createCheck("u", "--admin"), "first admin user doesn't need to change password")
+
+		reset()
+		assert.Equal(t, check{IsAdmin: true, MustChangePassword: true}, createCheck("u", "--admin --must-change-password"))
+		assert.Equal(t, check{IsAdmin: true, MustChangePassword: true}, createCheck("u2", "--admin"))
+		assert.Equal(t, check{IsAdmin: true, MustChangePassword: false}, createCheck("u3", "--admin --must-change-password=false"))
+		assert.Equal(t, check{IsAdmin: false, MustChangePassword: true}, createCheck("u4", ""))
+		assert.Equal(t, check{IsAdmin: false, MustChangePassword: false}, createCheck("u5", "--must-change-password=false"))
+	})
+
+	createUser := func(name string, args ...string) error {
+		return microcmdUserCreate().Run(t.Context(), append([]string{"create", "--username", name, "--email", name + "@gitea.local"}, args...))
 	}
-	reset()
-	assert.Equal(t, createCheck{IsAdmin: false, MustChangePassword: false}, createUser("u", ""), "first non-admin user doesn't need to change password")

-	reset()
-	assert.Equal(t, createCheck{IsAdmin: true, MustChangePassword: false}, createUser("u", "--admin"), "first admin user doesn't need to change password")
+	t.Run("UserType", func(t *testing.T) {
+		reset()
+		assert.ErrorContains(t, createUser("u", "--user-type", "invalid"), "invalid user type")
+		assert.ErrorContains(t, createUser("u", "--user-type", "bot", "--password", "123"), "can only be set for individual users")
+		assert.ErrorContains(t, createUser("u", "--user-type", "bot", "--must-change-password"), "can only be set for individual users")

-	reset()
-	assert.Equal(t, createCheck{IsAdmin: true, MustChangePassword: true}, createUser("u", "--admin --must-change-password"))
-	assert.Equal(t, createCheck{IsAdmin: true, MustChangePassword: true}, createUser("u2", "--admin"))
-	assert.Equal(t, createCheck{IsAdmin: true, MustChangePassword: false}, createUser("u3", "--admin --must-change-password=false"))
-	assert.Equal(t, createCheck{IsAdmin: false, MustChangePassword: true}, createUser("u4", ""))
-	assert.Equal(t, createCheck{IsAdmin: false, MustChangePassword: false}, createUser("u5", "--must-change-password=false"))
+		assert.NoError(t, createUser("u", "--user-type", "bot"))
+		u := unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &user_model.User{LowerName: "u"})
+		assert.Equal(t, user_model.UserTypeBot, u.Type)
+		assert.Empty(t, u.Passwd)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("AccessToken", func(t *testing.T) {
+		// no generated access token
+		reset()
+		assert.NoError(t, createUser("u", "--random-password"))
+		assert.Equal(t, 1, unittest.GetCount(t, &user_model.User{}))
+		assert.Equal(t, 0, unittest.GetCount(t, &auth_model.AccessToken{}))
+
+		// using "--access-token" only means "all" access
+		reset()
+		assert.NoError(t, createUser("u", "--random-password", "--access-token"))
+		assert.Equal(t, 1, unittest.GetCount(t, &user_model.User{}))
+		assert.Equal(t, 1, unittest.GetCount(t, &auth_model.AccessToken{}))
+		accessToken := unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &auth_model.AccessToken{Name: "gitea-admin"})
+		hasScopes, err := accessToken.Scope.HasScope(auth_model.AccessTokenScopeWriteAdmin, auth_model.AccessTokenScopeWriteRepository)
+		assert.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.True(t, hasScopes)
+
+		// using "--access-token" with name & scopes
+		reset()
+		assert.NoError(t, createUser("u", "--random-password", "--access-token", "--access-token-name", "new-token-name", "--access-token-scopes", "read:issue,read:user"))
+		assert.Equal(t, 1, unittest.GetCount(t, &user_model.User{}))
+		assert.Equal(t, 1, unittest.GetCount(t, &auth_model.AccessToken{}))
+		accessToken = unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &auth_model.AccessToken{Name: "new-token-name"})
+		hasScopes, err = accessToken.Scope.HasScope(auth_model.AccessTokenScopeReadIssue, auth_model.AccessTokenScopeReadUser)
+		assert.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.True(t, hasScopes)
+		hasScopes, err = accessToken.Scope.HasScope(auth_model.AccessTokenScopeWriteAdmin, auth_model.AccessTokenScopeWriteRepository)
+		assert.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.False(t, hasScopes)
+
+		// using "--access-token-name" without "--access-token"
+		reset()
+		err = createUser("u", "--random-password", "--access-token-name", "new-token-name")
+		assert.Equal(t, 0, unittest.GetCount(t, &user_model.User{}))
+		assert.Equal(t, 0, unittest.GetCount(t, &auth_model.AccessToken{}))
+		assert.ErrorContains(t, err, "access-token-name and access-token-scopes flags are only valid when access-token flag is set")
+
+		// using "--access-token-scopes" without "--access-token"
+		reset()
+		err = createUser("u", "--random-password", "--access-token-scopes", "read:issue")
+		assert.Equal(t, 0, unittest.GetCount(t, &user_model.User{}))
+		assert.Equal(t, 0, unittest.GetCount(t, &auth_model.AccessToken{}))
+		assert.ErrorContains(t, err, "access-token-name and access-token-scopes flags are only valid when access-token flag is set")
+
+		// empty permission
+		reset()
+		err = createUser("u", "--random-password", "--access-token", "--access-token-scopes", "public-only")
+		assert.Equal(t, 0, unittest.GetCount(t, &user_model.User{}))
+		assert.Equal(t, 0, unittest.GetCount(t, &auth_model.AccessToken{}))
+		assert.ErrorContains(t, err, "access token does not have any permission")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("UserFields", func(t *testing.T) {
+		reset()
+		assert.NoError(t, createUser("u-FullNameWithSpace", "--random-password", "--fullname", "First O'Middle Last"))
+		unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &user_model.User{
+			Name:      "u-FullNameWithSpace",
+			LowerName: "u-fullnamewithspace",
+			FullName:  "First O'Middle Last",
+			Email:     "u-FullNameWithSpace@gitea.local",
+		})
+
+		assert.NoError(t, createUser("u-FullNameEmpty", "--random-password", "--fullname", ""))
+		u := unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &user_model.User{LowerName: "u-fullnameempty"})
+		assert.Empty(t, u.FullName)
+	})
 }
--- a/cmd/admin_user_delete.go
+++ b/cmd/admin_user_delete.go
@@ -4,53 +4,56 @@
 package cmd

 import (
+	"context"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"strings"

 	user_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/user"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/setting"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/storage"
 	user_service "code.gitea.io/gitea/services/user"

-	"github.com/urfave/cli/v2"
+	"github.com/urfave/cli/v3"
 )

-var microcmdUserDelete = &cli.Command{
-	Name:  "delete",
-	Usage: "Delete specific user by id, name or email",
-	Flags: []cli.Flag{
-		&cli.Int64Flag{
-			Name:  "id",
-			Usage: "ID of user of the user to delete",
+func microcmdUserDelete() *cli.Command {
+	return &cli.Command{
+		Name:  "delete",
+		Usage: "Delete specific user by id, name or email",
+		Flags: []cli.Flag{
+			&cli.Int64Flag{
+				Name:  "id",
+				Usage: "ID of user of the user to delete",
+			},
+			&cli.StringFlag{
+				Name:    "username",
+				Aliases: []string{"u"},
+				Usage:   "Username of the user to delete",
+			},
+			&cli.StringFlag{
+				Name:    "email",
+				Aliases: []string{"e"},
+				Usage:   "Email of the user to delete",
+			},
+			&cli.BoolFlag{
+				Name:  "purge",
+				Usage: "Purge user, all their repositories, organizations and comments",
+			},
 		},
-		&cli.StringFlag{
-			Name:    "username",
-			Aliases: []string{"u"},
-			Usage:   "Username of the user to delete",
-		},
-		&cli.StringFlag{
-			Name:    "email",
-			Aliases: []string{"e"},
-			Usage:   "Email of the user to delete",
-		},
-		&cli.BoolFlag{
-			Name:  "purge",
-			Usage: "Purge user, all their repositories, organizations and comments",
-		},
-	},
-	Action: runDeleteUser,
+		Action: runDeleteUser,
+	}
 }

-func runDeleteUser(c *cli.Context) error {
+func runDeleteUser(ctx context.Context, c *cli.Command) error {
 	if !c.IsSet("id") && !c.IsSet("username") && !c.IsSet("email") {
 		return errors.New("You must provide the id, username or email of a user to delete")
 	}

-	ctx, cancel := installSignals()
-	defer cancel()
-
-	if err := initDB(ctx); err != nil {
-		return err
+	if !setting.IsInTesting {
+		if err := initDB(ctx); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
 	}

 	if err := storage.Init(); err != nil {
@@ -70,11 +73,11 @@ func runDeleteUser(c *cli.Context) error {
 		return err
 	}
 	if c.IsSet("username") && user.LowerName != strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(c.String("username"))) {
-		return fmt.Errorf("The user %s who has email %s does not match the provided username %s", user.Name, c.String("email"), c.String("username"))
+		return fmt.Errorf("the user %s who has email %s does not match the provided username %s", user.Name, c.String("email"), c.String("username"))
 	}

 	if c.IsSet("id") && user.ID != c.Int64("id") {
-		return fmt.Errorf("The user %s does not match the provided id %d", user.Name, c.Int64("id"))
+		return fmt.Errorf("the user %s does not match the provided id %d", user.Name, c.Int64("id"))
 	}

 	return user_service.DeleteUser(ctx, user, c.Bool("purge"))
--- a/cmd/admin_user_delete_test.go
+++ b/cmd/admin_user_delete_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package cmd
+
+import (
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	auth_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/auth"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/db"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/unittest"
+	user_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/user"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestAdminUserDelete(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := t.Context()
+	defer func() {
+		require.NoError(t, db.TruncateBeans(t.Context(), &user_model.User{}))
+		require.NoError(t, db.TruncateBeans(t.Context(), &user_model.EmailAddress{}))
+		require.NoError(t, db.TruncateBeans(t.Context(), &auth_model.AccessToken{}))
+	}()
+
+	setupTestUser := func(t *testing.T) {
+		unittest.AssertNotExistsBean(t, &user_model.User{LowerName: "testuser"})
+		err := microcmdUserCreate().Run(t.Context(), []string{"create", "--username", "testuser", "--email", "testuser@gitea.local", "--random-password"})
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+	}
+
+	t.Run("delete user by id", func(t *testing.T) {
+		setupTestUser(t)
+
+		u := unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &user_model.User{LowerName: "testuser"})
+		err := microcmdUserDelete().Run(ctx, []string{"delete-test", "--id", strconv.FormatInt(u.ID, 10)})
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		unittest.AssertNotExistsBean(t, &user_model.User{LowerName: "testuser"})
+	})
+	t.Run("delete user by username", func(t *testing.T) {
+		setupTestUser(t)
+
+		err := microcmdUserDelete().Run(ctx, []string{"delete-test", "--username", "testuser"})
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		unittest.AssertNotExistsBean(t, &user_model.User{LowerName: "testuser"})
+	})
+	t.Run("delete user by email", func(t *testing.T) {
+		setupTestUser(t)
+
+		err := microcmdUserDelete().Run(ctx, []string{"delete-test", "--email", "testuser@gitea.local"})
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		unittest.AssertNotExistsBean(t, &user_model.User{LowerName: "testuser"})
+	})
+	t.Run("delete user by all 3 attributes", func(t *testing.T) {
+		setupTestUser(t)
+
+		u := unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &user_model.User{LowerName: "testuser"})
+		err := microcmdUserDelete().Run(ctx, []string{"delete", "--id", strconv.FormatInt(u.ID, 10), "--username", "testuser", "--email", "testuser@gitea.local"})
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		unittest.AssertNotExistsBean(t, &user_model.User{LowerName: "testuser"})
+	})
+}
+
+func TestAdminUserDeleteFailure(t *testing.T) {
+	testCases := []struct {
+		name        string
+		args        []string
+		expectedErr string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:        "no user to delete",
+			args:        []string{"delete", "--username", "nonexistentuser"},
+			expectedErr: "user does not exist",
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "user exists but provided username does not match",
+			args:        []string{"delete", "--email", "testuser@gitea.local", "--username", "wrongusername"},
+			expectedErr: "the user testuser who has email testuser@gitea.local does not match the provided username wrongusername",
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "user exists but provided id does not match",
+			args:        []string{"delete", "--username", "testuser", "--id", "999"},
+			expectedErr: "the user testuser does not match the provided id 999",
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "no required flags are provided",
+			args:        []string{"delete"},
+			expectedErr: "You must provide the id, username or email of a user to delete",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range testCases {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			ctx := t.Context()
+			if strings.Contains(tc.name, "user exists") {
+				unittest.AssertNotExistsBean(t, &user_model.User{LowerName: "testuser"})
+				err := microcmdUserCreate().Run(t.Context(), []string{"create", "--username", "testuser", "--email", "testuser@gitea.local", "--random-password"})
+				require.NoError(t, err)
+			}
+
+			err := microcmdUserDelete().Run(ctx, tc.args)
+			require.Error(t, err)
+			require.Contains(t, err.Error(), tc.expectedErr)
+		})
+
+		require.NoError(t, db.TruncateBeans(t.Context(), &user_model.User{}))
+		require.NoError(t, db.TruncateBeans(t.Context(), &user_model.EmailAddress{}))
+		require.NoError(t, db.TruncateBeans(t.Context(), &auth_model.AccessToken{}))
+	}
+}
--- a/cmd/admin_user_generate_access_token.go
+++ b/cmd/admin_user_generate_access_token.go
@@ -4,51 +4,51 @@
 package cmd

 import (
+	"context"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"

 	auth_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/auth"
 	user_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/user"

-	"github.com/urfave/cli/v2"
+	"github.com/urfave/cli/v3"
 )

-var microcmdUserGenerateAccessToken = &cli.Command{
-	Name:  "generate-access-token",
-	Usage: "Generate an access token for a specific user",
-	Flags: []cli.Flag{
-		&cli.StringFlag{
-			Name:    "username",
-			Aliases: []string{"u"},
-			Usage:   "Username",
+func newUserGenerateAccessTokenCommand() *cli.Command {
+	return &cli.Command{
+		Name:  "generate-access-token",
+		Usage: "Generate an access token for a specific user",
+		Flags: []cli.Flag{
+			&cli.StringFlag{
+				Name:    "username",
+				Aliases: []string{"u"},
+				Usage:   "Username",
+			},
+			&cli.StringFlag{
+				Name:    "token-name",
+				Aliases: []string{"t"},
+				Usage:   "Token name",
+				Value:   "gitea-admin",
+			},
+			&cli.BoolFlag{
+				Name:  "raw",
+				Usage: "Display only the token value",
+			},
+			&cli.StringFlag{
+				Name:  "scopes",
+				Value: "all",
+				Usage: `Comma separated list of scopes to apply to access token, examples: "all", "public-only,read:issue", "write:repository,write:user"`,
+			},
 		},
-		&cli.StringFlag{
-			Name:    "token-name",
-			Aliases: []string{"t"},
-			Usage:   "Token name",
-			Value:   "gitea-admin",
-		},
-		&cli.BoolFlag{
-			Name:  "raw",
-			Usage: "Display only the token value",
-		},
-		&cli.StringFlag{
-			Name:  "scopes",
-			Value: "",
-			Usage: "Comma separated list of scopes to apply to access token",
-		},
-	},
-	Action: runGenerateAccessToken,
+		Action: runGenerateAccessToken,
+	}
 }

-func runGenerateAccessToken(c *cli.Context) error {
+func runGenerateAccessToken(ctx context.Context, c *cli.Command) error {
 	if !c.IsSet("username") {
-		return errors.New("You must provide a username to generate a token for")
+		return errors.New("you must provide a username to generate a token for")
 	}

-	ctx, cancel := installSignals()
-	defer cancel()
-
 	if err := initDB(ctx); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -77,6 +77,9 @@ func runGenerateAccessToken(c *cli.Context) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("invalid access token scope provided: %w", err)
 	}
+	if !accessTokenScope.HasPermissionScope() {
+		return errors.New("access token does not have any permission")
+	}
 	t.Scope = accessTokenScope

 	// create the token
--- a/cmd/admin_user_list.go
+++ b/cmd/admin_user_list.go
@@ -4,31 +4,31 @@
 package cmd

 import (
+	"context"
 	"fmt"
 	"os"
 	"text/tabwriter"

 	user_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/user"

-	"github.com/urfave/cli/v2"
+	"github.com/urfave/cli/v3"
 )

-var microcmdUserList = &cli.Command{
-	Name:   "list",
-	Usage:  "List users",
-	Action: runListUsers,
-	Flags: []cli.Flag{
-		&cli.BoolFlag{
-			Name:  "admin",
-			Usage: "List only admin users",
+func newUserListCommand() *cli.Command {
+	return &cli.Command{
+		Name:   "list",
+		Usage:  "List users",
+		Action: runListUsers,
+		Flags: []cli.Flag{
+			&cli.BoolFlag{
+				Name:  "admin",
+				Usage: "List only admin users",
+			},
 		},
-	},
+	}
 }

-func runListUsers(c *cli.Context) error {
-	ctx, cancel := installSignals()
-	defer cancel()
-
+func runListUsers(ctx context.Context, c *cli.Command) error {
 	if err := initDB(ctx); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
--- a/cmd/admin_user_must_change_password.go
+++ b/cmd/admin_user_must_change_password.go
@@ -4,40 +4,41 @@
 package cmd

 import (
+	"context"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"

 	user_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/user"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/setting"

-	"github.com/urfave/cli/v2"
+	"github.com/urfave/cli/v3"
 )

-var microcmdUserMustChangePassword = &cli.Command{
-	Name:   "must-change-password",
-	Usage:  "Set the must change password flag for the provided users or all users",
-	Action: runMustChangePassword,
-	Flags: []cli.Flag{
-		&cli.BoolFlag{
-			Name:    "all",
-			Aliases: []string{"A"},
-			Usage:   "All users must change password, except those explicitly excluded with --exclude",
+func microcmdUserMustChangePassword() *cli.Command {
+	return &cli.Command{
+		Name:   "must-change-password",
+		Usage:  "Set the must change password flag for the provided users or all users",
+		Action: runMustChangePassword,
+		Flags: []cli.Flag{
+			&cli.BoolFlag{
+				Name:    "all",
+				Aliases: []string{"A"},
+				Usage:   "All users must change password, except those explicitly excluded with --exclude",
+			},
+			&cli.StringSliceFlag{
+				Name:    "exclude",
+				Aliases: []string{"e"},
+				Usage:   "Do not change the must-change-password flag for these users",
+			},
+			&cli.BoolFlag{
+				Name:  "unset",
+				Usage: "Instead of setting the must-change-password flag, unset it",
+			},
 		},
-		&cli.StringSliceFlag{
-			Name:    "exclude",
-			Aliases: []string{"e"},
-			Usage:   "Do not change the must-change-password flag for these users",
-		},
-		&cli.BoolFlag{
-			Name:  "unset",
-			Usage: "Instead of setting the must-change-password flag, unset it",
-		},
-	},
+	}
 }

-func runMustChangePassword(c *cli.Context) error {
-	ctx, cancel := installSignals()
-	defer cancel()
-
+func runMustChangePassword(ctx context.Context, c *cli.Command) error {
 	if c.NArg() == 0 && !c.IsSet("all") {
 		return errors.New("either usernames or --all must be provided")
 	}
@@ -46,8 +47,10 @@ func runMustChangePassword(c *cli.Context) error {
 	all := c.Bool("all")
 	exclude := c.StringSlice("exclude")

-	if err := initDB(ctx); err != nil {
-		return err
+	if !setting.IsInTesting {
+		if err := initDB(ctx); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
 	}

 	n, err := user_model.SetMustChangePassword(ctx, all, mustChangePassword, c.Args().Slice(), exclude)
@@ -55,6 +58,7 @@ func runMustChangePassword(c *cli.Context) error {
 		return err
 	}

+	// codeql[disable-next-line=go/clear-text-logging]
 	fmt.Printf("Updated %d users setting MustChangePassword to %t\n", n, mustChangePassword)
 	return nil
 }
--- a/cmd/admin_user_must_change_password_test.go
+++ b/cmd/admin_user_must_change_password_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package cmd
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/db"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/unittest"
+	user_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/user"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestMustChangePassword(t *testing.T) {
+	defer func() {
+		require.NoError(t, db.TruncateBeans(t.Context(), &user_model.User{}))
+	}()
+	err := microcmdUserCreate().Run(t.Context(), []string{"create", "--username", "testuser", "--email", "testuser@gitea.local", "--random-password"})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	err = microcmdUserCreate().Run(t.Context(), []string{"create", "--username", "testuserexclude", "--email", "testuserexclude@gitea.local", "--random-password"})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	// Reset password change flag
+	err = microcmdUserMustChangePassword().Run(t.Context(), []string{"change-test", "--all", "--unset"})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	testUser := unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &user_model.User{LowerName: "testuser"})
+	assert.False(t, testUser.MustChangePassword)
+	testUserExclude := unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &user_model.User{LowerName: "testuserexclude"})
+	assert.False(t, testUserExclude.MustChangePassword)
+
+	// Make all users change password
+	err = microcmdUserMustChangePassword().Run(t.Context(), []string{"change-test", "--all"})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	testUser = unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &user_model.User{LowerName: "testuser"})
+	assert.True(t, testUser.MustChangePassword)
+	testUserExclude = unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &user_model.User{LowerName: "testuserexclude"})
+	assert.True(t, testUserExclude.MustChangePassword)
+
+	// Reset password change flag but exclude all tested users
+	err = microcmdUserMustChangePassword().Run(t.Context(), []string{"change-test", "--all", "--unset", "--exclude", "testuser,testuserexclude"})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	testUser = unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &user_model.User{LowerName: "testuser"})
+	assert.True(t, testUser.MustChangePassword)
+	testUserExclude = unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &user_model.User{LowerName: "testuserexclude"})
+	assert.True(t, testUserExclude.MustChangePassword)
+
+	// Reset password change flag by listing multiple users
+	err = microcmdUserMustChangePassword().Run(t.Context(), []string{"change-test", "--unset", "testuser", "testuserexclude"})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	testUser = unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &user_model.User{LowerName: "testuser"})
+	assert.False(t, testUser.MustChangePassword)
+	testUserExclude = unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &user_model.User{LowerName: "testuserexclude"})
+	assert.False(t, testUserExclude.MustChangePassword)
+
+	// Exclude a user from all user
+	err = microcmdUserMustChangePassword().Run(t.Context(), []string{"change-test", "--all", "--exclude", "testuserexclude"})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	testUser = unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &user_model.User{LowerName: "testuser"})
+	assert.True(t, testUser.MustChangePassword)
+	testUserExclude = unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &user_model.User{LowerName: "testuserexclude"})
+	assert.False(t, testUserExclude.MustChangePassword)
+
+	// Unset a flag for single user
+	err = microcmdUserMustChangePassword().Run(t.Context(), []string{"change-test", "--unset", "testuser"})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	testUser = unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &user_model.User{LowerName: "testuser"})
+	assert.False(t, testUser.MustChangePassword)
+	testUserExclude = unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &user_model.User{LowerName: "testuserexclude"})
+	assert.False(t, testUserExclude.MustChangePassword)
+}
--- a/cmd/cert.go
+++ b/cmd/cert.go
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 package cmd

 import (
+	"context"
 	"crypto/ecdsa"
 	"crypto/elliptic"
 	"crypto/rand"
@@ -13,6 +14,7 @@ import (
 	"crypto/x509"
 	"crypto/x509/pkix"
 	"encoding/pem"
+	"fmt"
 	"log"
 	"math/big"
 	"net"
@@ -20,47 +22,59 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"time"

-	"github.com/urfave/cli/v2"
+	"github.com/urfave/cli/v3"
 )

-// CmdCert represents the available cert sub-command.
-var CmdCert = &cli.Command{
-	Name:  "cert",
-	Usage: "Generate self-signed certificate",
-	Description: `Generate a self-signed X.509 certificate for a TLS server.
+// cmdCert represents the available cert sub-command.
+func cmdCert() *cli.Command {
+	return &cli.Command{
+		Name:  "cert",
+		Usage: "Generate self-signed certificate",
+		Description: `Generate a self-signed X.509 certificate for a TLS server.
 Outputs to 'cert.pem' and 'key.pem' and will overwrite existing files.`,
-	Action: runCert,
-	Flags: []cli.Flag{
-		&cli.StringFlag{
-			Name:  "host",
-			Value: "",
-			Usage: "Comma-separated hostnames and IPs to generate a certificate for",
+		Action: runCert,
+		Flags: []cli.Flag{
+			&cli.StringFlag{
+				Name:     "host",
+				Usage:    "Comma-separated hostnames and IPs to generate a certificate for",
+				Required: true,
+			},
+			&cli.StringFlag{
+				Name:  "ecdsa-curve",
+				Value: "",
+				Usage: "ECDSA curve to use to generate a key. Valid values are P224, P256, P384, P521",
+			},
+			&cli.IntFlag{
+				Name:  "rsa-bits",
+				Value: 3072,
+				Usage: "Size of RSA key to generate. Ignored if --ecdsa-curve is set",
+			},
+			&cli.StringFlag{
+				Name:  "start-date",
+				Value: "",
+				Usage: "Creation date formatted as Jan 1 15:04:05 2011",
+			},
+			&cli.DurationFlag{
+				Name:  "duration",
+				Value: 365 * 24 * time.Hour,
+				Usage: "Duration that certificate is valid for",
+			},
+			&cli.BoolFlag{
+				Name:  "ca",
+				Usage: "whether this cert should be its own Certificate Authority",
+			},
+			&cli.StringFlag{
+				Name:  "out",
+				Value: "cert.pem",
+				Usage: "Path to the file where there certificate will be saved",
+			},
+			&cli.StringFlag{
+				Name:  "keyout",
+				Value: "key.pem",
+				Usage: "Path to the file where there certificate key will be saved",
+			},
 		},
-		&cli.StringFlag{
-			Name:  "ecdsa-curve",
-			Value: "",
-			Usage: "ECDSA curve to use to generate a key. Valid values are P224, P256, P384, P521",
-		},
-		&cli.IntFlag{
-			Name:  "rsa-bits",
-			Value: 3072,
-			Usage: "Size of RSA key to generate. Ignored if --ecdsa-curve is set",
-		},
-		&cli.StringFlag{
-			Name:  "start-date",
-			Value: "",
-			Usage: "Creation date formatted as Jan 1 15:04:05 2011",
-		},
-		&cli.DurationFlag{
-			Name:  "duration",
-			Value: 365 * 24 * time.Hour,
-			Usage: "Duration that certificate is valid for",
-		},
-		&cli.BoolFlag{
-			Name:  "ca",
-			Usage: "whether this cert should be its own Certificate Authority",
-		},
-	},
+	}
 }

 func publicKey(priv any) any {
@@ -89,11 +103,7 @@ func pemBlockForKey(priv any) *pem.Block {
 	}
 }

-func runCert(c *cli.Context) error {
-	if err := argsSet(c, "host"); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
+func runCert(_ context.Context, c *cli.Command) error {
 	var priv any
 	var err error
 	switch c.String("ecdsa-curve") {
@@ -108,17 +118,17 @@ func runCert(c *cli.Context) error {
 	case "P521":
 		priv, err = ecdsa.GenerateKey(elliptic.P521(), rand.Reader)
 	default:
-		log.Fatalf("Unrecognized elliptic curve: %q", c.String("ecdsa-curve"))
+		err = fmt.Errorf("unrecognized elliptic curve: %q", c.String("ecdsa-curve"))
 	}
 	if err != nil {
-		log.Fatalf("Failed to generate private key: %v", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to generate private key: %w", err)
 	}

 	var notBefore time.Time
 	if startDate := c.String("start-date"); startDate != "" {
 		notBefore, err = time.Parse("Jan 2 15:04:05 2006", startDate)
 		if err != nil {
-			log.Fatalf("Failed to parse creation date: %v", err)
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to parse creation date %w", err)
 		}
 	} else {
 		notBefore = time.Now()
@@ -129,7 +139,7 @@ func runCert(c *cli.Context) error {
 	serialNumberLimit := new(big.Int).Lsh(big.NewInt(1), 128)
 	serialNumber, err := rand.Int(rand.Reader, serialNumberLimit)
 	if err != nil {
-		log.Fatalf("Failed to generate serial number: %v", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to generate serial number: %w", err)
 	}

 	template := x509.Certificate{
@@ -146,8 +156,8 @@ func runCert(c *cli.Context) error {
 		BasicConstraintsValid: true,
 	}

-	hosts := strings.Split(c.String("host"), ",")
-	for _, h := range hosts {
+	hosts := strings.SplitSeq(c.String("host"), ",")
+	for h := range hosts {
 		if ip := net.ParseIP(h); ip != nil {
 			template.IPAddresses = append(template.IPAddresses, ip)
 		} else {
@@ -162,35 +172,35 @@ func runCert(c *cli.Context) error {

 	derBytes, err := x509.CreateCertificate(rand.Reader, &template, &template, publicKey(priv), priv)
 	if err != nil {
-		log.Fatalf("Failed to create certificate: %v", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create certificate: %w", err)
 	}

-	certOut, err := os.Create("cert.pem")
+	certOut, err := os.Create(c.String("out"))
 	if err != nil {
-		log.Fatalf("Failed to open cert.pem for writing: %v", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to open %s for writing: %w", c.String("keyout"), err)
 	}
 	err = pem.Encode(certOut, &pem.Block{Type: "CERTIFICATE", Bytes: derBytes})
 	if err != nil {
-		log.Fatalf("Failed to encode certificate: %v", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to encode certificate: %w", err)
 	}
 	err = certOut.Close()
 	if err != nil {
-		log.Fatalf("Failed to write cert: %v", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to write cert: %w", err)
 	}
-	log.Println("Written cert.pem")
+	fmt.Fprintf(c.Writer, "Written cert to %s\n", c.String("out"))

-	keyOut, err := os.OpenFile("key.pem", os.O_WRONLY|os.O_CREATE|os.O_TRUNC, 0o600)
+	keyOut, err := os.OpenFile(c.String("keyout"), os.O_WRONLY|os.O_CREATE|os.O_TRUNC, 0o600)
 	if err != nil {
-		log.Fatalf("Failed to open key.pem for writing: %v", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to open %s for writing: %w", c.String("keyout"), err)
 	}
 	err = pem.Encode(keyOut, pemBlockForKey(priv))
 	if err != nil {
-		log.Fatalf("Failed to encode key: %v", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to encode key: %w", err)
 	}
 	err = keyOut.Close()
 	if err != nil {
-		log.Fatalf("Failed to write key: %v", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to write key: %w", err)
 	}
-	log.Println("Written key.pem")
+	fmt.Fprintf(c.Writer, "Written key to %s\n", c.String("keyout"))
 	return nil
 }
--- a/cmd/cert_test.go
+++ b/cmd/cert_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package cmd
+
+import (
+	"path/filepath"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestCertCommand(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct {
+		name string
+		args []string
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "RSA cert generation",
+			args: []string{
+				"cert-test",
+				"--host", "localhost",
+				"--rsa-bits", "2048",
+				"--duration", "1h",
+				"--start-date", "Jan 1 00:00:00 2024",
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "ECDSA cert generation",
+			args: []string{
+				"cert-test",
+				"--host", "localhost",
+				"--ecdsa-curve", "P256",
+				"--duration", "1h",
+				"--start-date", "Jan 1 00:00:00 2024",
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "mixed host, certificate authority",
+			args: []string{
+				"cert-test",
+				"--host", "localhost,127.0.0.1",
+				"--duration", "1h",
+				"--start-date", "Jan 1 00:00:00 2024",
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, c := range cases {
+		t.Run(c.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			app := cmdCert()
+			tempDir := t.TempDir()
+
+			certFile := filepath.Join(tempDir, "cert.pem")
+			keyFile := filepath.Join(tempDir, "key.pem")
+
+			err := app.Run(t.Context(), append(c.args, "--out", certFile, "--keyout", keyFile))
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+
+			assert.FileExists(t, certFile)
+			assert.FileExists(t, keyFile)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCertCommandFailures(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct {
+		name   string
+		args   []string
+		errMsg string
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "Start Date Parsing failure",
+			args: []string{
+				"cert-test",
+				"--host", "localhost",
+				"--start-date", "invalid-date",
+			},
+			errMsg: "parsing time",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "Unknown curve",
+			args: []string{
+				"cert-test",
+				"--host", "localhost",
+				"--ecdsa-curve", "invalid-curve",
+			},
+			errMsg: "unrecognized elliptic curve",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "Key generation failure",
+			args: []string{
+				"cert-test",
+				"--host", "localhost",
+				"--rsa-bits", "invalid-bits",
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "Missing parameters",
+			args: []string{
+				"cert-test",
+			},
+			errMsg: `"host" not set`,
+		},
+	}
+	for _, c := range cases {
+		t.Run(c.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			app := cmdCert()
+			tempDir := t.TempDir()
+
+			certFile := filepath.Join(tempDir, "cert.pem")
+			keyFile := filepath.Join(tempDir, "key.pem")
+			err := app.Run(t.Context(), append(c.args, "--out", certFile, "--keyout", keyFile))
+			require.Error(t, err)
+			if c.errMsg != "" {
+				assert.ErrorContains(t, err, c.errMsg)
+			}
+			assert.NoFileExists(t, certFile)
+			assert.NoFileExists(t, keyFile)
+		})
+	}
+}
--- a/cmd/cmd.go
+++ b/cmd/cmd.go
@@ -18,20 +18,19 @@ import (
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/db"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/log"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/setting"
-	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/util"

-	"github.com/urfave/cli/v2"
+	"github.com/urfave/cli/v3"
 )

 // argsSet checks that all the required arguments are set. args is a list of
 // arguments that must be set in the passed Context.
-func argsSet(c *cli.Context, args ...string) error {
+func argsSet(c *cli.Command, args ...string) error {
 	for _, a := range args {
 		if !c.IsSet(a) {
 			return errors.New(a + " is not set")
 		}

-		if util.IsEmptyString(c.String(a)) {
+		if c.Value(a) == nil {
 			return errors.New(a + " is required")
 		}
 	}
@@ -109,7 +108,7 @@ func setupConsoleLogger(level log.Level, colorize bool, out io.Writer) {
 	log.GetManager().GetLogger(log.DEFAULT).ReplaceAllWriters(writer)
 }

-func globalBool(c *cli.Context, name string) bool {
+func globalBool(c *cli.Command, name string) bool {
 	for _, ctx := range c.Lineage() {
 		if ctx.Bool(name) {
 			return true
@@ -120,8 +119,14 @@ func globalBool(c *cli.Context, name string) bool {

 // PrepareConsoleLoggerLevel by default, use INFO level for console logger, but some sub-commands (for git/ssh protocol) shouldn't output any log to stdout.
 // Any log appears in git stdout pipe will break the git protocol, eg: client can't push and hangs forever.
-func PrepareConsoleLoggerLevel(defaultLevel log.Level) func(*cli.Context) error {
-	return func(c *cli.Context) error {
+func PrepareConsoleLoggerLevel(defaultLevel log.Level) func(context.Context, *cli.Command) (context.Context, error) {
+	return func(ctx context.Context, c *cli.Command) (context.Context, error) {
+		if setting.InstallLock {
+			// During config loading, there might also be logs (for example: deprecation warnings).
+			// It must make sure that console logger is set up before config is loaded.
+			log.Error("Config is loaded before console logger is setup, it will cause bugs. Please fix it.")
+			return nil, errors.New("console logger must be setup before config is loaded")
+		}
 		level := defaultLevel
 		if globalBool(c, "quiet") {
 			level = log.FATAL
@@ -130,6 +135,16 @@ func PrepareConsoleLoggerLevel(defaultLevel log.Level) func(*cli.Context) error
 			level = log.TRACE
 		}
 		log.SetConsoleLogger(log.DEFAULT, "console-default", level)
-		return nil
+		return ctx, nil
 	}
 }
+
+func isValidDefaultSubCommand(cmd *cli.Command) (string, bool) {
+	// Dirty patch for urfave/cli's strange design.
+	// "./gitea bad-cmd" should not start the web server.
+	rootArgs := cmd.Root().Args().Slice()
+	if len(rootArgs) != 0 && rootArgs[0] != cmd.Name {
+		return rootArgs[0], false
+	}
+	return "", true
+}
--- a/cmd/cmd_test.go
+++ b/cmd/cmd_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package cmd
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/urfave/cli/v3"
+)
+
+func TestDefaultCommand(t *testing.T) {
+	test := func(t *testing.T, args []string, expectedRetName string, expectedRetValid bool) {
+		called := false
+		cmd := &cli.Command{
+			DefaultCommand: "test",
+			Commands: []*cli.Command{
+				{
+					Name: "test",
+					Action: func(ctx context.Context, command *cli.Command) error {
+						retName, retValid := isValidDefaultSubCommand(command)
+						assert.Equal(t, expectedRetName, retName)
+						assert.Equal(t, expectedRetValid, retValid)
+						called = true
+						return nil
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		}
+		assert.NoError(t, cmd.Run(t.Context(), args))
+		assert.True(t, called)
+	}
+	test(t, []string{"./gitea"}, "", true)
+	test(t, []string{"./gitea", "test"}, "", true)
+	test(t, []string{"./gitea", "other"}, "other", false)
+}
--- a/cmd/config.go
+++ b/cmd/config.go
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package cmd
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/setting"
+
+	"github.com/urfave/cli/v3"
+)
+
+func cmdConfig() *cli.Command {
+	subcmdConfigEditIni := &cli.Command{
+		Name:  "edit-ini",
+		Usage: "Load an existing INI file, apply environment variables, keep specified keys, and output to a new INI file.",
+		Description: `
+Help users to edit the Gitea configuration INI file.
+
+# Keep Specified Keys
+
+If you need to re-create the configuration file with only a subset of keys,
+you can provide an INI template file for the kept keys and use the "--config-keep-keys" flag.
+For example, if a helm chart needs to reset the settings and only keep SECRET_KEY,
+it can use a template file (only keys take effect, values are ignored):
+
+  [security]
+  SECRET_KEY=
+
+$ ./gitea config edit-ini --config app-old.ini --config-keep-keys app-keys.ini --out app-new.ini
+
+# Map Environment Variables to INI Configuration
+
+Environment variables of the form "GITEA__section_name__KEY_NAME"
+will be mapped to the ini section "[section_name]" and the key
+"KEY_NAME" with the value as provided.
+
+Environment variables of the form "GITEA__section_name__KEY_NAME__FILE"
+will be mapped to the ini section "[section_name]" and the key
+"KEY_NAME" with the value loaded from the specified file.
+
+Environment variable keys can only contain characters "0-9A-Z_",
+if a section or key name contains dot ".", it needs to be escaped as _0x2E_.
+For example, to apply this config:
+
+	[git.config]
+	foo.bar=val
+
+$ export GITEA__git_0x2E_config__foo_0x2E_bar=val
+
+# Put All Together
+
+$ ./gitea config edit-ini --config app.ini --config-keep-keys app-keys.ini --apply-env {--in-place|--out app-new.ini}
+`,
+		Flags: []cli.Flag{
+			// "--config" flag is provided by global flags, and this flag is also used by "environment-to-ini" script wrapper
+			// "--in-place" is also used by "environment-to-ini" script wrapper for its old behavior: always overwrite the existing config file
+			&cli.BoolFlag{
+				Name:  "in-place",
+				Usage: "Output to the same config file as input. This flag will be ignored if --out is set.",
+			},
+			&cli.StringFlag{
+				Name:  "config-keep-keys",
+				Usage: "An INI template file containing keys for keeping. Only the keys defined in the INI template will be kept from old config. If not set, all keys will be kept.",
+			},
+			&cli.BoolFlag{
+				Name:  "apply-env",
+				Usage: "Apply all GITEA__* variables from the environment to the config.",
+			},
+			&cli.StringFlag{
+				Name:  "out",
+				Usage: "Destination config file to write to.",
+			},
+		},
+		Action: runConfigEditIni,
+	}
+
+	return &cli.Command{
+		Name:  "config",
+		Usage: "Manage Gitea configuration",
+		Commands: []*cli.Command{
+			subcmdConfigEditIni,
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+func runConfigEditIni(_ context.Context, c *cli.Command) error {
+	// the config system may change the environment variables, so get a copy first, to be used later
+	env := append([]string{}, os.Environ()...)
+
+	// don't use the guessed setting.CustomConf, instead, require the user to provide --config explicitly
+	if !c.IsSet("config") {
+		return errors.New("flag is required but not set: --config")
+	}
+	configFileIn := c.String("config")
+
+	cfgIn, err := setting.NewConfigProviderFromFile(configFileIn)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to load config file %q: %v", configFileIn, err)
+	}
+
+	// determine output config file: use "--out" flag or use "--in-place" flag to overwrite input file
+	inPlace := c.Bool("in-place")
+	configFileOut := c.String("out")
+	if configFileOut == "" {
+		if !inPlace {
+			return errors.New("either --in-place or --out must be specified")
+		}
+		configFileOut = configFileIn // in-place edit
+	}
+
+	needWriteOut := configFileOut != configFileIn
+
+	cfgOut := cfgIn
+	configKeepKeys := c.String("config-keep-keys")
+	if configKeepKeys != "" {
+		needWriteOut = true
+		cfgOut, err = setting.NewConfigProviderFromFile(configKeepKeys)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to load config-keep-keys template file %q: %v", configKeepKeys, err)
+		}
+
+		for _, secOut := range cfgOut.Sections() {
+			for _, keyOut := range secOut.Keys() {
+				secIn := cfgIn.Section(secOut.Name())
+				keyIn := setting.ConfigSectionKey(secIn, keyOut.Name())
+				if keyIn != nil {
+					keyOut.SetValue(keyIn.String())
+				} else {
+					secOut.DeleteKey(keyOut.Name())
+				}
+			}
+			if len(secOut.Keys()) == 0 {
+				cfgOut.DeleteSection(secOut.Name())
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if c.Bool("apply-env") {
+		if setting.EnvironmentToConfig(cfgOut, env) {
+			needWriteOut = true
+		}
+	}
+
+	if needWriteOut {
+		err = cfgOut.SaveTo(configFileOut)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
--- a/cmd/config_test.go
+++ b/cmd/config_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package cmd
+
+import (
+	"os"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestConfigEdit(t *testing.T) {
+	tmpDir := t.TempDir()
+	configOld := tmpDir + "/app-old.ini"
+	configTemplate := tmpDir + "/app-template.ini"
+	_ = os.WriteFile(configOld, []byte(`
+[sec]
+k1=v1
+k2=v2
+`), os.ModePerm)
+
+	_ = os.WriteFile(configTemplate, []byte(`
+[sec]
+k1=in-template
+
+[sec2]
+k3=v3
+`), os.ModePerm)
+
+	t.Setenv("GITEA__EnV__KeY", "val")
+
+	t.Run("OutputToNewWithEnv", func(t *testing.T) {
+		configNew := tmpDir + "/app-new.ini"
+		err := NewMainApp(AppVersion{}).Run(t.Context(), []string{
+			"./gitea", "--config", configOld,
+			"config", "edit-ini",
+			"--apply-env",
+			"--config-keep-keys", configTemplate,
+			"--out", configNew,
+		})
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		// "k1" old value is kept because its key is in the template
+		// "k2" is removed because it isn't in the template
+		// "k3" isn't in new config because it isn't in the old config
+		// [env] is applied from environment variable
+		data, _ := os.ReadFile(configNew)
+		require.Equal(t, `[sec]
+k1 = v1
+
+[env]
+KeY = val
+`, string(data))
+	})
+
+	t.Run("OutputToExisting(environment-to-ini)", func(t *testing.T) {
+		// the legacy "environment-to-ini" (now a wrapper script) behavior:
+		// if no "--out", then "--in-place" must be used to overwrite the existing "--config" file
+		err := NewMainApp(AppVersion{}).Run(t.Context(), []string{
+			"./gitea", "config", "edit-ini",
+			"--apply-env",
+			"--config", configOld,
+		})
+		require.ErrorContains(t, err, "either --in-place or --out must be specified")
+
+		// simulate the "environment-to-ini" behavior with "--in-place"
+		err = NewMainApp(AppVersion{}).Run(t.Context(), []string{
+			"./gitea", "config", "edit-ini",
+			"--in-place",
+			"--apply-env",
+			"--config", configOld,
+		})
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		data, _ := os.ReadFile(configOld)
+		require.Equal(t, `[sec]
+k1 = v1
+k2 = v2
+
+[env]
+KeY = val
+`, string(data))
+	})
+}
--- a/cmd/docs.go
+++ b/cmd/docs.go
@@ -4,42 +4,45 @@
 package cmd

 import (
+	"context"
 	"fmt"
 	"os"
 	"strings"

-	"github.com/urfave/cli/v2"
+	cli_docs "github.com/urfave/cli-docs/v3"
+	"github.com/urfave/cli/v3"
 )

-// CmdDocs represents the available docs sub-command.
-var CmdDocs = &cli.Command{
-	Name:        "docs",
-	Usage:       "Output CLI documentation",
-	Description: "A command to output Gitea's CLI documentation, optionally to a file.",
-	Action:      runDocs,
-	Flags: []cli.Flag{
-		&cli.BoolFlag{
-			Name:  "man",
-			Usage: "Output man pages instead",
+func newDocsCommand() *cli.Command {
+	return &cli.Command{
+		Name:        "docs",
+		Usage:       "Output CLI documentation",
+		Description: "A command to output Gitea's CLI documentation, optionally to a file.",
+		Action:      runDocs,
+		Flags: []cli.Flag{
+			&cli.BoolFlag{
+				Name:  "man",
+				Usage: "Output man pages instead",
+			},
+			&cli.StringFlag{
+				Name:    "output",
+				Aliases: []string{"o"},
+				Usage:   "Path to output to instead of stdout (will overwrite if exists)",
+			},
 		},
-		&cli.StringFlag{
-			Name:    "output",
-			Aliases: []string{"o"},
-			Usage:   "Path to output to instead of stdout (will overwrite if exists)",
-		},
-	},
+	}
 }

-func runDocs(ctx *cli.Context) error {
-	docs, err := ctx.App.ToMarkdown()
-	if ctx.Bool("man") {
-		docs, err = ctx.App.ToMan()
+func runDocs(_ context.Context, cmd *cli.Command) error {
+	docs, err := cli_docs.ToMarkdown(cmd.Root())
+	if cmd.Bool("man") {
+		docs, err = cli_docs.ToMan(cmd.Root())
 	}
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

-	if !ctx.Bool("man") {
+	if !cmd.Bool("man") {
 		// Clean up markdown. The following bug was fixed in v2, but is present in v1.
 		// It affects markdown output (even though the issue is referring to man pages)
 		// https://github.com/urfave/cli/issues/1040
@@ -51,8 +54,8 @@ func runDocs(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 	}

 	out := os.Stdout
-	if ctx.String("output") != "" {
-		fi, err := os.Create(ctx.String("output"))
+	if cmd.String("output") != "" {
+		fi, err := os.Create(cmd.String("output"))
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
--- a/cmd/doctor.go
+++ b/cmd/doctor.go
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 package cmd

 import (
+	"context"
 	"fmt"
 	golog "log"
 	"os"
@@ -19,89 +20,90 @@ import (
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/setting"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/services/doctor"

-	"github.com/urfave/cli/v2"
+	"github.com/urfave/cli/v3"
 	"xorm.io/xorm"
 )

-// CmdDoctor represents the available doctor sub-command.
-var CmdDoctor = &cli.Command{
-	Name:        "doctor",
-	Usage:       "Diagnose and optionally fix problems, convert or re-create database tables",
-	Description: "A command to diagnose problems with the current Gitea instance according to the given configuration. Some problems can optionally be fixed by modifying the database or data storage.",
-
-	Subcommands: []*cli.Command{
-		cmdDoctorCheck,
-		cmdRecreateTable,
-		cmdDoctorConvert,
-	},
+func newDoctorCommand() *cli.Command {
+	return &cli.Command{
+		Name:        "doctor",
+		Usage:       "Diagnose and optionally fix problems, convert or re-create database tables",
+		Description: "A command to diagnose problems with the current Gitea instance according to the given configuration. Some problems can optionally be fixed by modifying the database or data storage.",
+		Commands: []*cli.Command{
+			newDoctorCheckCommand(),
+			newRecreateTableCommand(),
+			newDoctorConvertCommand(),
+		},
+	}
 }

-var cmdDoctorCheck = &cli.Command{
-	Name:        "check",
-	Usage:       "Diagnose and optionally fix problems",
-	Description: "A command to diagnose problems with the current Gitea instance according to the given configuration. Some problems can optionally be fixed by modifying the database or data storage.",
-	Action:      runDoctorCheck,
-	Flags: []cli.Flag{
-		&cli.BoolFlag{
-			Name:  "list",
-			Usage: "List the available checks",
+func newDoctorCheckCommand() *cli.Command {
+	return &cli.Command{
+		Name:        "check",
+		Usage:       "Diagnose and optionally fix problems",
+		Description: "A command to diagnose problems with the current Gitea instance according to the given configuration. Some problems can optionally be fixed by modifying the database or data storage.",
+		Action:      runDoctorCheck,
+		Flags: []cli.Flag{
+			&cli.BoolFlag{
+				Name:  "list",
+				Usage: "List the available checks",
+			},
+			&cli.BoolFlag{
+				Name:  "default",
+				Usage: "Run the default checks (if neither --run or --all is set, this is the default behaviour)",
+			},
+			&cli.StringSliceFlag{
+				Name:  "run",
+				Usage: "Run the provided checks - (if --default is set, the default checks will also run)",
+			},
+			&cli.BoolFlag{
+				Name:  "all",
+				Usage: "Run all the available checks",
+			},
+			&cli.BoolFlag{
+				Name:  "fix",
+				Usage: "Automatically fix what we can",
+			},
+			&cli.StringFlag{
+				Name:  "log-file",
+				Usage: `Name of the log file (no verbose log output by default). Set to "-" to output to stdout`,
+			},
+			&cli.BoolFlag{
+				Name:    "color",
+				Aliases: []string{"H"},
+				Usage:   "Use color for outputted information",
+			},
 		},
-		&cli.BoolFlag{
-			Name:  "default",
-			Usage: "Run the default checks (if neither --run or --all is set, this is the default behaviour)",
-		},
-		&cli.StringSliceFlag{
-			Name:  "run",
-			Usage: "Run the provided checks - (if --default is set, the default checks will also run)",
-		},
-		&cli.BoolFlag{
-			Name:  "all",
-			Usage: "Run all the available checks",
-		},
-		&cli.BoolFlag{
-			Name:  "fix",
-			Usage: "Automatically fix what we can",
-		},
-		&cli.StringFlag{
-			Name:  "log-file",
-			Usage: `Name of the log file (no verbose log output by default). Set to "-" to output to stdout`,
-		},
-		&cli.BoolFlag{
-			Name:    "color",
-			Aliases: []string{"H"},
-			Usage:   "Use color for outputted information",
-		},
-	},
+	}
 }

-var cmdRecreateTable = &cli.Command{
-	Name:      "recreate-table",
-	Usage:     "Recreate tables from XORM definitions and copy the data.",
-	ArgsUsage: "[TABLE]... : (TABLEs to recreate - leave blank for all)",
-	Flags: []cli.Flag{
-		&cli.BoolFlag{
-			Name:  "debug",
-			Usage: "Print SQL commands sent",
+func newRecreateTableCommand() *cli.Command {
+	return &cli.Command{
+		Name:      "recreate-table",
+		Usage:     "Recreate tables from XORM definitions and copy the data.",
+		ArgsUsage: "[TABLE]... : (TABLEs to recreate - leave blank for all)",
+		Flags: []cli.Flag{
+			&cli.BoolFlag{
+				Name:  "debug",
+				Usage: "Print SQL commands sent",
+			},
 		},
-	},
-	Description: `The database definitions Gitea uses change across versions, sometimes changing default values and leaving old unused columns.
+		Description: `The database definitions Gitea uses change across versions, sometimes changing default values and leaving old unused columns.

 This command will cause Xorm to recreate tables, copying over the data and deleting the old table.

 You should back-up your database before doing this and ensure that your database is up-to-date first.`,
-	Action: runRecreateTable,
+		Action: runRecreateTable,
+	}
 }

-func runRecreateTable(ctx *cli.Context) error {
-	stdCtx, cancel := installSignals()
-	defer cancel()
-
+func runRecreateTable(ctx context.Context, cmd *cli.Command) error {
 	// Redirect the default golog to here
 	golog.SetFlags(0)
 	golog.SetPrefix("")
 	golog.SetOutput(log.LoggerToWriter(log.GetLogger(log.DEFAULT).Info))

-	debug := ctx.Bool("debug")
+	debug := cmd.Bool("debug")
 	setting.MustInstalled()
 	setting.LoadDBSetting()

@@ -112,15 +114,15 @@ func runRecreateTable(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 	}

 	setting.Database.LogSQL = debug
-	if err := db.InitEngine(stdCtx); err != nil {
+	if err := db.InitEngine(ctx); err != nil {
 		fmt.Println(err)
 		fmt.Println("Check if you are using the right config file. You can use a --config directive to specify one.")
 		return nil
 	}

-	args := ctx.Args()
-	names := make([]string, 0, ctx.NArg())
-	for i := 0; i < ctx.NArg(); i++ {
+	args := cmd.Args()
+	names := make([]string, 0, cmd.NArg())
+	for i := 0; i < cmd.NArg(); i++ {
 		names = append(names, args.Get(i))
 	}

@@ -130,24 +132,25 @@ func runRecreateTable(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 	}
 	recreateTables := migrate_base.RecreateTables(beans...)

-	return db.InitEngineWithMigration(stdCtx, func(x *xorm.Engine) error {
-		if err := migrations.EnsureUpToDate(x); err != nil {
+	return db.InitEngineWithMigration(context.Background(), func(ctx context.Context, x *xorm.Engine) error {
+		if err := migrations.EnsureUpToDate(ctx, x); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 		return recreateTables(x)
 	})
 }

-func setupDoctorDefaultLogger(ctx *cli.Context, colorize bool) {
+func setupDoctorDefaultLogger(cmd *cli.Command, colorize bool) {
 	// Silence the default loggers
 	setupConsoleLogger(log.FATAL, log.CanColorStderr, os.Stderr)

-	logFile := ctx.String("log-file")
-	if logFile == "" {
+	logFile := cmd.String("log-file")
+	switch logFile {
+	case "":
 		return // if no doctor log-file is set, do not show any log from default logger
-	} else if logFile == "-" {
+	case "-":
 		setupConsoleLogger(log.TRACE, colorize, os.Stdout)
-	} else {
+	default:
 		logFile, _ = filepath.Abs(logFile)
 		writeMode := log.WriterMode{Level: log.TRACE, WriterOption: log.WriterFileOption{FileName: logFile}}
 		writer, err := log.NewEventWriter("console-to-file", "file", writeMode)
@@ -159,23 +162,20 @@ func setupDoctorDefaultLogger(ctx *cli.Context, colorize bool) {
 	}
 }

-func runDoctorCheck(ctx *cli.Context) error {
-	stdCtx, cancel := installSignals()
-	defer cancel()
-
+func runDoctorCheck(ctx context.Context, cmd *cli.Command) error {
 	colorize := log.CanColorStdout
-	if ctx.IsSet("color") {
-		colorize = ctx.Bool("color")
+	if cmd.IsSet("color") {
+		colorize = cmd.Bool("color")
 	}

-	setupDoctorDefaultLogger(ctx, colorize)
+	setupDoctorDefaultLogger(cmd, colorize)

 	// Finally redirect the default golang's log to here
 	golog.SetFlags(0)
 	golog.SetPrefix("")
 	golog.SetOutput(log.LoggerToWriter(log.GetLogger(log.DEFAULT).Info))

-	if ctx.IsSet("list") {
+	if cmd.IsSet("list") {
 		w := tabwriter.NewWriter(os.Stdout, 0, 8, 1, '\t', 0)
 		_, _ = w.Write([]byte("Default\tName\tTitle\n"))
 		doctor.SortChecks(doctor.Checks)
@@ -193,12 +193,12 @@ func runDoctorCheck(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 	}

 	var checks []*doctor.Check
-	if ctx.Bool("all") {
+	if cmd.Bool("all") {
 		checks = make([]*doctor.Check, len(doctor.Checks))
 		copy(checks, doctor.Checks)
-	} else if ctx.IsSet("run") {
-		addDefault := ctx.Bool("default")
-		runNamesSet := container.SetOf(ctx.StringSlice("run")...)
+	} else if cmd.IsSet("run") {
+		addDefault := cmd.Bool("default")
+		runNamesSet := container.SetOf(cmd.StringSlice("run")...)
 		for _, check := range doctor.Checks {
 			if (addDefault && check.IsDefault) || runNamesSet.Contains(check.Name) {
 				checks = append(checks, check)
@@ -215,5 +215,5 @@ func runDoctorCheck(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 			}
 		}
 	}
-	return doctor.RunChecks(stdCtx, colorize, ctx.Bool("fix"), checks)
+	return doctor.RunChecks(ctx, colorize, cmd.Bool("fix"), checks)
 }
--- a/cmd/doctor_convert.go
+++ b/cmd/doctor_convert.go
@@ -4,28 +4,27 @@
 package cmd

 import (
+	"context"
 	"fmt"

 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/db"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/log"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/setting"

-	"github.com/urfave/cli/v2"
+	"github.com/urfave/cli/v3"
 )

-// cmdDoctorConvert represents the available convert sub-command.
-var cmdDoctorConvert = &cli.Command{
-	Name:        "convert",
-	Usage:       "Convert the database",
-	Description: "A command to convert an existing MySQL database from utf8 to utf8mb4 or MSSQL database from varchar to nvarchar",
-	Action:      runDoctorConvert,
+func newDoctorConvertCommand() *cli.Command {
+	return &cli.Command{
+		Name:        "convert",
+		Usage:       "Convert the database",
+		Description: "A command to convert an existing MySQL database from utf8 to utf8mb4 or MSSQL database from varchar to nvarchar",
+		Action:      runDoctorConvert,
+	}
 }

-func runDoctorConvert(ctx *cli.Context) error {
-	stdCtx, cancel := installSignals()
-	defer cancel()
-
-	if err := initDB(stdCtx); err != nil {
+func runDoctorConvert(ctx context.Context, cmd *cli.Command) error {
+	if err := initDB(ctx); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

--- a/cmd/doctor_test.go
+++ b/cmd/doctor_test.go
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import (
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/services/doctor"

 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"github.com/urfave/cli/v2"
+	"github.com/urfave/cli/v3"
 )

 func TestDoctorRun(t *testing.T) {
@@ -22,12 +22,13 @@ func TestDoctorRun(t *testing.T) {

 		SkipDatabaseInitialization: true,
 	})
-	app := cli.NewApp()
-	app.Commands = []*cli.Command{cmdDoctorCheck}
-	err := app.Run([]string{"./gitea", "check", "--run", "test-check"})
+	app := &cli.Command{
+		Commands: []*cli.Command{newDoctorCheckCommand()},
+	}
+	err := app.Run(t.Context(), []string{"./gitea", "check", "--run", "test-check"})
 	assert.NoError(t, err)
-	err = app.Run([]string{"./gitea", "check", "--run", "no-such"})
+	err = app.Run(t.Context(), []string{"./gitea", "check", "--run", "no-such"})
 	assert.ErrorContains(t, err, `unknown checks: "no-such"`)
-	err = app.Run([]string{"./gitea", "check", "--run", "test-check,no-such"})
+	err = app.Run(t.Context(), []string{"./gitea", "check", "--run", "test-check,no-such"})
 	assert.ErrorContains(t, err, `unknown checks: "no-such"`)
 }
--- a/cmd/dump.go
+++ b/cmd/dump.go
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 package cmd

 import (
-	"fmt"
+	"context"
 	"os"
 	"path"
 	"path/filepath"
@@ -20,99 +20,99 @@ import (
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/util"

 	"gitea.com/go-chi/session"
-	"github.com/mholt/archiver/v3"
-	"github.com/urfave/cli/v2"
+	"github.com/urfave/cli/v3"
 )

-// CmdDump represents the available dump sub-command.
-var CmdDump = &cli.Command{
-	Name:        "dump",
-	Usage:       "Dump Gitea files and database",
-	Description: `Dump compresses all related files and database into zip file. It can be used for backup and capture Gitea server image to send to maintainer`,
-	Action:      runDump,
-	Flags: []cli.Flag{
-		&cli.StringFlag{
-			Name:    "file",
-			Aliases: []string{"f"},
-			Usage:   `Name of the dump file which will be created, default to "gitea-dump-{time}.zip". Supply '-' for stdout. See type for available types.`,
+func newDumpCommand() *cli.Command {
+	return &cli.Command{
+		Name:        "dump",
+		Usage:       "Dump Gitea files and database",
+		Description: `Dump compresses all related files and database into zip file. It can be used for backup and capture Gitea server image to send to maintainer`,
+		Action:      runDump,
+		Flags: []cli.Flag{
+			&cli.StringFlag{
+				Name:    "file",
+				Aliases: []string{"f"},
+				Usage:   `Name of the dump file which will be created, default to "gitea-dump-{time}.zip". Supply '-' for stdout. See type for available types.`,
+			},
+			&cli.BoolFlag{
+				Name:    "verbose",
+				Aliases: []string{"V"},
+				Usage:   "Show process details",
+			},
+			&cli.BoolFlag{
+				Name:    "quiet",
+				Aliases: []string{"q"},
+				Usage:   "Only display warnings and errors",
+			},
+			&cli.StringFlag{
+				Name:    "tempdir",
+				Aliases: []string{"t"},
+				Value:   os.TempDir(),
+				Usage:   "Temporary dir path",
+			},
+			&cli.StringFlag{
+				Name:    "database",
+				Aliases: []string{"d"},
+				Usage:   "Specify the database SQL syntax: sqlite3, mysql, mssql, postgres",
+			},
+			&cli.BoolFlag{
+				Name:    "skip-repository",
+				Aliases: []string{"R"},
+				Usage:   "Skip the repository dumping",
+			},
+			&cli.BoolFlag{
+				Name:    "skip-log",
+				Aliases: []string{"L"},
+				Usage:   "Skip the log dumping",
+			},
+			&cli.BoolFlag{
+				Name:  "skip-custom-dir",
+				Usage: "Skip custom directory",
+			},
+			&cli.BoolFlag{
+				Name:  "skip-lfs-data",
+				Usage: "Skip LFS data",
+			},
+			&cli.BoolFlag{
+				Name:  "skip-attachment-data",
+				Usage: "Skip attachment data",
+			},
+			&cli.BoolFlag{
+				Name:  "skip-package-data",
+				Usage: "Skip package data",
+			},
+			&cli.BoolFlag{
+				Name:  "skip-index",
+				Usage: "Skip bleve index data",
+			},
+			&cli.BoolFlag{
+				Name:  "skip-db",
+				Usage: "Skip database",
+			},
+			&cli.StringFlag{
+				Name:  "type",
+				Usage: `Dump output format, default to "zip", supported types: ` + strings.Join(dump.SupportedOutputTypes, ", "),
+			},
 		},
-		&cli.BoolFlag{
-			Name:    "verbose",
-			Aliases: []string{"V"},
-			Usage:   "Show process details",
-		},
-		&cli.BoolFlag{
-			Name:    "quiet",
-			Aliases: []string{"q"},
-			Usage:   "Only display warnings and errors",
-		},
-		&cli.StringFlag{
-			Name:    "tempdir",
-			Aliases: []string{"t"},
-			Value:   os.TempDir(),
-			Usage:   "Temporary dir path",
-		},
-		&cli.StringFlag{
-			Name:    "database",
-			Aliases: []string{"d"},
-			Usage:   "Specify the database SQL syntax: sqlite3, mysql, mssql, postgres",
-		},
-		&cli.BoolFlag{
-			Name:    "skip-repository",
-			Aliases: []string{"R"},
-			Usage:   "Skip the repository dumping",
-		},
-		&cli.BoolFlag{
-			Name:    "skip-log",
-			Aliases: []string{"L"},
-			Usage:   "Skip the log dumping",
-		},
-		&cli.BoolFlag{
-			Name:  "skip-custom-dir",
-			Usage: "Skip custom directory",
-		},
-		&cli.BoolFlag{
-			Name:  "skip-lfs-data",
-			Usage: "Skip LFS data",
-		},
-		&cli.BoolFlag{
-			Name:  "skip-attachment-data",
-			Usage: "Skip attachment data",
-		},
-		&cli.BoolFlag{
-			Name:  "skip-package-data",
-			Usage: "Skip package data",
-		},
-		&cli.BoolFlag{
-			Name:  "skip-index",
-			Usage: "Skip bleve index data",
-		},
-		&cli.BoolFlag{
-			Name:  "skip-db",
-			Usage: "Skip database",
-		},
-		&cli.StringFlag{
-			Name:  "type",
-			Usage: fmt.Sprintf(`Dump output format, default to "zip", supported types: %s`, strings.Join(dump.SupportedOutputTypes, ", ")),
-		},
-	},
+	}
 }

 func fatal(format string, args ...any) {
 	log.Fatal(format, args...)
 }

-func runDump(ctx *cli.Context) error {
+func runDump(ctx context.Context, cmd *cli.Command) error {
 	setting.MustInstalled()

-	quite := ctx.Bool("quiet")
-	verbose := ctx.Bool("verbose")
+	quite := cmd.Bool("quiet")
+	verbose := cmd.Bool("verbose")
 	if verbose && quite {
 		fatal("Option --quiet and --verbose cannot both be set")
 	}

 	// outFileName is either "-" or a file name (will be made absolute)
-	outFileName, outType := dump.PrepareFileNameAndType(ctx.String("file"), ctx.String("type"))
+	outFileName, outType := dump.PrepareFileNameAndType(cmd.String("file"), cmd.String("type"))
 	if outType == "" {
 		fatal("Invalid output type")
 	}
@@ -137,10 +137,7 @@ func runDump(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 	setting.DisableLoggerInit()
 	setting.LoadSettings() // cannot access session settings otherwise

-	stdCtx, cancel := installSignals()
-	defer cancel()
-
-	err := db.InitEngine(stdCtx)
+	err := db.InitEngine(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -149,24 +146,20 @@ func runDump(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 		return err
 	}

-	archiverGeneric, err := archiver.ByExtension("." + outType)
+	dumper, err := dump.NewDumper(ctx, outType, outFile)
 	if err != nil {
-		fatal("Unable to get archiver for extension: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	archiverWriter := archiverGeneric.(archiver.Writer)
-	if err := archiverWriter.Create(outFile); err != nil {
-		fatal("Creating archiver.Writer failed: %v", err)
-	}
-	defer archiverWriter.Close()
-
-	dumper := &dump.Dumper{
-		Writer:  archiverWriter,
-		Verbose: verbose,
+		fatal("Failed to create archive %q: %v", outFile, err)
+		return err
 	}
+	dumper.Verbose = verbose
 	dumper.GlobalExcludeAbsPath(outFileName)
+	defer func() {
+		if err := dumper.Close(); err != nil {
+			fatal("Failed to save archive %q: %v", outFileName, err)
+		}
+	}()

-	if ctx.IsSet("skip-repository") && ctx.Bool("skip-repository") {
+	if cmd.IsSet("skip-repository") && cmd.Bool("skip-repository") {
 		log.Info("Skip dumping local repositories")
 	} else {
 		log.Info("Dumping local repositories... %s", setting.RepoRootPath)
@@ -174,7 +167,7 @@ func runDump(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 			fatal("Failed to include repositories: %v", err)
 		}

-		if ctx.IsSet("skip-lfs-data") && ctx.Bool("skip-lfs-data") {
+		if cmd.IsSet("skip-lfs-data") && cmd.Bool("skip-lfs-data") {
 			log.Info("Skip dumping LFS data")
 		} else if !setting.LFS.StartServer {
 			log.Info("LFS isn't enabled. Skip dumping LFS data")
@@ -183,18 +176,18 @@ func runDump(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 			if err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
-			return dumper.AddReader(object, info, path.Join("data", "lfs", objPath))
+			return dumper.AddFileByReader(object, info, path.Join("data", "lfs", objPath))
 		}); err != nil {
 			fatal("Failed to dump LFS objects: %v", err)
 		}
 	}

-	if ctx.Bool("skip-db") {
+	if cmd.Bool("skip-db") {
 		// Ensure that we don't dump the database file that may reside in setting.AppDataPath or elsewhere.
 		dumper.GlobalExcludeAbsPath(setting.Database.Path)
 		log.Info("Skipping database")
 	} else {
-		tmpDir := ctx.String("tempdir")
+		tmpDir := cmd.String("tempdir")
 		if _, err := os.Stat(tmpDir); os.IsNotExist(err) {
 			fatal("Path does not exist: %s", tmpDir)
 		}
@@ -210,7 +203,7 @@ func runDump(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 			}
 		}()

-		targetDBType := ctx.String("database")
+		targetDBType := cmd.String("database")
 		if len(targetDBType) > 0 && targetDBType != setting.Database.Type.String() {
 			log.Info("Dumping database %s => %s...", setting.Database.Type, targetDBType)
 		} else {
@@ -221,17 +214,17 @@ func runDump(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 			fatal("Failed to dump database: %v", err)
 		}

-		if err = dumper.AddFile("gitea-db.sql", dbDump.Name()); err != nil {
+		if err = dumper.AddFileByPath("gitea-db.sql", dbDump.Name()); err != nil {
 			fatal("Failed to include gitea-db.sql: %v", err)
 		}
 	}

 	log.Info("Adding custom configuration file from %s", setting.CustomConf)
-	if err = dumper.AddFile("app.ini", setting.CustomConf); err != nil {
+	if err = dumper.AddFileByPath("app.ini", setting.CustomConf); err != nil {
 		fatal("Failed to include specified app.ini: %v", err)
 	}

-	if ctx.IsSet("skip-custom-dir") && ctx.Bool("skip-custom-dir") {
+	if cmd.IsSet("skip-custom-dir") && cmd.Bool("skip-custom-dir") {
 		log.Info("Skipping custom directory")
 	} else {
 		customDir, err := os.Stat(setting.CustomPath)
@@ -264,7 +257,7 @@ func runDump(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 			excludes = append(excludes, opts.ProviderConfig)
 		}

-		if ctx.IsSet("skip-index") && ctx.Bool("skip-index") {
+		if cmd.IsSet("skip-index") && cmd.Bool("skip-index") {
 			excludes = append(excludes, setting.Indexer.RepoPath)
 			excludes = append(excludes, setting.Indexer.IssuePath)
 		}
@@ -273,25 +266,26 @@ func runDump(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 		excludes = append(excludes, setting.LFS.Storage.Path)
 		excludes = append(excludes, setting.Attachment.Storage.Path)
 		excludes = append(excludes, setting.Packages.Storage.Path)
+		excludes = append(excludes, setting.RepoArchive.Storage.Path)
 		excludes = append(excludes, setting.Log.RootPath)
 		if err := dumper.AddRecursiveExclude("data", setting.AppDataPath, excludes); err != nil {
 			fatal("Failed to include data directory: %v", err)
 		}
 	}

-	if ctx.IsSet("skip-attachment-data") && ctx.Bool("skip-attachment-data") {
+	if cmd.IsSet("skip-attachment-data") && cmd.Bool("skip-attachment-data") {
 		log.Info("Skip dumping attachment data")
 	} else if err := storage.Attachments.IterateObjects("", func(objPath string, object storage.Object) error {
 		info, err := object.Stat()
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-		return dumper.AddReader(object, info, path.Join("data", "attachments", objPath))
+		return dumper.AddFileByReader(object, info, path.Join("data", "attachments", objPath))
 	}); err != nil {
 		fatal("Failed to dump attachments: %v", err)
 	}

-	if ctx.IsSet("skip-package-data") && ctx.Bool("skip-package-data") {
+	if cmd.IsSet("skip-package-data") && cmd.Bool("skip-package-data") {
 		log.Info("Skip dumping package data")
 	} else if !setting.Packages.Enabled {
 		log.Info("Packages isn't enabled. Skip dumping package data")
@@ -300,7 +294,7 @@ func runDump(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-		return dumper.AddReader(object, info, path.Join("data", "packages", objPath))
+		return dumper.AddFileByReader(object, info, path.Join("data", "packages", objPath))
 	}); err != nil {
 		fatal("Failed to dump packages: %v", err)
 	}
@@ -308,7 +302,7 @@ func runDump(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 	// Doesn't check if LogRootPath exists before processing --skip-log intentionally,
 	// ensuring that it's clear the dump is skipped whether the directory's initialized
 	// yet or not.
-	if ctx.IsSet("skip-log") && ctx.Bool("skip-log") {
+	if cmd.IsSet("skip-log") && cmd.Bool("skip-log") {
 		log.Info("Skip dumping log files")
 	} else {
 		isExist, err := util.IsExist(setting.Log.RootPath)
@@ -325,10 +319,6 @@ func runDump(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 	if outFileName == "-" {
 		log.Info("Finish dumping to stdout")
 	} else {
-		if err = archiverWriter.Close(); err != nil {
-			_ = os.Remove(outFileName)
-			fatal("Failed to save %q: %v", outFileName, err)
-		}
 		if err = os.Chmod(outFileName, 0o600); err != nil {
 			log.Info("Can't change file access permissions mask to 0600: %v", err)
 		}
--- a/cmd/dump_repo.go
+++ b/cmd/dump_repo.go
@@ -19,76 +19,79 @@ import (
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/services/convert"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/services/migrations"

-	"github.com/urfave/cli/v2"
+	"github.com/urfave/cli/v3"
 )

-// CmdDumpRepository represents the available dump repository sub-command.
-var CmdDumpRepository = &cli.Command{
-	Name:        "dump-repo",
-	Usage:       "Dump the repository from git/github/gitea/gitlab",
-	Description: "This is a command for dumping the repository data.",
-	Action:      runDumpRepository,
-	Flags: []cli.Flag{
-		&cli.StringFlag{
-			Name:  "git_service",
-			Value: "",
-			Usage: "Git service, git, github, gitea, gitlab. If clone_addr could be recognized, this could be ignored.",
-		},
-		&cli.StringFlag{
-			Name:    "repo_dir",
-			Aliases: []string{"r"},
-			Value:   "./data",
-			Usage:   "Repository dir path to store the data",
-		},
-		&cli.StringFlag{
-			Name:  "clone_addr",
-			Value: "",
-			Usage: "The URL will be clone, currently could be a git/github/gitea/gitlab http/https URL",
-		},
-		&cli.StringFlag{
-			Name:  "auth_username",
-			Value: "",
-			Usage: "The username to visit the clone_addr",
-		},
-		&cli.StringFlag{
-			Name:  "auth_password",
-			Value: "",
-			Usage: "The password to visit the clone_addr",
-		},
-		&cli.StringFlag{
-			Name:  "auth_token",
-			Value: "",
-			Usage: "The personal token to visit the clone_addr",
-		},
-		&cli.StringFlag{
-			Name:  "owner_name",
-			Value: "",
-			Usage: "The data will be stored on a directory with owner name if not empty",
-		},
-		&cli.StringFlag{
-			Name:  "repo_name",
-			Value: "",
-			Usage: "The data will be stored on a directory with repository name if not empty",
-		},
-		&cli.StringFlag{
-			Name:  "units",
-			Value: "",
-			Usage: `Which items will be migrated, one or more units should be separated as comma.
+func newDumpRepositoryCommand() *cli.Command {
+	return &cli.Command{
+		Name:        "dump-repo",
+		Usage:       "Dump the repository from git/github/gitea/gitlab",
+		Description: "This is a command for dumping the repository data.",
+		Action:      runDumpRepository,
+		Flags: []cli.Flag{
+			&cli.StringFlag{
+				Name:  "git_service",
+				Value: "",
+				Usage: "Git service, git, github, gitea, gitlab. If clone_addr could be recognized, this could be ignored.",
+			},
+			&cli.StringFlag{
+				Name:    "repo_dir",
+				Aliases: []string{"r"},
+				Value:   "./data",
+				Usage:   "Repository dir path to store the data",
+			},
+			&cli.StringFlag{
+				Name:  "clone_addr",
+				Value: "",
+				Usage: "The URL will be clone, currently could be a git/github/gitea/gitlab http/https URL",
+			},
+			&cli.StringFlag{
+				Name:  "auth_username",
+				Value: "",
+				Usage: "The username to visit the clone_addr",
+			},
+			&cli.StringFlag{
+				Name:  "auth_password",
+				Value: "",
+				Usage: "The password to visit the clone_addr",
+			},
+			&cli.StringFlag{
+				Name:  "auth_token",
+				Value: "",
+				Usage: "The personal token to visit the clone_addr",
+			},
+			&cli.StringFlag{
+				Name:  "owner_name",
+				Value: "",
+				Usage: "The data will be stored on a directory with owner name if not empty",
+			},
+			&cli.StringFlag{
+				Name:  "repo_name",
+				Value: "",
+				Usage: "The data will be stored on a directory with repository name if not empty",
+			},
+			&cli.StringFlag{
+				Name:  "units",
+				Value: "",
+				Usage: `Which items will be migrated, one or more units should be separated as comma.
 wiki, issues, labels, releases, release_assets, milestones, pull_requests, comments are allowed. Empty means all units.`,
+			},
 		},
-	},
+	}
 }

-func runDumpRepository(ctx *cli.Context) error {
-	stdCtx, cancel := installSignals()
-	defer cancel()
+func runDumpRepository(ctx context.Context, cmd *cli.Command) error {
+	setupConsoleLogger(log.INFO, log.CanColorStderr, os.Stderr)

-	if err := initDB(stdCtx); err != nil {
+	setting.DisableLoggerInit()
+	setting.LoadSettings() // cannot access skip_tls_verify settings otherwise
+
+	if err := initDB(ctx); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

 	// migrations.GiteaLocalUploader depends on git module
-	if err := git.InitSimple(context.Background()); err != nil {
+	if err := git.InitSimple(); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

@@ -100,8 +103,8 @@ func runDumpRepository(ctx *cli.Context) error {

 	var (
 		serviceType structs.GitServiceType
-		cloneAddr   = ctx.String("clone_addr")
-		serviceStr  = ctx.String("git_service")
+		cloneAddr   = cmd.String("clone_addr")
+		serviceStr  = cmd.String("git_service")
 	)

 	if strings.HasPrefix(strings.ToLower(cloneAddr), "https://github.com/") {
@@ -119,13 +122,13 @@ func runDumpRepository(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 	opts := base.MigrateOptions{
 		GitServiceType: serviceType,
 		CloneAddr:      cloneAddr,
-		AuthUsername:   ctx.String("auth_username"),
-		AuthPassword:   ctx.String("auth_password"),
-		AuthToken:      ctx.String("auth_token"),
-		RepoName:       ctx.String("repo_name"),
+		AuthUsername:   cmd.String("auth_username"),
+		AuthPassword:   cmd.String("auth_password"),
+		AuthToken:      cmd.String("auth_token"),
+		RepoName:       cmd.String("repo_name"),
 	}

-	if len(ctx.String("units")) == 0 {
+	if len(cmd.String("units")) == 0 {
 		opts.Wiki = true
 		opts.Issues = true
 		opts.Milestones = true
@@ -135,8 +138,8 @@ func runDumpRepository(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 		opts.PullRequests = true
 		opts.ReleaseAssets = true
 	} else {
-		units := strings.Split(ctx.String("units"), ",")
-		for _, unit := range units {
+		units := strings.SplitSeq(cmd.String("units"), ",")
+		for unit := range units {
 			switch strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(unit)) {
 			case "":
 				continue
@@ -164,7 +167,7 @@ func runDumpRepository(ctx *cli.Context) error {

 	// the repo_dir will be removed if error occurs in DumpRepository
 	// make sure the directory doesn't exist or is empty, prevent from deleting user files
-	repoDir := ctx.String("repo_dir")
+	repoDir := cmd.String("repo_dir")
 	if exists, err := util.IsExist(repoDir); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("unable to stat repo_dir %q: %w", repoDir, err)
 	} else if exists {
@@ -177,9 +180,9 @@ func runDumpRepository(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 	}

 	if err := migrations.DumpRepository(
-		context.Background(),
+		ctx,
 		repoDir,
-		ctx.String("owner_name"),
+		cmd.String("owner_name"),
 		opts,
 	); err != nil {
 		log.Fatal("Failed to dump repository: %v", err)
--- a/cmd/embedded.go
+++ b/cmd/embedded.go
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 package cmd

 import (
+	"context"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"os"
@@ -11,6 +12,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"

 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/assetfs"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/glob"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/log"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/options"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/public"
@@ -18,24 +20,26 @@ import (
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/templates"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/util"

-	"github.com/gobwas/glob"
-	"github.com/urfave/cli/v2"
+	"github.com/urfave/cli/v3"
 )

-// CmdEmbedded represents the available extract sub-command.
-var (
-	CmdEmbedded = &cli.Command{
+var matchedAssetFiles []assetFile
+
+func newEmbeddedCommand() *cli.Command {
+	return &cli.Command{
 		Name:        "embedded",
 		Usage:       "Extract embedded resources",
 		Description: "A command for extracting embedded resources, like templates and images",
-		Subcommands: []*cli.Command{
-			subcmdList,
-			subcmdView,
-			subcmdExtract,
+		Commands: []*cli.Command{
+			newEmbeddedListCommand(),
+			newEmbeddedViewCommand(),
+			newEmbeddedExtractCommand(),
 		},
 	}
+}

-	subcmdList = &cli.Command{
+func newEmbeddedListCommand() *cli.Command {
+	return &cli.Command{
 		Name:   "list",
 		Usage:  "List files matching the given pattern",
 		Action: runList,
@@ -47,8 +51,10 @@ var (
 			},
 		},
 	}
+}

-	subcmdView = &cli.Command{
+func newEmbeddedViewCommand() *cli.Command {
+	return &cli.Command{
 		Name:   "view",
 		Usage:  "View a file matching the given pattern",
 		Action: runView,
@@ -60,8 +66,10 @@ var (
 			},
 		},
 	}
+}

-	subcmdExtract = &cli.Command{
+func newEmbeddedExtractCommand() *cli.Command {
+	return &cli.Command{
 		Name:   "extract",
 		Usage:  "Extract resources",
 		Action: runExtract,
@@ -90,9 +98,7 @@ var (
 			},
 		},
 	}
-
-	matchedAssetFiles []assetFile
-)
+}

 type assetFile struct {
 	fs   *assetfs.LayeredFS
@@ -100,7 +106,7 @@ type assetFile struct {
 	path string
 }

-func initEmbeddedExtractor(c *cli.Context) error {
+func initEmbeddedExtractor(c *cli.Command) error {
 	setupConsoleLogger(log.ERROR, log.CanColorStderr, os.Stderr)

 	patterns, err := compileCollectPatterns(c.Args().Slice())
@@ -115,31 +121,31 @@ func initEmbeddedExtractor(c *cli.Context) error {
 	return nil
 }

-func runList(c *cli.Context) error {
+func runList(_ context.Context, c *cli.Command) error {
 	if err := runListDo(c); err != nil {
-		fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "%v\n", err)
+		_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "%v\n", err)
 		return err
 	}
 	return nil
 }

-func runView(c *cli.Context) error {
+func runView(_ context.Context, c *cli.Command) error {
 	if err := runViewDo(c); err != nil {
-		fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "%v\n", err)
+		_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "%v\n", err)
 		return err
 	}
 	return nil
 }

-func runExtract(c *cli.Context) error {
+func runExtract(_ context.Context, c *cli.Command) error {
 	if err := runExtractDo(c); err != nil {
-		fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "%v\n", err)
+		_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "%v\n", err)
 		return err
 	}
 	return nil
 }

-func runListDo(c *cli.Context) error {
+func runListDo(c *cli.Command) error {
 	if err := initEmbeddedExtractor(c); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -151,7 +157,7 @@ func runListDo(c *cli.Context) error {
 	return nil
 }

-func runViewDo(c *cli.Context) error {
+func runViewDo(c *cli.Command) error {
 	if err := initEmbeddedExtractor(c); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -174,7 +180,7 @@ func runViewDo(c *cli.Context) error {
 	return nil
 }

-func runExtractDo(c *cli.Context) error {
+func runExtractDo(c *cli.Command) error {
 	if err := initEmbeddedExtractor(c); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -216,7 +222,7 @@ func runExtractDo(c *cli.Context) error {
 	for _, a := range matchedAssetFiles {
 		if err := extractAsset(destdir, a, overwrite, rename); err != nil {
 			// Non-fatal error
-			fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "%s: %v", a.path, err)
+			_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "%s: %v\n", a.path, err)
 		}
 	}

@@ -271,7 +277,7 @@ func extractAsset(d string, a assetFile, overwrite, rename bool) error {
 	return nil
 }

-func collectAssetFilesByPattern(c *cli.Context, globs []glob.Glob, path string, layer *assetfs.Layer) {
+func collectAssetFilesByPattern(c *cli.Command, globs []glob.Glob, path string, layer *assetfs.Layer) {
 	fs := assetfs.Layered(layer)
 	files, err := fs.ListAllFiles(".", true)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -294,16 +300,14 @@ func collectAssetFilesByPattern(c *cli.Context, globs []glob.Glob, path string,
 	}
 }

-func compileCollectPatterns(args []string) ([]glob.Glob, error) {
+func compileCollectPatterns(args []string) (_ []glob.Glob, err error) {
 	if len(args) == 0 {
 		args = []string{"**"}
 	}
 	pat := make([]glob.Glob, len(args))
 	for i := range args {
-		if g, err := glob.Compile(args[i], '/'); err != nil {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("'%s': Invalid glob pattern: %w", args[i], err)
-		} else { //nolint:revive
-			pat[i] = g
+		if pat[i], err = glob.Compile(args[i], '/'); err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid glob patterh %q: %w", args[i], err)
 		}
 	}
 	return pat, nil
--- a/cmd/generate.go
+++ b/cmd/generate.go
@@ -5,56 +5,64 @@
 package cmd

 import (
+	"context"
 	"fmt"
 	"os"

 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/generate"

 	"github.com/mattn/go-isatty"
-	"github.com/urfave/cli/v2"
+	"github.com/urfave/cli/v3"
 )

-var (
-	// CmdGenerate represents the available generate sub-command.
-	CmdGenerate = &cli.Command{
+func newGenerateCommand() *cli.Command {
+	return &cli.Command{
 		Name:  "generate",
 		Usage: "Generate Gitea's secrets/keys/tokens",
-		Subcommands: []*cli.Command{
-			subcmdSecret,
+		Commands: []*cli.Command{
+			newGenerateSecretCommand(),
 		},
 	}
+}

-	subcmdSecret = &cli.Command{
+func newGenerateSecretCommand() *cli.Command {
+	return &cli.Command{
 		Name:  "secret",
 		Usage: "Generate a secret token",
-		Subcommands: []*cli.Command{
-			microcmdGenerateInternalToken,
-			microcmdGenerateLfsJwtSecret,
-			microcmdGenerateSecretKey,
+		Commands: []*cli.Command{
+			newGenerateInternalTokenCommand(),
+			newGenerateLfsJWTSecretCommand(),
+			newGenerateSecretKeyCommand(),
 		},
 	}
+}

-	microcmdGenerateInternalToken = &cli.Command{
+func newGenerateInternalTokenCommand() *cli.Command {
+	return &cli.Command{
 		Name:   "INTERNAL_TOKEN",
 		Usage:  "Generate a new INTERNAL_TOKEN",
 		Action: runGenerateInternalToken,
 	}
+}

-	microcmdGenerateLfsJwtSecret = &cli.Command{
+func newGenerateLfsJWTSecretCommand() *cli.Command {
+	return &cli.Command{
 		Name:    "JWT_SECRET",
 		Aliases: []string{"LFS_JWT_SECRET"},
 		Usage:   "Generate a new JWT_SECRET",
 		Action:  runGenerateLfsJwtSecret,
 	}
+}

-	microcmdGenerateSecretKey = &cli.Command{
+func newGenerateSecretKeyCommand() *cli.Command {
+	return &cli.Command{
 		Name:   "SECRET_KEY",
 		Usage:  "Generate a new SECRET_KEY",
 		Action: runGenerateSecretKey,
 	}
-)
+}

-func runGenerateInternalToken(c *cli.Context) error {
+func runGenerateInternalToken(_ context.Context, c *cli.Command) error {
 	internalToken, err := generate.NewInternalToken()
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -69,12 +77,8 @@ func runGenerateInternalToken(c *cli.Context) error {
 	return nil
 }

-func runGenerateLfsJwtSecret(c *cli.Context) error {
-	_, jwtSecretBase64, err := generate.NewJwtSecretWithBase64()
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
+func runGenerateLfsJwtSecret(_ context.Context, c *cli.Command) error {
+	_, jwtSecretBase64 := generate.NewJwtSecretWithBase64()
 	fmt.Printf("%s", jwtSecretBase64)

 	if isatty.IsTerminal(os.Stdout.Fd()) {
@@ -84,12 +88,13 @@ func runGenerateLfsJwtSecret(c *cli.Context) error {
 	return nil
 }

-func runGenerateSecretKey(c *cli.Context) error {
+func runGenerateSecretKey(_ context.Context, c *cli.Command) error {
 	secretKey, err := generate.NewSecretKey()
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

+	// codeql[disable-next-line=go/clear-text-logging]
 	fmt.Printf("%s", secretKey)

 	if isatty.IsTerminal(os.Stdout.Fd()) {
--- a/cmd/hook.go
+++ b/cmd/hook.go
@@ -15,34 +15,37 @@ import (
 	"time"

 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/git"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/git/gitcmd"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/log"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/private"
 	repo_module "code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/repository"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/setting"

-	"github.com/urfave/cli/v2"
+	"github.com/urfave/cli/v3"
 )

 const (
-	hookBatchSize = 30
+	hookBatchSize = 500
 )

-var (
-	// CmdHook represents the available hooks sub-command.
-	CmdHook = &cli.Command{
+func newHookCommand() *cli.Command {
+	return &cli.Command{
 		Name:        "hook",
 		Usage:       "(internal) Should only be called by Git",
+		Hidden:      true, // internal commands shouldn't be visible
 		Description: "Delegate commands to corresponding Git hooks",
 		Before:      PrepareConsoleLoggerLevel(log.FATAL),
-		Subcommands: []*cli.Command{
-			subcmdHookPreReceive,
-			subcmdHookUpdate,
-			subcmdHookPostReceive,
-			subcmdHookProcReceive,
+		Commands: []*cli.Command{
+			newHookPreReceiveCommand(),
+			newHookUpdateCommand(),
+			newHookPostReceiveCommand(),
+			newHookProcReceiveCommand(),
 		},
 	}
+}

-	subcmdHookPreReceive = &cli.Command{
+func newHookPreReceiveCommand() *cli.Command {
+	return &cli.Command{
 		Name:        "pre-receive",
 		Usage:       "Delegate pre-receive Git hook",
 		Description: "This command should only be called by Git",
@@ -53,7 +56,10 @@ var (
 			},
 		},
 	}
-	subcmdHookUpdate = &cli.Command{
+}
+
+func newHookUpdateCommand() *cli.Command {
+	return &cli.Command{
 		Name:        "update",
 		Usage:       "Delegate update Git hook",
 		Description: "This command should only be called by Git",
@@ -64,7 +70,10 @@ var (
 			},
 		},
 	}
-	subcmdHookPostReceive = &cli.Command{
+}
+
+func newHookPostReceiveCommand() *cli.Command {
+	return &cli.Command{
 		Name:        "post-receive",
 		Usage:       "Delegate post-receive Git hook",
 		Description: "This command should only be called by Git",
@@ -75,8 +84,11 @@ var (
 			},
 		},
 	}
-	// Note: new hook since git 2.29
-	subcmdHookProcReceive = &cli.Command{
+}
+
+// Note: new hook since git 2.29
+func newHookProcReceiveCommand() *cli.Command {
+	return &cli.Command{
 		Name:        "proc-receive",
 		Usage:       "Delegate proc-receive Git hook",
 		Description: "This command should only be called by Git",
@@ -87,7 +99,7 @@ var (
 			},
 		},
 	}
-)
+}

 type delayWriter struct {
 	internal io.Writer
@@ -161,12 +173,18 @@ func (n *nilWriter) WriteString(s string) (int, error) {
 	return len(s), nil
 }

-func runHookPreReceive(c *cli.Context) error {
+func parseGitHookCommitRefLine(line string) (oldCommitID, newCommitID string, refFullName git.RefName, ok bool) {
+	fields := strings.Split(line, " ")
+	if len(fields) != 3 {
+		return "", "", "", false
+	}
+	return fields[0], fields[1], git.RefName(fields[2]), true
+}
+
+func runHookPreReceive(ctx context.Context, c *cli.Command) error {
 	if isInternal, _ := strconv.ParseBool(os.Getenv(repo_module.EnvIsInternal)); isInternal {
 		return nil
 	}
-	ctx, cancel := installSignals()
-	defer cancel()

 	setup(ctx, c.Bool("debug"))

@@ -186,7 +204,7 @@ Gitea or set your environment appropriately.`, "")
 	userID, _ := strconv.ParseInt(os.Getenv(repo_module.EnvPusherID), 10, 64)
 	prID, _ := strconv.ParseInt(os.Getenv(repo_module.EnvPRID), 10, 64)
 	deployKeyID, _ := strconv.ParseInt(os.Getenv(repo_module.EnvDeployKeyID), 10, 64)
-	actionPerm, _ := strconv.ParseInt(os.Getenv(repo_module.EnvActionPerm), 10, 64)
+	actionsTaskID, _ := strconv.ParseInt(os.Getenv(repo_module.EnvActionsTaskID), 10, 64)

 	hookOptions := private.HookOptions{
 		UserID:                          userID,
@@ -196,7 +214,8 @@ Gitea or set your environment appropriately.`, "")
 		GitPushOptions:                  pushOptions(),
 		PullRequestID:                   prID,
 		DeployKeyID:                     deployKeyID,
-		ActionPerm:                      int(actionPerm),
+		ActionsTaskID:                   actionsTaskID,
+		IsWiki:                          isWiki,
 	}

 	scanner := bufio.NewScanner(os.Stdin)
@@ -228,14 +247,11 @@ Gitea or set your environment appropriately.`, "")
 			continue
 		}

-		fields := bytes.Fields(scanner.Bytes())
-		if len(fields) != 3 {
+		oldCommitID, newCommitID, refFullName, ok := parseGitHookCommitRefLine(scanner.Text())
+		if !ok {
 			continue
 		}

-		oldCommitID := string(fields[0])
-		newCommitID := string(fields[1])
-		refFullName := git.RefName(fields[2])
 		total++
 		lastline++

@@ -270,6 +286,9 @@ Gitea or set your environment appropriately.`, "")
 			lastline = 0
 		}
 	}
+	if err := scanner.Err(); err != nil {
+		return fail(ctx, "Hook failed: stdin read error", "scanner error: %v", err)
+	}

 	if count > 0 {
 		hookOptions.OldCommitIDs = oldCommitIDs[:count]
@@ -292,7 +311,7 @@ Gitea or set your environment appropriately.`, "")

 // runHookUpdate avoid to do heavy operations on update hook because it will be
 // invoked for every ref update which does not like pre-receive and post-receive
-func runHookUpdate(c *cli.Context) error {
+func runHookUpdate(_ context.Context, c *cli.Command) error {
 	if isInternal, _ := strconv.ParseBool(os.Getenv(repo_module.EnvIsInternal)); isInternal {
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -309,15 +328,12 @@ func runHookUpdate(c *cli.Context) error {
 	return nil
 }

-func runHookPostReceive(c *cli.Context) error {
-	ctx, cancel := installSignals()
-	defer cancel()
-
+func runHookPostReceive(ctx context.Context, c *cli.Command) error {
 	setup(ctx, c.Bool("debug"))

 	// First of all run update-server-info no matter what
-	if _, _, err := git.NewCommand(ctx, "update-server-info").RunStdString(nil); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("Failed to call 'git update-server-info': %w", err)
+	if err := gitcmd.NewCommand("update-server-info").RunWithStderr(ctx); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to call 'git update-server-info': %w", err)
 	}

 	// Now if we're an internal don't do anything else
@@ -364,6 +380,7 @@ Gitea or set your environment appropriately.`, "")
 		GitPushOptions:                  pushOptions(),
 		PullRequestID:                   prID,
 		PushTrigger:                     repo_module.PushTrigger(os.Getenv(repo_module.EnvPushTrigger)),
+		IsWiki:                          isWiki,
 	}
 	oldCommitIDs := make([]string, hookBatchSize)
 	newCommitIDs := make([]string, hookBatchSize)
@@ -381,16 +398,13 @@ Gitea or set your environment appropriately.`, "")
 			continue
 		}

-		fields := bytes.Fields(scanner.Bytes())
-		if len(fields) != 3 {
+		var ok bool
+		oldCommitIDs[count], newCommitIDs[count], refFullNames[count], ok = parseGitHookCommitRefLine(scanner.Text())
+		if !ok {
 			continue
 		}

 		fmt.Fprintf(out, ".")
-		oldCommitIDs[count] = string(fields[0])
-		newCommitIDs[count] = string(fields[1])
-		refFullNames[count] = git.RefName(fields[2])
-
 		commitID, _ := git.NewIDFromString(newCommitIDs[count])
 		if refFullNames[count] == git.BranchPrefix+"master" && !commitID.IsZero() && count == total {
 			masterPushed = true
@@ -414,6 +428,11 @@ Gitea or set your environment appropriately.`, "")
 			count = 0
 		}
 	}
+	if err := scanner.Err(); err != nil {
+		_ = dWriter.Close()
+		hookPrintResults(results)
+		return fail(ctx, "Hook failed: stdin read error", "scanner error: %v", err)
+	}

 	if count == 0 {
 		if wasEmpty && masterPushed {
@@ -485,7 +504,7 @@ func hookPrintResult(output, isCreate bool, branch, url string) {
 func pushOptions() map[string]string {
 	opts := make(map[string]string)
 	if pushCount, err := strconv.Atoi(os.Getenv(private.GitPushOptionCount)); err == nil {
-		for idx := 0; idx < pushCount; idx++ {
+		for idx := range pushCount {
 			opt := os.Getenv(fmt.Sprintf("GIT_PUSH_OPTION_%d", idx))
 			kv := strings.SplitN(opt, "=", 2)
 			if len(kv) == 2 {
@@ -496,10 +515,7 @@ func pushOptions() map[string]string {
 	return opts
 }

-func runHookProcReceive(c *cli.Context) error {
-	ctx, cancel := installSignals()
-	defer cancel()
-
+func runHookProcReceive(ctx context.Context, c *cli.Command) error {
 	setup(ctx, c.Bool("debug"))

 	if len(os.Getenv("SSH_ORIGINAL_COMMAND")) == 0 {
@@ -517,6 +533,7 @@ Gitea or set your environment appropriately.`, "")

 	reader := bufio.NewReader(os.Stdin)
 	repoUser := os.Getenv(repo_module.EnvRepoUsername)
+	isWiki, _ := strconv.ParseBool(os.Getenv(repo_module.EnvRepoIsWiki))
 	repoName := os.Getenv(repo_module.EnvRepoName)
 	pusherID, _ := strconv.ParseInt(os.Getenv(repo_module.EnvPusherID), 10, 64)
 	pusherName := os.Getenv(repo_module.EnvPusherName)
@@ -594,14 +611,15 @@ Gitea or set your environment appropriately.`, "")
 		UserName:       pusherName,
 		UserID:         pusherID,
 		GitPushOptions: make(map[string]string),
+		IsWiki:         isWiki,
 	}
 	hookOptions.OldCommitIDs = make([]string, 0, hookBatchSize)
 	hookOptions.NewCommitIDs = make([]string, 0, hookBatchSize)
 	hookOptions.RefFullNames = make([]git.RefName, 0, hookBatchSize)

 	for {
-		// note: pktLineTypeUnknow means pktLineTypeFlush and pktLineTypeData all allowed
-		rs, err = readPktLine(ctx, reader, pktLineTypeUnknow)
+		// note: pktLineTypeUnknown means pktLineTypeFlush and pktLineTypeData all allowed
+		rs, err = readPktLine(ctx, reader, pktLineTypeUnknown)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
@@ -620,7 +638,7 @@ Gitea or set your environment appropriately.`, "")

 	if hasPushOptions {
 		for {
-			rs, err = readPktLine(ctx, reader, pktLineTypeUnknow)
+			rs, err = readPktLine(ctx, reader, pktLineTypeUnknown)
 			if err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
@@ -717,8 +735,8 @@ Gitea or set your environment appropriately.`, "")
 type pktLineType int64

 const (
-	// UnKnow type
-	pktLineTypeUnknow pktLineType = 0
+	// Unknown type
+	pktLineTypeUnknown pktLineType = 0
 	// flush-pkt "0000"
 	pktLineTypeFlush pktLineType = iota
 	// data line
@@ -740,7 +758,7 @@ func readPktLine(ctx context.Context, in *bufio.Reader, requestType pktLineType)

 	// read prefix
 	lengthBytes := make([]byte, 4)
-	for i := 0; i < 4; i++ {
+	for i := range 4 {
 		lengthBytes[i], err = in.ReadByte()
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, fail(ctx, "Protocol: stdin error", "Pkt-Line: read stdin failed : %v", err)
--- a/cmd/hook_test.go
+++ b/cmd/hook_test.go
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ package cmd
 import (
 	"bufio"
 	"bytes"
-	"context"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"

@@ -15,7 +14,7 @@ import (

 func TestPktLine(t *testing.T) {
 	// test read
-	ctx := context.Background()
+	ctx := t.Context()
 	s := strings.NewReader("0000")
 	r := bufio.NewReader(s)
 	result, err := readPktLine(ctx, r, pktLineTypeFlush)
@@ -40,3 +39,17 @@ func TestPktLine(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, []byte("0007a\nb"), w.Bytes())
 }
+
+func TestParseGitHookCommitRefLine(t *testing.T) {
+	oldCommitID, newCommitID, refName, ok := parseGitHookCommitRefLine("a b c")
+	assert.True(t, ok)
+	assert.Equal(t, "a", oldCommitID)
+	assert.Equal(t, "b", newCommitID)
+	assert.Equal(t, "c", string(refName))
+
+	_, _, _, ok = parseGitHookCommitRefLine("a\tb\tc")
+	assert.False(t, ok)
+
+	_, _, _, ok = parseGitHookCommitRefLine("a b")
+	assert.False(t, ok)
+}
--- a/cmd/keys.go
+++ b/cmd/keys.go
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 package cmd

 import (
+	"context"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"strings"
@@ -11,45 +12,48 @@ import (
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/log"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/private"

-	"github.com/urfave/cli/v2"
+	"github.com/urfave/cli/v3"
 )

-// CmdKeys represents the available keys sub-command
-var CmdKeys = &cli.Command{
-	Name:        "keys",
-	Usage:       "(internal) Should only be called by SSH server",
-	Description: "Queries the Gitea database to get the authorized command for a given ssh key fingerprint",
-	Before:      PrepareConsoleLoggerLevel(log.FATAL),
-	Action:      runKeys,
-	Flags: []cli.Flag{
-		&cli.StringFlag{
-			Name:    "expected",
-			Aliases: []string{"e"},
-			Value:   "git",
-			Usage:   "Expected user for whom provide key commands",
+// NewKeysCommand returns the internal SSH key lookup sub-command.
+func NewKeysCommand() *cli.Command {
+	return &cli.Command{
+		Name:        "keys",
+		Usage:       "(internal) Should only be called by SSH server",
+		Hidden:      true, // internal commands shouldn't be visible
+		Description: "Queries the Gitea database to get the authorized command for a given ssh key fingerprint",
+		Before:      PrepareConsoleLoggerLevel(log.FATAL),
+		Action:      runKeys,
+		Flags: []cli.Flag{
+			&cli.StringFlag{
+				Name:    "expected",
+				Aliases: []string{"e"},
+				Value:   "git",
+				Usage:   "Expected user for whom provide key commands",
+			},
+			&cli.StringFlag{
+				Name:    "username",
+				Aliases: []string{"u"},
+				Value:   "",
+				Usage:   "Username trying to log in by SSH",
+			},
+			&cli.StringFlag{
+				Name:    "type",
+				Aliases: []string{"t"},
+				Value:   "",
+				Usage:   "Type of the SSH key provided to the SSH Server (requires content to be provided too)",
+			},
+			&cli.StringFlag{
+				Name:    "content",
+				Aliases: []string{"k"},
+				Value:   "",
+				Usage:   "Base64 encoded content of the SSH key provided to the SSH Server (requires type to be provided too)",
+			},
 		},
-		&cli.StringFlag{
-			Name:    "username",
-			Aliases: []string{"u"},
-			Value:   "",
-			Usage:   "Username trying to log in by SSH",
-		},
-		&cli.StringFlag{
-			Name:    "type",
-			Aliases: []string{"t"},
-			Value:   "",
-			Usage:   "Type of the SSH key provided to the SSH Server (requires content to be provided too)",
-		},
-		&cli.StringFlag{
-			Name:    "content",
-			Aliases: []string{"k"},
-			Value:   "",
-			Usage:   "Base64 encoded content of the SSH key provided to the SSH Server (requires type to be provided too)",
-		},
-	},
+	}
 }

-func runKeys(c *cli.Context) error {
+func runKeys(ctx context.Context, c *cli.Command) error {
 	if !c.IsSet("username") {
 		return errors.New("No username provided")
 	}
@@ -68,9 +72,6 @@ func runKeys(c *cli.Context) error {
 		return errors.New("No key type and content provided")
 	}

-	ctx, cancel := installSignals()
-	defer cancel()
-
 	setup(ctx, c.Bool("debug"))

 	authorizedString, extra := private.AuthorizedPublicKeyByContent(ctx, content)
@@ -78,6 +79,6 @@ func runKeys(c *cli.Context) error {
 	if extra.Error != nil {
 		return extra.Error
 	}
-	_, _ = fmt.Fprintln(c.App.Writer, strings.TrimSpace(authorizedString.Text))
+	_, _ = fmt.Fprintln(c.Root().Writer, strings.TrimSpace(authorizedString.Text))
 	return nil
 }
--- a/cmd/mailer.go
+++ b/cmd/mailer.go
@@ -4,29 +4,23 @@
 package cmd

 import (
+	"context"
 	"fmt"

 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/private"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/setting"

-	"github.com/urfave/cli/v2"
+	"github.com/urfave/cli/v3"
 )

-func runSendMail(c *cli.Context) error {
-	ctx, cancel := installSignals()
-	defer cancel()
-
+func runSendMail(ctx context.Context, c *cli.Command) error {
 	setting.MustInstalled()

-	if err := argsSet(c, "title"); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
 	subject := c.String("title")
-	confirmSkiped := c.Bool("force")
+	confirmSkipped := c.Bool("force")
 	body := c.String("content")

-	if !confirmSkiped {
+	if !confirmSkipped {
 		if len(body) == 0 {
 			fmt.Print("warning: Content is empty")
 		}
--- a/cmd/main.go
+++ b/cmd/main.go
@@ -4,36 +4,40 @@
 package cmd

 import (
+	"context"
 	"fmt"
+	"io"
 	"os"
 	"strings"

 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/log"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/setting"

-	"github.com/urfave/cli/v2"
+	"github.com/urfave/cli/v3"
 )

-// cmdHelp is our own help subcommand with more information
-// Keep in mind that the "./gitea help"(subcommand) is different from "./gitea --help"(flag), the flag doesn't parse the config or output "DEFAULT CONFIGURATION:" information
-func cmdHelp() *cli.Command {
-	c := &cli.Command{
-		Name:      "help",
-		Aliases:   []string{"h"},
-		Usage:     "Shows a list of commands or help for one command",
-		ArgsUsage: "[command]",
-		Action: func(c *cli.Context) (err error) {
-			lineage := c.Lineage() // The order is from child to parent: help, doctor, Gitea, {Command:nil}
-			targetCmdIdx := 0
-			if c.Command.Name == "help" {
-				targetCmdIdx = 1
-			}
-			if lineage[targetCmdIdx+1].Command != nil {
-				err = cli.ShowCommandHelp(lineage[targetCmdIdx+1], lineage[targetCmdIdx].Command.Name)
-			} else {
-				err = cli.ShowAppHelp(c)
-			}
-			_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(c.App.Writer, `
+var cliHelpPrinterOld = cli.HelpPrinter
+
+func init() {
+	cli.HelpPrinter = cliHelpPrinterNew
+}
+
+// cliHelpPrinterNew helps to print "DEFAULT CONFIGURATION" for the following cases ( "-c" can apper in any position):
+// * ./gitea -c /dev/null -h
+// * ./gitea -c help /dev/null help
+// * ./gitea help -c /dev/null
+// * ./gitea help -c /dev/null web
+// * ./gitea help web -c /dev/null
+// * ./gitea web help -c /dev/null
+// * ./gitea web -h -c /dev/null
+func cliHelpPrinterNew(out io.Writer, templ string, data any) {
+	cmd, _ := data.(*cli.Command)
+	if cmd != nil {
+		prepareWorkPathAndCustomConf(cmd)
+	}
+	cliHelpPrinterOld(out, templ, data)
+	if setting.CustomConf != "" {
+		_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(out, `
 DEFAULT CONFIGURATION:
   AppPath:    %s
   WorkPath:   %s
@@ -41,135 +45,119 @@ DEFAULT CONFIGURATION:
   ConfigFile: %s

 `, setting.AppPath, setting.AppWorkPath, setting.CustomPath, setting.CustomConf)
-			return err
-		},
-	}
-	return c
-}
-
-func appGlobalFlags() []cli.Flag {
-	return []cli.Flag{
-		// make the builtin flags at the top
-		cli.HelpFlag,
-
-		// shared configuration flags, they are for global and for each sub-command at the same time
-		// eg: such command is valid: "./gitea --config /tmp/app.ini web --config /tmp/app.ini", while it's discouraged indeed
-		// keep in mind that the short flags like "-C", "-c" and "-w" are globally polluted, they can't be used for sub-commands anymore.
-		&cli.StringFlag{
-			Name:    "custom-path",
-			Aliases: []string{"C"},
-			Usage:   "Set custom path (defaults to '{WorkPath}/custom')",
-		},
-		&cli.StringFlag{
-			Name:    "config",
-			Aliases: []string{"c"},
-			Value:   setting.CustomConf,
-			Usage:   "Set custom config file (defaults to '{WorkPath}/custom/conf/app.ini')",
-		},
-		&cli.StringFlag{
-			Name:    "work-path",
-			Aliases: []string{"w"},
-			Usage:   "Set Gitea's working path (defaults to the Gitea's binary directory)",
-		},
 	}
 }

-func prepareSubcommandWithConfig(command *cli.Command, globalFlags []cli.Flag) {
-	command.Flags = append(append([]cli.Flag{}, globalFlags...), command.Flags...)
-	command.Action = prepareWorkPathAndCustomConf(command.Action)
-	command.HideHelp = true
-	if command.Name != "help" {
-		command.Subcommands = append(command.Subcommands, cmdHelp())
-	}
-	for i := range command.Subcommands {
-		prepareSubcommandWithConfig(command.Subcommands[i], globalFlags)
-	}
-}
-
-// prepareWorkPathAndCustomConf wraps the Action to prepare the work path and custom config
-// It can't use "Before", because each level's sub-command's Before will be called one by one, so the "init" would be done multiple times
-func prepareWorkPathAndCustomConf(action cli.ActionFunc) func(ctx *cli.Context) error {
-	return func(ctx *cli.Context) error {
-		var args setting.ArgWorkPathAndCustomConf
-		// from children to parent, check the global flags
-		for _, curCtx := range ctx.Lineage() {
-			if curCtx.IsSet("work-path") && args.WorkPath == "" {
-				args.WorkPath = curCtx.String("work-path")
-			}
-			if curCtx.IsSet("custom-path") && args.CustomPath == "" {
-				args.CustomPath = curCtx.String("custom-path")
-			}
-			if curCtx.IsSet("config") && args.CustomConf == "" {
-				args.CustomConf = curCtx.String("config")
+func prepareSubcommandWithGlobalFlags(originCmd *cli.Command) {
+	originBefore := originCmd.Before
+	originCmd.Before = func(ctxOrig context.Context, cmd *cli.Command) (ctx context.Context, err error) {
+		ctx = ctxOrig
+		if originBefore != nil {
+			ctx, err = originBefore(ctx, cmd)
+			if err != nil {
+				return ctx, err
 			}
 		}
-		setting.InitWorkPathAndCommonConfig(os.Getenv, args)
-		if ctx.Bool("help") || action == nil {
-			// the default behavior of "urfave/cli": "nil action" means "show help"
-			return cmdHelp().Action(ctx)
-		}
-		return action(ctx)
+		prepareWorkPathAndCustomConf(cmd)
+		return ctx, nil
 	}
 }

+// prepareWorkPathAndCustomConf tries to prepare the work path, custom path and custom config from various inputs:
+// command line flags, environment variables, config file
+func prepareWorkPathAndCustomConf(cmd *cli.Command) {
+	var args setting.ArgWorkPathAndCustomConf
+	if cmd.IsSet("work-path") {
+		args.WorkPath = cmd.String("work-path")
+	}
+	if cmd.IsSet("custom-path") {
+		args.CustomPath = cmd.String("custom-path")
+	}
+	if cmd.IsSet("config") {
+		args.CustomConf = cmd.String("config")
+	}
+	setting.InitWorkPathAndCommonConfig(os.Getenv, args)
+}
+
 type AppVersion struct {
 	Version string
 	Extra   string
 }

-func NewMainApp(appVer AppVersion) *cli.App {
-	app := cli.NewApp()
-	app.Name = "Gitea"
-	app.HelpName = "gitea"
+func NewMainApp(appVer AppVersion) *cli.Command {
+	app := &cli.Command{}
+	app.Name = "gitea" // must be lower-cased because it appears in the "USAGE" section like "gitea doctor [command [command options]]"
 	app.Usage = "A painless self-hosted Git service"
 	app.Description = `Gitea program contains "web" and other subcommands. If no subcommand is given, it starts the web server by default. Use "web" subcommand for more web server arguments, use other subcommands for other purposes.`
 	app.Version = appVer.Version + appVer.Extra
-	app.EnableBashCompletion = true
-
-	// these sub-commands need to use config file
+	app.EnableShellCompletion = true
+	app.Flags = []cli.Flag{
+		&cli.StringFlag{
+			Name:      "work-path",
+			Aliases:   []string{"w"},
+			TakesFile: true,
+			Usage:     "Set Gitea's working path (defaults to the Gitea's binary directory)",
+		},
+		&cli.StringFlag{
+			Name:      "config",
+			Aliases:   []string{"c"},
+			TakesFile: true,
+			Value:     setting.CustomConf,
+			Usage:     "Set custom config file (defaults to '{WorkPath}/custom/conf/app.ini')",
+		},
+		&cli.StringFlag{
+			Name:      "custom-path",
+			Aliases:   []string{"C"},
+			TakesFile: true,
+			Usage:     "Set custom path (defaults to '{WorkPath}/custom')",
+		},
+	}
+	webCmd := newWebCommand()
+	// these sub-commands need to use a config file
 	subCmdWithConfig := []*cli.Command{
-		cmdHelp(), // the "help" sub-command was used to show the more information for "work path" and "custom config"
-		CmdWeb,
-		CmdServ,
-		CmdHook,
-		CmdKeys,
-		CmdDump,
-		CmdAdmin,
-		CmdMigrate,
-		CmdDoctor,
-		CmdManager,
-		CmdEmbedded,
-		CmdMigrateStorage,
-		CmdDumpRepository,
-		CmdRestoreRepository,
-		CmdActions,
+		webCmd,
+		newServCommand(),
+		newHookCommand(),
+		NewKeysCommand(),
+		newDumpCommand(),
+		newAdminCommand(),
+		newMigrateCommand(),
+		newDoctorCommand(),
+		newManagerCommand(),
+		newEmbeddedCommand(),
+		newMigrateStorageCommand(),
+		newDumpRepositoryCommand(),
+		newRestoreRepositoryCommand(),
+		newActionsCommand(),
 	}

 	// these sub-commands do not need the config file, and they do not depend on any path or environment variable.
 	subCmdStandalone := []*cli.Command{
-		CmdCert,
-		CmdGenerate,
-		CmdDocs,
+		cmdConfig(),
+		cmdCert(),
+		newGenerateCommand(),
+		newDocsCommand(),
 	}

-	app.DefaultCommand = CmdWeb.Name
+	// TODO: we should eventually drop the default command,
+	// but not sure whether it would break Windows users who used to double-click the EXE to run.
+	app.DefaultCommand = webCmd.Name

-	globalFlags := appGlobalFlags()
-	app.Flags = append(app.Flags, cli.VersionFlag)
-	app.Flags = append(app.Flags, globalFlags...)
-	app.HideHelp = true // use our own help action to show helps (with more information like default config)
 	app.Before = PrepareConsoleLoggerLevel(log.INFO)
 	for i := range subCmdWithConfig {
-		prepareSubcommandWithConfig(subCmdWithConfig[i], globalFlags)
+		prepareSubcommandWithGlobalFlags(subCmdWithConfig[i])
 	}
 	app.Commands = append(app.Commands, subCmdWithConfig...)
 	app.Commands = append(app.Commands, subCmdStandalone...)

+	setting.UnsetUnnecessaryEnvVars()
 	return app
 }

-func RunMainApp(app *cli.App, args ...string) error {
-	err := app.Run(args)
+func RunMainApp(app *cli.Command, args ...string) error {
+	ctx, cancel := installSignals()
+	defer cancel()
+	err := app.Run(ctx, args)
 	if err == nil {
 		return nil
 	}
--- a/cmd/main_test.go
+++ b/cmd/main_test.go
@@ -4,9 +4,10 @@
 package cmd

 import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
-	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
@@ -14,9 +15,10 @@ import (
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/unittest"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/setting"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/test"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/util"

 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"github.com/urfave/cli/v2"
+	"github.com/urfave/cli/v3"
 )

 func TestMain(m *testing.M) {
@@ -27,11 +29,11 @@ func makePathOutput(workPath, customPath, customConf string) string {
 	return fmt.Sprintf("WorkPath=%s\nCustomPath=%s\nCustomConf=%s", workPath, customPath, customConf)
 }

-func newTestApp(testCmdAction func(ctx *cli.Context) error) *cli.App {
+func newTestApp(testCmd cli.Command) *cli.Command {
 	app := NewMainApp(AppVersion{})
-	testCmd := &cli.Command{Name: "test-cmd", Action: testCmdAction}
-	prepareSubcommandWithConfig(testCmd, appGlobalFlags())
-	app.Commands = append(app.Commands, testCmd)
+	testCmd.Name = util.IfZero(testCmd.Name, "test-cmd")
+	prepareSubcommandWithGlobalFlags(&testCmd)
+	app.Commands = append(app.Commands, &testCmd)
 	app.DefaultCommand = testCmd.Name
 	return app
 }
@@ -42,7 +44,7 @@ type runResult struct {
 	ExitCode int
 }

-func runTestApp(app *cli.App, args ...string) (runResult, error) {
+func runTestApp(app *cli.Command, args ...string) (runResult, error) {
 	outBuf := new(strings.Builder)
 	errBuf := new(strings.Builder)
 	app.Writer = outBuf
@@ -65,7 +67,7 @@ func TestCliCmd(t *testing.T) {
 	defaultCustomConf := filepath.Join(defaultCustomPath, "conf/app.ini")

 	cli.CommandHelpTemplate = "(command help template)"
-	cli.AppHelpTemplate = "(app help template)"
+	cli.RootCommandHelpTemplate = "(app help template)"
 	cli.SubcommandHelpTemplate = "(subcommand help template)"

 	cases := []struct {
@@ -73,12 +75,56 @@ func TestCliCmd(t *testing.T) {
 		cmd string
 		exp string
 	}{
-		// main command help
+		// help commands
+		{
+			cmd: "./gitea -h",
+			exp: "DEFAULT CONFIGURATION:",
+		},
 		{
 			cmd: "./gitea help",
 			exp: "DEFAULT CONFIGURATION:",
 		},

+		{
+			cmd: "./gitea -c /dev/null -h",
+			exp: "ConfigFile: /dev/null",
+		},
+
+		{
+			cmd: "./gitea -c /dev/null help",
+			exp: "ConfigFile: /dev/null",
+		},
+		{
+			cmd: "./gitea help -c /dev/null",
+			exp: "ConfigFile: /dev/null",
+		},
+
+		{
+			cmd: "./gitea -c /dev/null test-cmd -h",
+			exp: "ConfigFile: /dev/null",
+		},
+		{
+			cmd: "./gitea test-cmd -c /dev/null -h",
+			exp: "ConfigFile: /dev/null",
+		},
+		{
+			cmd: "./gitea test-cmd -h -c /dev/null",
+			exp: "ConfigFile: /dev/null",
+		},
+
+		{
+			cmd: "./gitea -c /dev/null test-cmd help",
+			exp: "ConfigFile: /dev/null",
+		},
+		{
+			cmd: "./gitea test-cmd -c /dev/null help",
+			exp: "ConfigFile: /dev/null",
+		},
+		{
+			cmd: "./gitea test-cmd help -c /dev/null",
+			exp: "ConfigFile: /dev/null",
+		},
+
 		// parse paths
 		{
 			cmd: "./gitea test-cmd",
@@ -109,70 +155,79 @@ func TestCliCmd(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 	}

-	app := newTestApp(func(ctx *cli.Context) error {
-		_, _ = fmt.Fprint(ctx.App.Writer, makePathOutput(setting.AppWorkPath, setting.CustomPath, setting.CustomConf))
-		return nil
-	})
-	var envBackup []string
-	for _, s := range os.Environ() {
-		if strings.HasPrefix(s, "GITEA_") && strings.Contains(s, "=") {
-			envBackup = append(envBackup, s)
-		}
-	}
-	clearGiteaEnv := func() {
-		for _, s := range os.Environ() {
-			if strings.HasPrefix(s, "GITEA_") {
-				_ = os.Unsetenv(s)
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	defer func() {
-		clearGiteaEnv()
-		for _, s := range envBackup {
-			k, v, _ := strings.Cut(s, "=")
-			_ = os.Setenv(k, v)
-		}
-	}()
-
 	for _, c := range cases {
-		clearGiteaEnv()
-		for k, v := range c.env {
-			_ = os.Setenv(k, v)
-		}
-		args := strings.Split(c.cmd, " ") // for test only, "split" is good enough
-		r, err := runTestApp(app, args...)
-		assert.NoError(t, err, c.cmd)
-		assert.NotEmpty(t, c.exp, c.cmd)
-		assert.Contains(t, r.Stdout, c.exp, c.cmd)
+		t.Run(c.cmd, func(t *testing.T) {
+			defer test.MockVariableValue(&setting.InstallLock, false)()
+			app := newTestApp(cli.Command{
+				Action: func(ctx context.Context, cmd *cli.Command) error {
+					_, _ = fmt.Fprint(cmd.Root().Writer, makePathOutput(setting.AppWorkPath, setting.CustomPath, setting.CustomConf))
+					return nil
+				},
+			})
+			for k, v := range c.env {
+				t.Setenv(k, v)
+			}
+			args := strings.Split(c.cmd, " ") // for test only, "split" is good enough
+			r, err := runTestApp(app, args...)
+			assert.NoError(t, err, c.cmd)
+			assert.NotEmpty(t, c.exp, c.cmd)
+			if !assert.Contains(t, r.Stdout, c.exp, c.cmd) {
+				t.Log("Full output:\n" + r.Stdout)
+				t.Log("Expected:\n" + c.exp)
+			}
+		})
 	}
 }

 func TestCliCmdError(t *testing.T) {
-	app := newTestApp(func(ctx *cli.Context) error { return fmt.Errorf("normal error") })
+	app := newTestApp(cli.Command{Action: func(ctx context.Context, cmd *cli.Command) error { return errors.New("normal error") }})
 	r, err := runTestApp(app, "./gitea", "test-cmd")
 	assert.Error(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, 1, r.ExitCode)
-	assert.Equal(t, "", r.Stdout)
+	assert.Empty(t, r.Stdout)
 	assert.Equal(t, "Command error: normal error\n", r.Stderr)

-	app = newTestApp(func(ctx *cli.Context) error { return cli.Exit("exit error", 2) })
+	app = newTestApp(cli.Command{Action: func(ctx context.Context, cmd *cli.Command) error { return cli.Exit("exit error", 2) }})
 	r, err = runTestApp(app, "./gitea", "test-cmd")
 	assert.Error(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, 2, r.ExitCode)
-	assert.Equal(t, "", r.Stdout)
+	assert.Empty(t, r.Stdout)
 	assert.Equal(t, "exit error\n", r.Stderr)

-	app = newTestApp(func(ctx *cli.Context) error { return nil })
+	app = newTestApp(cli.Command{Action: func(ctx context.Context, cmd *cli.Command) error { return nil }})
 	r, err = runTestApp(app, "./gitea", "test-cmd", "--no-such")
 	assert.Error(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, 1, r.ExitCode)
-	assert.Equal(t, "Incorrect Usage: flag provided but not defined: -no-such\n\n", r.Stdout)
-	assert.Equal(t, "", r.Stderr) // the cli package's strange behavior, the error message is not in stderr ....
+	assert.Empty(t, r.Stdout)
+	assert.Equal(t, "Incorrect Usage: flag provided but not defined: -no-such\n\n", r.Stderr)

-	app = newTestApp(func(ctx *cli.Context) error { return nil })
+	app = newTestApp(cli.Command{Action: func(ctx context.Context, cmd *cli.Command) error { return nil }})
 	r, err = runTestApp(app, "./gitea", "test-cmd")
 	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, -1, r.ExitCode) // the cli.OsExiter is not called
-	assert.Equal(t, "", r.Stdout)
-	assert.Equal(t, "", r.Stderr)
+	assert.Empty(t, r.Stdout)
+	assert.Empty(t, r.Stderr)
+}
+
+func TestCliCmdBefore(t *testing.T) {
+	ctxNew := context.WithValue(context.Background(), any("key"), "value")
+	configValues := map[string]string{}
+	setting.CustomConf = "/tmp/any.ini"
+	var actionCtx context.Context
+	app := newTestApp(cli.Command{
+		Before: func(context.Context, *cli.Command) (context.Context, error) {
+			configValues["before"] = setting.CustomConf
+			return ctxNew, nil
+		},
+		Action: func(ctx context.Context, cmd *cli.Command) error {
+			configValues["action"] = setting.CustomConf
+			actionCtx = ctx
+			return nil
+		},
+	})
+	_, err := runTestApp(app, "./gitea", "--config", "/dev/null", "test-cmd")
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, ctxNew, actionCtx)
+	assert.Equal(t, "/tmp/any.ini", configValues["before"], "BeforeFunc must be called before preparing config")
+	assert.Equal(t, "/dev/null", configValues["action"])
 }
--- a/cmd/manager.go
+++ b/cmd/manager.go
@@ -4,30 +4,33 @@
 package cmd

 import (
+	"context"
 	"os"
 	"time"

 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/private"

-	"github.com/urfave/cli/v2"
+	"github.com/urfave/cli/v3"
 )

-var (
-	// CmdManager represents the manager command
-	CmdManager = &cli.Command{
+func newManagerCommand() *cli.Command {
+	return &cli.Command{
 		Name:        "manager",
 		Usage:       "Manage the running gitea process",
 		Description: "This is a command for managing the running gitea process",
-		Subcommands: []*cli.Command{
-			subcmdShutdown,
-			subcmdRestart,
-			subcmdReloadTemplates,
-			subcmdFlushQueues,
-			subcmdLogging,
-			subCmdProcesses,
+		Commands: []*cli.Command{
+			newShutdownCommand(),
+			newRestartCommand(),
+			newReloadTemplatesCommand(),
+			newFlushQueuesCommand(),
+			newLoggingCommand(),
+			newProcessesCommand(),
 		},
 	}
-	subcmdShutdown = &cli.Command{
+}
+
+func newShutdownCommand() *cli.Command {
+	return &cli.Command{
 		Name:  "shutdown",
 		Usage: "Gracefully shutdown the running process",
 		Flags: []cli.Flag{
@@ -37,7 +40,10 @@ var (
 		},
 		Action: runShutdown,
 	}
-	subcmdRestart = &cli.Command{
+}
+
+func newRestartCommand() *cli.Command {
+	return &cli.Command{
 		Name:  "restart",
 		Usage: "Gracefully restart the running process - (not implemented for windows servers)",
 		Flags: []cli.Flag{
@@ -47,7 +53,10 @@ var (
 		},
 		Action: runRestart,
 	}
-	subcmdReloadTemplates = &cli.Command{
+}
+
+func newReloadTemplatesCommand() *cli.Command {
+	return &cli.Command{
 		Name:  "reload-templates",
 		Usage: "Reload template files in the running process",
 		Flags: []cli.Flag{
@@ -57,7 +66,10 @@ var (
 		},
 		Action: runReloadTemplates,
 	}
-	subcmdFlushQueues = &cli.Command{
+}
+
+func newFlushQueuesCommand() *cli.Command {
+	return &cli.Command{
 		Name:   "flush-queues",
 		Usage:  "Flush queues in the running process",
 		Action: runFlushQueues,
@@ -76,7 +88,10 @@ var (
 			},
 		},
 	}
-	subCmdProcesses = &cli.Command{
+}
+
+func newProcessesCommand() *cli.Command {
+	return &cli.Command{
 		Name:   "processes",
 		Usage:  "Display running processes within the current process",
 		Action: runProcesses,
@@ -106,48 +121,33 @@ var (
 			},
 		},
 	}
-)
-
-func runShutdown(c *cli.Context) error {
-	ctx, cancel := installSignals()
-	defer cancel()
+}

+func runShutdown(ctx context.Context, c *cli.Command) error {
 	setup(ctx, c.Bool("debug"))
 	extra := private.Shutdown(ctx)
 	return handleCliResponseExtra(extra)
 }

-func runRestart(c *cli.Context) error {
-	ctx, cancel := installSignals()
-	defer cancel()
-
+func runRestart(ctx context.Context, c *cli.Command) error {
 	setup(ctx, c.Bool("debug"))
 	extra := private.Restart(ctx)
 	return handleCliResponseExtra(extra)
 }

-func runReloadTemplates(c *cli.Context) error {
-	ctx, cancel := installSignals()
-	defer cancel()
-
+func runReloadTemplates(ctx context.Context, c *cli.Command) error {
 	setup(ctx, c.Bool("debug"))
 	extra := private.ReloadTemplates(ctx)
 	return handleCliResponseExtra(extra)
 }

-func runFlushQueues(c *cli.Context) error {
-	ctx, cancel := installSignals()
-	defer cancel()
-
+func runFlushQueues(ctx context.Context, c *cli.Command) error {
 	setup(ctx, c.Bool("debug"))
 	extra := private.FlushQueues(ctx, c.Duration("timeout"), c.Bool("non-blocking"))
 	return handleCliResponseExtra(extra)
 }

-func runProcesses(c *cli.Context) error {
-	ctx, cancel := installSignals()
-	defer cancel()
-
+func runProcesses(ctx context.Context, c *cli.Command) error {
 	setup(ctx, c.Bool("debug"))
 	extra := private.Processes(ctx, os.Stdout, c.Bool("flat"), c.Bool("no-system"), c.Bool("stacktraces"), c.Bool("json"), c.String("cancel"))
 	return handleCliResponseExtra(extra)
--- a/cmd/manager_logging.go
+++ b/cmd/manager_logging.go
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 package cmd

 import (
+	"context"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"os"
@@ -11,11 +12,11 @@ import (
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/log"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/private"

-	"github.com/urfave/cli/v2"
+	"github.com/urfave/cli/v3"
 )

-var (
-	defaultLoggingFlags = []cli.Flag{
+func defaultLoggingFlags() []cli.Flag {
+	return []cli.Flag{
 		&cli.StringFlag{
 			Name:  "logger",
 			Usage: `Logger name - will default to "default"`,
@@ -56,11 +57,13 @@ var (
 			Name: "debug",
 		},
 	}
+}

-	subcmdLogging = &cli.Command{
+func newLoggingCommand() *cli.Command {
+	return &cli.Command{
 		Name:  "logging",
 		Usage: "Adjust logging commands",
-		Subcommands: []*cli.Command{
+		Commands: []*cli.Command{
 			{
 				Name:  "pause",
 				Usage: "Pause logging (Gitea will buffer logs up to a certain point and will drop them after that point)",
@@ -104,11 +107,11 @@ var (
 			}, {
 				Name:  "add",
 				Usage: "Add a logger",
-				Subcommands: []*cli.Command{
+				Commands: []*cli.Command{
 					{
 						Name:  "file",
 						Usage: "Add a file logger",
-						Flags: append(defaultLoggingFlags, []cli.Flag{
+						Flags: append(defaultLoggingFlags(), []cli.Flag{
 							&cli.StringFlag{
 								Name:    "filename",
 								Aliases: []string{"f"},
@@ -118,7 +121,6 @@ var (
 								Name:    "rotate",
 								Aliases: []string{"r"},
 								Usage:   "Rotate logs",
-								Value:   true,
 							},
 							&cli.Int64Flag{
 								Name:    "max-size",
@@ -129,7 +131,6 @@ var (
 								Name:    "daily",
 								Aliases: []string{"d"},
 								Usage:   "Rotate logs daily",
-								Value:   true,
 							},
 							&cli.IntFlag{
 								Name:    "max-days",
@@ -140,7 +141,6 @@ var (
 								Name:    "compress",
 								Aliases: []string{"z"},
 								Usage:   "Compress rotated logs",
-								Value:   true,
 							},
 							&cli.IntFlag{
 								Name:    "compression-level",
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ var (
 					}, {
 						Name:  "conn",
 						Usage: "Add a net conn logger",
-						Flags: append(defaultLoggingFlags, []cli.Flag{
+						Flags: append(defaultLoggingFlags(), []cli.Flag{
 							&cli.BoolFlag{
 								Name:    "reconnect-on-message",
 								Aliases: []string{"R"},
@@ -193,12 +193,9 @@ var (
 			},
 		},
 	}
-)
-
-func runRemoveLogger(c *cli.Context) error {
-	ctx, cancel := installSignals()
-	defer cancel()
+}

+func runRemoveLogger(ctx context.Context, c *cli.Command) error {
 	setup(ctx, c.Bool("debug"))
 	logger := c.String("logger")
 	if len(logger) == 0 {
@@ -210,10 +207,7 @@ func runRemoveLogger(c *cli.Context) error {
 	return handleCliResponseExtra(extra)
 }

-func runAddConnLogger(c *cli.Context) error {
-	ctx, cancel := installSignals()
-	defer cancel()
-
+func runAddConnLogger(ctx context.Context, c *cli.Command) error {
 	setup(ctx, c.Bool("debug"))
 	vals := map[string]any{}
 	mode := "conn"
@@ -237,13 +231,10 @@ func runAddConnLogger(c *cli.Context) error {
 	if c.IsSet("reconnect-on-message") {
 		vals["reconnectOnMsg"] = c.Bool("reconnect-on-message")
 	}
-	return commonAddLogger(c, mode, vals)
+	return commonAddLogger(ctx, c, mode, vals)
 }

-func runAddFileLogger(c *cli.Context) error {
-	ctx, cancel := installSignals()
-	defer cancel()
-
+func runAddFileLogger(ctx context.Context, c *cli.Command) error {
 	setup(ctx, c.Bool("debug"))
 	vals := map[string]any{}
 	mode := "file"
@@ -270,10 +261,10 @@ func runAddFileLogger(c *cli.Context) error {
 	if c.IsSet("compression-level") {
 		vals["compressionLevel"] = c.Int("compression-level")
 	}
-	return commonAddLogger(c, mode, vals)
+	return commonAddLogger(ctx, c, mode, vals)
 }

-func commonAddLogger(c *cli.Context, mode string, vals map[string]any) error {
+func commonAddLogger(ctx context.Context, c *cli.Command, mode string, vals map[string]any) error {
 	if len(c.String("level")) > 0 {
 		vals["level"] = log.LevelFromString(c.String("level")).String()
 	}
@@ -300,46 +291,33 @@ func commonAddLogger(c *cli.Context, mode string, vals map[string]any) error {
 	if c.IsSet("writer") {
 		writer = c.String("writer")
 	}
-	ctx, cancel := installSignals()
-	defer cancel()

 	extra := private.AddLogger(ctx, logger, writer, mode, vals)
 	return handleCliResponseExtra(extra)
 }

-func runPauseLogging(c *cli.Context) error {
-	ctx, cancel := installSignals()
-	defer cancel()
-
+func runPauseLogging(ctx context.Context, c *cli.Command) error {
 	setup(ctx, c.Bool("debug"))
 	userMsg := private.PauseLogging(ctx)
 	_, _ = fmt.Fprintln(os.Stdout, userMsg)
 	return nil
 }

-func runResumeLogging(c *cli.Context) error {
-	ctx, cancel := installSignals()
-	defer cancel()
-
+func runResumeLogging(ctx context.Context, c *cli.Command) error {
 	setup(ctx, c.Bool("debug"))
 	userMsg := private.ResumeLogging(ctx)
 	_, _ = fmt.Fprintln(os.Stdout, userMsg)
 	return nil
 }

-func runReleaseReopenLogging(c *cli.Context) error {
-	ctx, cancel := installSignals()
-	defer cancel()
-
+func runReleaseReopenLogging(ctx context.Context, c *cli.Command) error {
 	setup(ctx, c.Bool("debug"))
 	userMsg := private.ReleaseReopenLogging(ctx)
 	_, _ = fmt.Fprintln(os.Stdout, userMsg)
 	return nil
 }

-func runSetLogSQL(c *cli.Context) error {
-	ctx, cancel := installSignals()
-	defer cancel()
+func runSetLogSQL(ctx context.Context, c *cli.Command) error {
 	setup(ctx, c.Bool("debug"))

 	extra := private.SetLogSQL(ctx, !c.Bool("off"))
--- a/cmd/migrate.go
+++ b/cmd/migrate.go
@@ -7,26 +7,24 @@ import (
 	"context"

 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/db"
-	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/migrations"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/log"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/setting"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/services/versioned_migration"

-	"github.com/urfave/cli/v2"
+	"github.com/urfave/cli/v3"
 )

-// CmdMigrate represents the available migrate sub-command.
-var CmdMigrate = &cli.Command{
-	Name:        "migrate",
-	Usage:       "Migrate the database",
-	Description: "This is a command for migrating the database, so that you can run gitea admin create-user before starting the server.",
-	Action:      runMigrate,
+func newMigrateCommand() *cli.Command {
+	return &cli.Command{
+		Name:        "migrate",
+		Usage:       "Migrate the database",
+		Description: `This is a command for migrating the database, so that you can run "gitea admin create user" before starting the server.`,
+		Action:      runMigrate,
+	}
 }

-func runMigrate(ctx *cli.Context) error {
-	stdCtx, cancel := installSignals()
-	defer cancel()
-
-	if err := initDB(stdCtx); err != nil {
+func runMigrate(ctx context.Context, c *cli.Command) error {
+	if err := initDB(ctx); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

@@ -36,7 +34,7 @@ func runMigrate(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 	log.Info("Log path: %s", setting.Log.RootPath)
 	log.Info("Configuration file: %s", setting.CustomConf)

-	if err := db.InitEngineWithMigration(context.Background(), migrations.Migrate); err != nil {
+	if err := db.InitEngineWithMigration(context.Background(), versioned_migration.Migrate); err != nil {
 		log.Fatal("Failed to initialize ORM engine: %v", err)
 		return err
 	}
--- a/cmd/migrate_storage.go
+++ b/cmd/migrate_storage.go
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ import (
 	actions_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/actions"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/db"
 	git_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/git"
-	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/migrations"
 	packages_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/packages"
 	repo_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/repo"
 	user_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/user"
@@ -21,111 +20,113 @@ import (
 	packages_module "code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/packages"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/setting"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/storage"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/services/versioned_migration"

-	"github.com/urfave/cli/v2"
+	"github.com/urfave/cli/v3"
 )

-// CmdMigrateStorage represents the available migrate storage sub-command.
-var CmdMigrateStorage = &cli.Command{
-	Name:        "migrate-storage",
-	Usage:       "Migrate the storage",
-	Description: "Copies stored files from storage configured in app.ini to parameter-configured storage",
-	Action:      runMigrateStorage,
-	Flags: []cli.Flag{
-		&cli.StringFlag{
-			Name:    "type",
-			Aliases: []string{"t"},
-			Value:   "",
-			Usage:   "Type of stored files to copy.  Allowed types: 'attachments', 'lfs', 'avatars', 'repo-avatars', 'repo-archivers', 'packages', 'actions-log', 'actions-artifacts",
+func newMigrateStorageCommand() *cli.Command {
+	return &cli.Command{
+		Name:        "migrate-storage",
+		Usage:       "Migrate the storage",
+		Description: "Copies stored files from storage configured in app.ini to parameter-configured storage",
+		Action:      runMigrateStorage,
+		Flags: []cli.Flag{
+			&cli.StringFlag{
+				Name:    "type",
+				Aliases: []string{"t"},
+				Value:   "",
+				Usage:   "Type of stored files to copy.  Allowed types: 'attachments', 'lfs', 'avatars', 'repo-avatars', 'repo-archivers', 'packages', 'actions-log', 'actions-artifacts'",
+			},
+			&cli.StringFlag{
+				Name:    "storage",
+				Aliases: []string{"s"},
+				Value:   "",
+				Usage:   "New storage type: local (default), minio or azureblob",
+			},
+			&cli.StringFlag{
+				Name:    "path",
+				Aliases: []string{"p"},
+				Value:   "",
+				Usage:   "New storage placement if store is local (leave blank for default)",
+			},
+			// Minio Storage special configurations
+			&cli.StringFlag{
+				Name:  "minio-endpoint",
+				Value: "",
+				Usage: "Minio storage endpoint",
+			},
+			&cli.StringFlag{
+				Name:  "minio-access-key-id",
+				Value: "",
+				Usage: "Minio storage accessKeyID",
+			},
+			&cli.StringFlag{
+				Name:  "minio-secret-access-key",
+				Value: "",
+				Usage: "Minio storage secretAccessKey",
+			},
+			&cli.StringFlag{
+				Name:  "minio-bucket",
+				Value: "",
+				Usage: "Minio storage bucket",
+			},
+			&cli.StringFlag{
+				Name:  "minio-location",
+				Value: "",
+				Usage: "Minio storage location to create bucket",
+			},
+			&cli.StringFlag{
+				Name:  "minio-base-path",
+				Value: "",
+				Usage: "Minio storage base path on the bucket",
+			},
+			&cli.BoolFlag{
+				Name:  "minio-use-ssl",
+				Usage: "Enable SSL for minio",
+			},
+			&cli.BoolFlag{
+				Name:  "minio-insecure-skip-verify",
+				Usage: "Skip SSL verification",
+			},
+			&cli.StringFlag{
+				Name:  "minio-checksum-algorithm",
+				Value: "",
+				Usage: "Minio checksum algorithm (default/md5)",
+			},
+			&cli.StringFlag{
+				Name:  "minio-bucket-lookup-type",
+				Value: "",
+				Usage: "Minio bucket lookup type",
+			},
+			// Azure Blob Storage special configurations
+			&cli.StringFlag{
+				Name:  "azureblob-endpoint",
+				Value: "",
+				Usage: "Azure Blob storage endpoint",
+			},
+			&cli.StringFlag{
+				Name:  "azureblob-account-name",
+				Value: "",
+				Usage: "Azure Blob storage account name",
+			},
+			&cli.StringFlag{
+				Name:  "azureblob-account-key",
+				Value: "",
+				Usage: "Azure Blob storage account key",
+			},
+			&cli.StringFlag{
+				Name:  "azureblob-container",
+				Value: "",
+				Usage: "Azure Blob storage container",
+			},
+			&cli.StringFlag{
+				Name:  "azureblob-base-path",
+				Value: "",
+				Usage: "Azure Blob storage base path",
+			},
 		},
-		&cli.StringFlag{
-			Name:    "storage",
-			Aliases: []string{"s"},
-			Value:   "",
-			Usage:   "New storage type: local (default), minio or azureblob",
-		},
-		&cli.StringFlag{
-			Name:    "path",
-			Aliases: []string{"p"},
-			Value:   "",
-			Usage:   "New storage placement if store is local (leave blank for default)",
-		},
-		// Minio Storage special configurations
-		&cli.StringFlag{
-			Name:  "minio-endpoint",
-			Value: "",
-			Usage: "Minio storage endpoint",
-		},
-		&cli.StringFlag{
-			Name:  "minio-access-key-id",
-			Value: "",
-			Usage: "Minio storage accessKeyID",
-		},
-		&cli.StringFlag{
-			Name:  "minio-secret-access-key",
-			Value: "",
-			Usage: "Minio storage secretAccessKey",
-		},
-		&cli.StringFlag{
-			Name:  "minio-bucket",
-			Value: "",
-			Usage: "Minio storage bucket",
-		},
-		&cli.StringFlag{
-			Name:  "minio-location",
-			Value: "",
-			Usage: "Minio storage location to create bucket",
-		},
-		&cli.StringFlag{
-			Name:  "minio-base-path",
-			Value: "",
-			Usage: "Minio storage base path on the bucket",
-		},
-		&cli.BoolFlag{
-			Name:  "minio-use-ssl",
-			Usage: "Enable SSL for minio",
-		},
-		&cli.BoolFlag{
-			Name:  "minio-insecure-skip-verify",
-			Usage: "Skip SSL verification",
-		},
-		&cli.StringFlag{
-			Name:  "minio-checksum-algorithm",
-			Value: "",
-			Usage: "Minio checksum algorithm (default/md5)",
-		},
-		&cli.StringFlag{
-			Name:  "minio-bucket-lookup-type",
-			Value: "",
-			Usage: "Minio bucket lookup type",
-		},
-		// Azure Blob Storage special configurations
-		&cli.StringFlag{
-			Name:  "azureblob-endpoint",
-			Value: "",
-			Usage: "Azure Blob storage endpoint",
-		},
-		&cli.StringFlag{
-			Name:  "azureblob-account-name",
-			Value: "",
-			Usage: "Azure Blob storage account name",
-		},
-		&cli.StringFlag{
-			Name:  "azureblob-account-key",
-			Value: "",
-			Usage: "Azure Blob storage account key",
-		},
-		&cli.StringFlag{
-			Name:  "azureblob-container",
-			Value: "",
-			Usage: "Azure Blob storage container",
-		},
-		&cli.StringFlag{
-			Name:  "azureblob-base-path",
-			Value: "",
-			Usage: "Azure Blob storage base path",
-		},
-	},
+	}
 }

 func migrateAttachments(ctx context.Context, dstStorage storage.ObjectStorage) error {
@@ -196,7 +197,7 @@ func migrateActionsLog(ctx context.Context, dstStorage storage.ObjectStorage) er

 func migrateActionsArtifacts(ctx context.Context, dstStorage storage.ObjectStorage) error {
 	return db.Iterate(ctx, nil, func(ctx context.Context, artifact *actions_model.ActionArtifact) error {
-		if artifact.Status == int64(actions_model.ArtifactStatusExpired) {
+		if artifact.Status == actions_model.ArtifactStatusExpired {
 			return nil
 		}

@@ -213,11 +214,8 @@ func migrateActionsArtifacts(ctx context.Context, dstStorage storage.ObjectStora
 	})
 }

-func runMigrateStorage(ctx *cli.Context) error {
-	stdCtx, cancel := installSignals()
-	defer cancel()
-
-	if err := initDB(stdCtx); err != nil {
+func runMigrateStorage(ctx context.Context, cmd *cli.Command) error {
+	if err := initDB(ctx); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

@@ -227,7 +225,7 @@ func runMigrateStorage(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 	log.Info("Log path: %s", setting.Log.RootPath)
 	log.Info("Configuration file: %s", setting.CustomConf)

-	if err := db.InitEngineWithMigration(context.Background(), migrations.Migrate); err != nil {
+	if err := db.InitEngineWithMigration(context.Background(), versioned_migration.Migrate); err != nil {
 		log.Fatal("Failed to initialize ORM engine: %v", err)
 		return err
 	}
@@ -238,51 +236,51 @@ func runMigrateStorage(ctx *cli.Context) error {

 	var dstStorage storage.ObjectStorage
 	var err error
-	switch strings.ToLower(ctx.String("storage")) {
+	switch strings.ToLower(cmd.String("storage")) {
 	case "":
 		fallthrough
 	case string(setting.LocalStorageType):
-		p := ctx.String("path")
+		p := cmd.String("path")
 		if p == "" {
 			log.Fatal("Path must be given when storage is local")
 			return nil
 		}
 		dstStorage, err = storage.NewLocalStorage(
-			stdCtx,
+			ctx,
 			&setting.Storage{
 				Path: p,
 			})
 	case string(setting.MinioStorageType):
 		dstStorage, err = storage.NewMinioStorage(
-			stdCtx,
+			ctx,
 			&setting.Storage{
 				MinioConfig: setting.MinioStorageConfig{
-					Endpoint:           ctx.String("minio-endpoint"),
-					AccessKeyID:        ctx.String("minio-access-key-id"),
-					SecretAccessKey:    ctx.String("minio-secret-access-key"),
-					Bucket:             ctx.String("minio-bucket"),
-					Location:           ctx.String("minio-location"),
-					BasePath:           ctx.String("minio-base-path"),
-					UseSSL:             ctx.Bool("minio-use-ssl"),
-					InsecureSkipVerify: ctx.Bool("minio-insecure-skip-verify"),
-					ChecksumAlgorithm:  ctx.String("minio-checksum-algorithm"),
-					BucketLookUpType:   ctx.String("minio-bucket-lookup-type"),
+					Endpoint:           cmd.String("minio-endpoint"),
+					AccessKeyID:        cmd.String("minio-access-key-id"),
+					SecretAccessKey:    cmd.String("minio-secret-access-key"),
+					Bucket:             cmd.String("minio-bucket"),
+					Location:           cmd.String("minio-location"),
+					BasePath:           cmd.String("minio-base-path"),
+					UseSSL:             cmd.Bool("minio-use-ssl"),
+					InsecureSkipVerify: cmd.Bool("minio-insecure-skip-verify"),
+					ChecksumAlgorithm:  cmd.String("minio-checksum-algorithm"),
+					BucketLookUpType:   cmd.String("minio-bucket-lookup-type"),
 				},
 			})
 	case string(setting.AzureBlobStorageType):
 		dstStorage, err = storage.NewAzureBlobStorage(
-			stdCtx,
+			ctx,
 			&setting.Storage{
 				AzureBlobConfig: setting.AzureBlobStorageConfig{
-					Endpoint:    ctx.String("azureblob-endpoint"),
-					AccountName: ctx.String("azureblob-account-name"),
-					AccountKey:  ctx.String("azureblob-account-key"),
-					Container:   ctx.String("azureblob-container"),
-					BasePath:    ctx.String("azureblob-base-path"),
+					Endpoint:    cmd.String("azureblob-endpoint"),
+					AccountName: cmd.String("azureblob-account-name"),
+					AccountKey:  cmd.String("azureblob-account-key"),
+					Container:   cmd.String("azureblob-container"),
+					BasePath:    cmd.String("azureblob-base-path"),
 				},
 			})
 	default:
-		return fmt.Errorf("unsupported storage type: %s", ctx.String("storage"))
+		return fmt.Errorf("unsupported storage type: %s", cmd.String("storage"))
 	}
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -299,14 +297,14 @@ func runMigrateStorage(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 		"actions-artifacts": migrateActionsArtifacts,
 	}

-	tp := strings.ToLower(ctx.String("type"))
+	tp := strings.ToLower(cmd.String("type"))
 	if m, ok := migratedMethods[tp]; ok {
-		if err := m(stdCtx, dstStorage); err != nil {
+		if err := m(ctx, dstStorage); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 		log.Info("%s files have successfully been copied to the new storage.", tp)
 		return nil
 	}

-	return fmt.Errorf("unsupported storage: %s", ctx.String("type"))
+	return fmt.Errorf("unsupported storage: %s", cmd.String("type"))
 }
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More